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1.
红枣去核机的去核机构主要通过凸轮驱动冲杆做上下往复直线运动,并利用压缩弹簧带动去核杆内的推核杆,实现红枣去核以及枣核分离。文章对机构中的关键部件凸轮、冲杆的结构进行设计,凸轮的轮廓曲线保证机构的运动行程,同时在去核杆上安装冲杆回复弹簧,以保证去核杆上的滚子与凸轮始终接触;为减小冲杆去核阻力以及红枣去核破碎率,冲杆采用空心结构,其头部采用切口处理,并在其内部设置推核杆,同时在两者之间添加压缩弹簧,利用弹簧力带动推核杆推出冲杆内的枣核,实现枣肉与枣核的分离作业。通过Adams软件对去核机构进行仿真分析,发现冲杆运动过程中其位移曲线较为平滑,仅存在轻微波动,速度曲线和加速度曲线同样存在波动,即机构运行中存在轻微冲击。通过改变弹簧的刚度系数K,得到冲杆多组加速度曲线,并确定弹簧刚度系数取值范围在1~5N/mm之间,此时机构整体运行平稳,满足设计要求。文中主要对红枣进行去核破碎率试验以及推核试验,结果表明,红枣去核破碎率低于5%,成品率在95%以上,将枣核推出去核冲杆所用的力最大不超过5N,故机构设计符合要求。  相似文献   

2.
红枣去核机是红枣无核化加工的主要设备,但目前市面上的设备普遍存在定位偏差和效率低等问题。本文在讨论红枣去核机发展现状的基础上,设计了去核总体方案,并根据去核机的功能分析其工艺动作,传动系统采用同步带传动、链传动和槽轮机构传动,去核系统采用曲柄滑块传动机构。该机构具有去核时定位准确、工作稳定、上料率和去核率高等特点,能够满足设计要求。  相似文献   

3.
针对现有马铃薯种薯切块机易切除顶芽的问题,采用夹持马铃薯种薯的方式进行切块,设计一种能有效保留种薯顶端优势的夹持装置,主要包括夹持爪、托板和弹簧座等结构。以喂入高度、弹簧劲度系数和夹板材料为试验因素,以漏取率、损耗率为评价指标,进行三因素三水平正交试验,对试验结果进行极差分析,确定最优参数组合。验证试验结果表明,喂入高度为100 mm,弹簧劲度系数为60 N/m,夹板材料为EVA时,漏取率为2.68%,损耗率为4.43%,在该参数组合下马铃薯种薯夹持装置漏取率和损耗率均较低,满足马铃薯切种要求。  相似文献   

4.
介绍了一种连续可变气门正时装置。该连续可变气门正时装置是基于油压作用,使滑移环形钢珠保持架在套筒上左右滑移来实现保持架外壳和套筒的相对转动,以实现固定在外壳上的正时链轮或带轮与连接套筒的凸轮轴的相对转动,从而实现凸轮轴上的凸轮相位连续可变,使气门开启时间始终处于理想状态,能兼顾发动机低速及高速不同工况,以降低发动机的燃油消耗,提高动力输出。  相似文献   

5.
本文设计了一个管道内钢珠运动测量装置,本系统装置主要由IAP15W4K58S4单片机作为主控芯片、JY901_9姿态传感器检测系统倾角、电感式接近开关作为检测金属弹珠传感器,通过该测量装置可以检测到进入管道内的钢珠及其运动状态,实现了对管道内钢珠个数、钢珠运动方向、运动周期及管道放置角度的测量。  相似文献   

6.
玉米粒群批量整列系统参数优化与试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为提高玉米分选机械化水平,针对传统玉米分选机器存在籽粒难以实现批量整列的问题,设计了一种能够高效批量整列的机械装置。阐述了该批量整列装置主要结构、工作原理和相关结构参数;对该装置关键部件进行结构设计,分析振幅差异式电磁振动系统和批量整列轨道的性能特点;对该装置的批量整列性能进行EDEM虚拟仿真试验,以轨道弧形区域圆心角、楔形挡板夹角、轨道宽度为试验因素,批量整列性能为试验指标进行虚拟正交试验,分析相关因素对批量整列性能参数的影响,获得合理参数组合为:轨道宽度为15.4 mm,弧形区域圆心角为45°,楔形挡板夹角为110°。台架试验验证结果表明:电磁振动系统振幅为1.5 mm,频率为52 Hz,振动方向角为28°,安装倾角为0°,附加质量为0.3 kg,一侧板弹簧调至87°,另一侧板弹簧调至35°,安装配重片处轨道振幅为1 mm时,批量整列合格指数为83.1%,粘连卡止指数为10.4%,滞后指数为6.5%,批量整列性能良好,批量整列系统性能满足玉米籽粒分选器性能要求。  相似文献   

7.
转盘式全自动红枣去核机的设计   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为解决目前红枣人工去核过程中劳动强度大、工作效率低、卫生条件差、安全隐患多以及加工的产品质量难以控制等问题,设计了一种多工位转盘式全自动红枣去核机。该装置采用电动机输出的动力经减速器减速后带动两个弧面分度凸轮机构同时进行间歇转位运动和提升运动,使转盘的转位及滑板的上下运动相配合,加上新型扶正去核杆的使用,一次性完成红枣的扶正、定位、去核三道工序,完成红枣的去核任务。同时,对全自动红枣去核机的整机结构在Pro/E软件中进行三维实体建模,并且设计加工出了试验装置。结果证明,该装置各部件组装合理,去核效果理想,可以进行后续的物理样机制作。  相似文献   

8.
轴针孔式西洋参气力精密播种机的设计与试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
针对我国西洋参主产区西洋参种植的高宽弧形垄面窄行距单粒精密播种的农艺要求,创新设计了一种适用于西洋参精密播种的轴针孔式西洋参气力播种机,并阐述了西洋参播种机的主要结构和工作原理。该机采用凸轮摆杆组合结构取送种,采用机械—气力组合的方式进行排种,采用平行四边形与弹性杆组进行弧形垄面仿形,能够实现28行同步二级排种、吸嘴二次清洁及田间自主行走等功能。通过ADAMS软件对排种装置运动轨迹及吸嘴速度变化进行仿真分析,结合整机进行3因素4水平正交试验,得出了西洋参播种机最佳的作业参数,最终测得粒距合格率为90.35%、漏播率为4.13%、重播率为7.54%,播种效果满足西洋参播种的农艺要求。  相似文献   

9.
燕麦弧形栅格筛复清选式圆筒筛清选装置设计与试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为了解决燕麦清选装置清选性能低的问题,根据燕麦的物理特性对单风机三圆筒筛清选装置进行了结构改进,设计了一种燕麦弧形栅格筛复清选式圆筒筛清选装置。在大圆筒筛上安装了能使物料跳起、充分分离的跳跃板结构,并且设计和加装了弧形栅格式挡板筛及复清选部件,对大圆筒筛的跳跃板及弧形栅格式挡板筛的清选原理及受力进行了理论分析。以离心风机转速、大圆筒筛转速、弧形栅格式挡板筛倾角为试验因素,燕麦籽粒含杂率和损失率为试验指标,进行了室内三元二次正交旋转组合试验。室内试验结果表明:当离心风机转速为1 500 r/min、大圆筒筛转速为110 r/min、弧形栅格式挡板筛倾角为41°时,本装置清选效果最好,含杂率为1. 96%,损失率为2. 64%。田间验证试验结果表明,在最优参数下,含杂率为1. 97%,损失率为2. 68%。  相似文献   

10.
去核作业是对荔枝进行精深加工的准备工作,但多年来去核后果肉的完整性问题在我国一直没能得到很好地解决,已经成为制约荔枝产品精深加工的瓶颈.为此,在分析去核机理的基础上,进行了以果肉的完整性和去核成功率为指标的手工去核试验.试验中刀具采用了旋转切入、直线切入和直线切入果核后再旋转等3种不同的运动形式.试验表明,刀具旋转切入去核的效果最佳.在此基础上,设计并制作了模拟手工作业的荔枝去核机,对结构不同的3种圆筒形去核刀具在3个转速下进行去核试验表明,刀具结构和旋转速度对果肉的完整性影响显著,但对去核率影响不明显.  相似文献   

11.
Borkhar district is located in an arid to semi-arid region in Iran and regularly faces widespread drought. Given current water scarcity, the limited available water should be used as efficient and productive as possible. To explore on-farm strategies which result in higher economic gains and water productivity (WP), a physically based agrohydrological model, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP), was calibrated and validated using intensive measured data at eight selected farmer fields (wheat, fodder maize, sunflower and sugar beet) in the Borkhar district, Iran during the agricultural year 2004-2005. The WP values for the main crops were computed using the SWAP simulated water balance components, i.e. transpiration T, evapotranspiration ET, irrigation I, and the marketable yield YM in terms in terms of YMT−1, YM ET−1 and YM I−1.The average WP, expressed as $ T−1 (US $ m−3) was 0.19 for wheat, 0.5 for fodder maize, 0.06 for sunflower and 0.38 for sugar beet. This indicated that fodder maize provides the highest economic benefit in the Borkhar irrigation district. Soil evaporation caused the average WP values, expressed as YM ET−1 (kg m−3), to be significantly lower than the average WP, expressed as YMT−1, i.e. about 27% for wheat, 11% for fodder maize, 12% for sunflower and 0.18 for sugar beet. Furthermore, due to percolation from root zone and stored moisture content in the root zone, the average WP values, expressed as YMI−1 (kg m−3), had a 24-42% reduction as compared with WP, expressed as YM ET−1.The results indicated that during the limited water supply period, on-farm strategies like deficit irrigation scheduling and reduction of the cultivated area can result in higher economic gains. Improved irrigation practices in terms of irrigation timing and amount, increased WP in terms of YMI−1 (kg m−3) by a factor of 1.5 for wheat and maize, 1.3 for sunflower and 1.1 for sugar beet. Under water shortage conditions, reduction of the cultivated area yielded higher water productivity values as compared to deficit irrigation.  相似文献   

12.
In Mexico, corn production, part of which is sweet corn, is mainly destined for human consumption. In the present work, the morphological quality of sweet corn ears was assessed in response to four levels of soil moisture tension indicating irrigation start (−5, −30, −55, and −80 kPa) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (60, 80 and 100 kg ha−1) in carstic soils in the south-east of Mexico. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was used. The following variables were determined: fresh weight (SCFWh), dry weight (SCDWh), diameter (SCDh), and length (SCLh) of sweet corn ears, all without husk, as well as number of kernels (NKxE), number of unfilled kernels (NUK), number of rows (NRxE), and dry kernel weight per ear (DKW). Yield of fresh (YFSCh) and dry (YDSCh) sweet corn ears, both without husk, and the harvest index (HI) were also determined. HI did not show significant statistical differences among irrigation or fertilization treatments. Regarding the other variables, the effect of the more humid treatments (−5 and −30 kPa) and the effect of the higher phosphorus doses (80 and 100 kg ha−1) were statistically equal (P ≤ 0.01) with the lowest NUK and the highest values of all other variables; therefore, irrigation start at soil moisture tension of −30 kPa and phosphate fertilization application of 80 kg ha−1 are recommended. At this level of soil moisture, the mean values over the three fertilization levels and all the replicates, obtained for SCFWh, SCDh, SCLh and NKxE were 198.5 g, 4.39 cm, 26.72 cm and 467 grains, respectively. According to the regression models, moisture tensions from −11.8 to −24.0 kPa, and phosphate fertilization doses from 87.7 to 102.2 kg ha−1 minimize NUK and maximize the values of the rest of the variables. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha−1 ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water.  相似文献   

13.
Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (rc) 289.3 s m−1, aerodynamic resistance (ra) 9.7 s m−1 and climatological resistance (ri) 117 s m−1. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, rc and ri than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater rc up to 364.4 s m−1; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher ri and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K−1) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.  相似文献   

14.
The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. This study was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) to establish optimal irrigation rates and plant population densities for corn (Zea mays L.) in sandy soils using drip irrigation system. The study aimed at achieving high yield and efficient irrigation water use (IWUE) simultaneously. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block split plot design with three drip irrigation rates (I1: 1.00, I2: 0.80, and I3: 0.60 of the estimated evapotranspiration), and three plant population densities (D1: 48,000, D2: 71,000 and D3: 95,000 plants ha−1) as the main plot and split plot, respectively. Irrigation water applied at I1, I2 and I3 were 5955, 4762 and 3572 m3 ha−1, respectively. A 3-day irrigation interval and three-way cross 310 hybrid corn were used. Results indicated that corn yield, yield components, and IWUE increased with increasing irrigation rates and decreasing plant population densities. Significant interaction effects between irrigation rate and plant population density were detected in both seasons for yield, selected yield components, and IWUE. The highest grain yield, yield components, and IWUE were found for I1D1, I1D2, or I2D1, while the lowest were found for I3D2 or I3D3. Thus, a high irrigation rate with low or medium plant population densities or a medium irrigation rate with a low plant population density are recommended for drip-irrigated corn in sandy soil. Crop production functions with respect to irrigation rates, determined for grain yield and different yield components, enable the results from this study to be extrapolated to similar agro-climatic conditions.  相似文献   

15.
Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m−1; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L−1; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m−1, SAR 10.3 mmol L−1; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m−1, SAR 15.1 mmol L−1; RSC 9.6 meq. L−1). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha−1, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha−1 and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha−1 with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha−1 and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha−1 for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)2 − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10−2(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R2 = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)2 − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10−4(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R2 = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.  相似文献   

16.
Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ETc) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ETc was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ETc increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d−1 in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ETc dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d−1 at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (Kc) was similar to that of ETc. From the beginning of growing season, the Kc value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ETc of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.  相似文献   

17.
To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (ΔL) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (ΔF) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on ΔL at different growth stages and ΔF at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average ΔL at different growth stages and ΔF at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. ΔL and ΔF among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the ΔL and WUEi (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, Pn/Tr), WUEn (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO2, Pn/gs), WUEy (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ETc) and yield, or between the ΔF and WUEy and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of ΔL with WUEi, WUEn, WUEy and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or ΔL with WUEi and WUEn (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. ΔF was negatively correlated with WUEy, WUEn and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ETc (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus ΔL or ΔF can compare WUEn and WUEy, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.  相似文献   

18.
The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (Kc) and crop water productivity (WPET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d−1) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d−1), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, Kc, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, Kc values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, Kc values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WPET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg−1 water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg−1 water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems.  相似文献   

19.
Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO3− leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO3− concentration. The component models simulate NO3−-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO3− and NH4+ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO3−-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO3−-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r2) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L−1. Simulated values of average NO3− concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.  相似文献   

20.
In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m−1), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m−1) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m−1) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m−1. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m−1 treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol1/2 L−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m−1 treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m−1 treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.  相似文献   

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