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1.
We have reported tablet-induced focal esophagitis and esophageal stricture formation in cats. The proposed mechanism is thought to be abnormal esophageal tablet retention resulting in focal esophagitis with subsequent stricture formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the passage of tablets and capsules when given alone (dry swallow) and when followed by a water bolus (wet swallow) to determine if this could, in part, explain the esophageal stricture formation we have observed in cats. Fluoroscopy was used to evaluate tablet or capsule passage after administration. The percentage of dry tablet swallows that successfully passed into the stomach was 0.0% at 30 and 60 seconds, 6.7% at 90 seconds, 13.3% at 120 seconds, 26.7% at 180 and 240 seconds, and 36.7% at 300 seconds. Wet tablet swallows successfully passed 90.0% of the time at 30 seconds, 93.3% of the time at 60 seconds, and 100.0% of the time thereafter. The percentage of dry capsule swallows that successfully passed was 16.7% at each time interval. Wet capsule swallows successfully passed 96.7% of the time at 30 seconds and 100% of the time thereafter. For each time interval, wet swallows achieved significantly greater percentage passage into the stomach when compared to dry swallows (P < .05). This study shows that tablets or capsules given by dry swallow have prolonged retention in the esophagus compared to those given by wet swallow. On the basis of this study, we recommend the routine administration of a water bolus to cats receiving tablets or capsules PO to facilitate esophageal clearance. This practice may help prevent medication-associated esophagitis or stricture formation.  相似文献   

2.
The influence of barium temperature on canine esophageal transit time and gastric motility were studied fluoroscopically. Micropulverized barium sulfate (30% wt/vol) at 35°F, 70°F, and 100°F was given orally to each of five dogs with a minimum of two hours between each temperature. Esophageal transit times ranged from 4 to 9.67 seconds, and gastric contractions average four per minute. Barium temperature had no significant effect on either esophageal transit time or gastric motility.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for activated coagulation time (ACT) in cats by use of jugular venipuncture and direct collection of blood into ACT vacuum tubes. ANIMALS: 100 clinically normal cats that were to have elective surgery performed at a private practice. PROCEDURE: Collection of 3 blood samples for ACT measurement was attempted for each cat at the time of elective surgery: sample 1, obtained before sedation; sample 2, tube 1 of 2 consecutive samples obtained from a single venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein after sedation with acepromazine and ketamine hydrochloride; and sample 3, tube 2 collected immediately following collection of sample 2 without removing the needle from the vein. Venipuncture quality was rated subjectively on a 3-point scale. RESULTS: Median ACT were 95 seconds for each sample group. The middle 95% of values ranged inclusively from 55 to 185 seconds (sample 1), 65 to 135 seconds (sample 2), 45 to 145 seconds (sample 3), and 55 to 165 seconds overall (samples 1, 2, and 3). Significant differences in ACT values were not detected between sample groups. Significant relationships between ACT and venipuncture quality or sex of cat were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With the ACT protocols used, clinically normal cats had ACT of < 165 seconds. The ACT in cats does not appear to be significantly affected by sex, sedation with acepromazine and ketamine, or by moderately traumatic venipunctures. These results refute widespread statements that ACT should be < 65 seconds in healthy cats. Cats with ACT repeatedly > 165 seconds should be further evaluated for hemostatic disorders.  相似文献   

4.
Background: There is currently no simple analytical tool for the evaluation of hypercoagulability in cats. The Platelet Function Analyzer‐100® (PFA‐100; Dade Behring Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) is a bench‐top machine that evaluates platelet function by measuring closure time (CT) in citrated whole blood under high shear conditions. We hypothesized that cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have up‐regulated platelet function, which shortens their CT and increases their risk for thromboembolic events. Objectives: The goals of this study were to: (1) establish a feline reference interval for CT using the PFA‐100, (2) measure CT in blood from cats with HCM, and (3) determine if there is a measurable difference between the CT of healthy cats compared with cats with HCM. Methods: Citrated blood samples from 42 clinically healthy cats and 30 cats with HCM were analyzed according to manufacturer's specifications. CT was measured in triplicate and the mean value was used for analysis. Transformed data were compared between clinically healthy cats and cats with HCM using a Student's t‐test, and among cats with mild, moderate, or severe HCM using ANOVA. Results: The median CT of clinically healthy cats was 64 seconds (range 43–176 seconds). The median CT of cats with HCM was 74 seconds (range 48–197 seconds). There was no significant difference in CT between cats with HCM and clinically healthy cats. There also were no significant differences in cats with mild, moderate, or severe HCM. Conclusions: A feline reference interval for PFA‐100 CT will be useful in future studies of platelet function in cats. Cats with HCM do not have shorter CTs when compared with clinically healthy cats.  相似文献   

5.
The non-ionic, iodinated contrast medium, iohexol (240 mg I/ml) was evaluated as a gastrointestinal (GI) contrast medium in cats. Iohexol, both undiluted and diluted with tap water, was administered via a percutaneous endoscopically-placed gastrotomy (PEG) tube to 4 mature clinically normal cats. The dilution of contrast medium administered was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, and doses were 10 ml/kg and 5 ml/kg body weight. All combinations of dilution and dose of iohexol provided adequate visualization of the contrast medium column within the GI tract, and results were not significantly different than those observed using 30% w/v barium sulfate. Dehydration and diarrhea were not observed after contrast medium administration, but vomiting occurred within 15–30 minutes after administration of undiluted iohexol in all experimental cats. Renal opacification did not occur on exposures made through a 2 hour period, and dilution in transit was not apparent.  相似文献   

6.
Commercial barium-Impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) were administered to 12 healthy adult cats according to the manufacturer's Instructions (30 small BIPS and 10 large BIPS to each cat) together with 60 g of a canned food. Radiographs were taken at hourly Intervals until seven hours after feeding, and then at eight, 10,12,14,17,23 and 30 hours or until all the BIPS had left the stomach and at least 50 per cent had entered the colon. SIX cats were sedated Immediately after being fed the BIPS and six cats remained unsedated. For small BIPS (1–5 mm diameter), the gastric transit the (first exit of BIPS from the stomach) In the sedated cats had a median of 6 hours (range 3 to 8) and In the unsedated cats a median of 2–5 hours (range 2 to 6). Values for other transit times were not significantly different between the two groups, and the pooled data revealed a median 50 per cent gastric emptying time of 6-4 hours (range 2–5 to long), a complete gastric emptying time of 12 hours (range 6 to 27), an orocaecal transit time (first appearance of BIPS In the colon) of 6-5 hours (range 4-0 to 12-0) and a 50 per cent orocaecal transit time of 8-8 hours (range 4–6 to 12.8). The gastrolntestinal transit of large BIPS (5 mm diameter) was significantly correlated with the passage of small BIPS but, except for the complete gastric emptying the, was significantly slower.  相似文献   

7.
Electromyography of 12 clinically normal dogs and 7 dogs with idiopathic megaesophagus revealed trains of positive sharp waves in the muscles of facial expression and in the lingual muscles of both groups. Positive waves are usually indicative of motor-unit disease; however, they are clinically insignificant in these muscles. Positive sharp waves were detected in the esophageal muscle of one dog with congenital megaesophagus. Esophageal electromyograms obtained in a dog with congenital megaesophagus and in 2 clinically normal dogs were normal. Resting caudal esophageal sphincter pressure was similar in both clinically normal dogs (mean, 22.3 mm of Hg; range, 15--37 mm of Hg) and in dogs with congenital or acquired idiopathic megaesophagus (mean, 29.6 mm of Hg; range, 20--50 mm of Hg).  相似文献   

8.
A 6-month-old Thoroughbred colt was examined because of persistent dysphagia noted since birth. Moderately severe regurgitation occurred when the colt ate semi-solid food or drank. Complete esophageal impaction developed when the colt ate solid material. Endoscopic examination revealed ulceration, dilatation and lack of peristalsis in the area of the previous impaction. Barium esophagram demonstrated the dilatation in the area of the previous impaction. Esophageal manometry revealed prolonged simultaneous contractions throughout the esophagus suggesting the presence of a motor abnormality. The colt was maintained on a slurry of complete pelleted feed, but the esophageal dysfunction persisted until euthanasia at 17 months of age. Gross post mortem and histologic examinations showed no abnormalities in the muscularis mucosa, myenteric plexus, vagus nerve, or brain stem. The history, signs, and manometric findings suggested esophageal dysfunction in this colt. Motor disorders of the esophagus should be considered in horses with persistent dysphagia or recurrent episodes of choke and esophageal manometry can help characterize these disorders.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate orotic acid (OA) as a possible etiologic factor in cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis (HL). ANIMALS: 20 clinically normal adult female cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were fed a control diet or a diet containing less protein. On day 1 of the control period, blood, urine, and liver biopsy specimens were obtained. Each cat was given an oral dose of water daily. On days 8, 15, and 22, blood and urine specimens were collected as on day 1. On day 29, liver, blood, and urine samples were obtained as on day 1. After a resting period of 30 to 60 days, cats were treated with orotic acid. Serum biochemical analyses, urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios, and liver biopsy specimens were evaluated. Cats were given OA orally (suspension or capsules) for 29 days. Sample collection and data obtained were identical to those described for the control period. RESULTS: Urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios were significantly higher in all treated cats, but ratios were significantly higher in those receiving OA in capsules than in those receiving OA in suspension. Diet or treatment did not alter hepatic biochemical or histologic variables significantly. However, 7 cats given the highest dose of OA in capsules developed azotemia, urolithiasis, and renal changes. CONCLUSIONS: Most concentrations of OA used in this study did not induce HL in cats during a 29-day period, but the highest dosage used did result in renal disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Orotic acid does not appear to be involved in the genesis of HL in cats.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: TO evaluate the effects of a synthetic feline facial pheromone (FFP) on behavior and food intake of healthy versus clinically ill cats. DESIGN: Original study. ANIMALS: 20 cats were used in each of 2 studies. In each study, 7 cats were considered healthy, and 13 cats were determined to be clinically ill. PROCEDURE: In study 1, cats were assigned either to exposure to FFP (treated group; 4 healthy, 6 ill cats) or to exposure to the vehicle (70% ethanol solution; control group; 3 healthy, 7 ill cats). Cats were placed in a cage containing a small cotton towel that had been sprayed with FFP or vehicle 30 minutes previously. Cats were then videotaped for 125 minutes, and food intake was measured during this period. Videotapes were scored at 5-minute intervals for various behaviors. In study 2, cats were categorized in 1 of 2 groups; group 1 (2 healthy, 8 ill cats) had a cat carrier placed in their cages, and group 2 (5 healthy, 5 ill cats) did not. All cats were exposed to FFP, and 24-hour food intake was measured. RESULTS: Differences between behaviors of healthy versus clinically ill cats were not identified. In the first study, significant increases in grooming and interest in food were found in cats exposed to FFP compared with vehicle. For all cats, significant positive correlations were detected between grooming and facial rubbing, walking and facial rubbing, interest in food and facial rubbing, eating and facial rubbing, grooming and interest in food, and grooming and eating. In the second study, 24-hour food intake was significantly greater in cats exposed to FFP and the cat carrier, compared with cats exposed to FFP alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that exposure to FFP may be useful to increase food intake of hospitalized cats.  相似文献   

11.
Isoflurane (ISO) is the most commonly administered feline inhalant anesthetic in North America. A newer agent, sevoflurane (SEVO), may provide faster induction and recovery from anesthesia based on its physical characteristics. Accordingly, we compared some induction and recovery characteristics of ISO and SEVO in healthy cats. Six female DSH cats (17.9 ± 9.0 (mean ± SD) months, 3.7 ± 0.3 kg) received four randomly assigned treatments: ISO for 1 hour (IS), SEVO for 1 hour (SS), ISO for 5 hours (IL), and SEVO for 5 hours (SL). Anesthesia was induced in a chamber into which ISO or SEVO was delivered at 2.7 times the individual's MAC (determined previously) in 6 L minute?1 O2. Measured (Rascal II, Ohmeda) anesthetic concentration was reported after correction using a multiple gas, standard‐defined calibration curve. For induction, time (seconds) from introduction of inhalant to onset of incoordinated movement (IM), recumbency with movement (RM), recumbency without movement, loss of pedal reflex (PD), and intubation (ET) were recorded. Following intubation, anesthesia was maintained for the required time at 1.25 times the individual's MAC. For recovery, time (seconds) from discontinuation of the inhalant (with continuation of O2) to first movement, extubation (EXT), start of incoordinated movement, head‐lift, sternal recumbency (SR), crawl, stand/walk with incoordination, and jump without incoordination were recorded. Esophageal normothermia was maintained. Data were analyzed by paired t‐test (induction) or One‐way Repeated Measures anova followed, when appropriate, by Tukey's test (recovery). p < 0.05 was regarded as significant. For induction, IM was not significantly different between ISO and SEVO (118 ± 28 seconds vs. 104 ± 28 seconds). All other induction times were significantly shorter with SEVO vs. ISO, e.g. RM (181 ± 31 seconds vs. 213 ± 31 seconds), PD (426 ± 68 seconds vs. 504 ± 70 seconds), and ET (434 ± 66 seconds vs. 515 ± 69 seconds). For recovery, there were no differences between ISO and SEVO for any stage of recovery, e.g. EXT (IS 588 ± 163 seconds vs. SS 425 ± 109 seconds), SR (IS 735 ± 215 seconds vs. SS 655 ± 337 seconds), and IL (710 ± 658 seconds vs. SL 807 ± 465 seconds). We concluded that quantitative recovery characteristics did not depend on whether cats are anesthetized with equipotent amounts of SEVO or ISO, but some induction end‐points were reached more quickly with SEVO.  相似文献   

12.
Esophageal diverticulum and perforation were diagnosed in a horse. The condition was characterized clinically by dysphagia, polypnea, diffuse swelling of the ventral aspect of neck and cutaneous fistula. Endoscopic examination revealed the presence of food material in the guttural pouch. A barium sulfate esophagram was performed to outline the diverticulum.

Exploratory surgery confirmed esophageal perforation and entrapment of food material between the muscular planes of the cervical region and the horse was euthanized. At necropsy a food-filled periesophageal tract was found extending from the esophageal rupture to the left guttural pouch.

  相似文献   

13.

Background

Chronic gingivostomatitis in cats (FCG) is a debilitating disease with potentially deleterious effects on overall health.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Little is known about the pathophysiology and overall impact of FCG. The aims of our study were to investigate whether gingivostomatitis occurs concurrently with esophagitis, if FCG treatment contributes to esophagitis and if esophagitis exacerbates signs of FCG.

Animals

Fifty‐eight cats with clinical signs of FCG and 12 healthy control cats exhibiting no signs of oral disease, all client‐owned.

Methods

Prospective study. Physical, oral and endoscopic examinations were performed on all cats. Measurements of salivary and esophageal lumen pH were obtained from both groups. Biopsies were acquired from sites of esophageal inflammation in cats with FCG and from normal‐appearing esophageal mucosa in control cats.

Results

The majority of cats with clinical signs of FCG exhibited some degree of esophagitis especially in the proximal (44/58) and distal (53/58) parts (P < 0.001) with or without columnar metaplasia, compared to controls. All cats lacked signs related to gastrointestinal disease. Salivary and esophageal lumen pH were not statistically different compared to controls.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis seems to occur concurrently with esophagitis. Esophagitis also should be managed in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis because it may aggravate the existing condition.  相似文献   

14.
The diagnostic utility of contrast‐enhanced videofluoroscopic esophagography in dysphagic cats has been rarely studied relative to dogs. Current literature regarding feline dysphagia typically consists of individual case reports or small case series. This retrospective study analyzed the imaging findings in 11 cats undergoing 15 videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Hiatal hernia (n = 5), esophageal stricture (n = 3), and esophageal dysmotility (n = 7) were the most common diagnoses (some cats having more than 1 diagnosis) in dysphagic cats that underwent videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Esophageal dysmotility appeared to be associated with a higher percentage of swallows from which no peristaltic waves were generated. Oropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal causes of dysphagia were not identified in any cat and quantitative assessment of the swallowing reflex (pharyngeal constriction ratio = 0.17 ± 0.09; time to maximum pharyngeal contraction = 0.13 ± 0.02 s; time to proximal esophageal sphincter opening = 0.07 ± 0.02 s; time to proximal esophageal sphincter closed = 0.23 ± 0.05 s; time to opening of the epiglottis = 0.27 ± 0.04 s) was similar to quantitative swallowing parameters previously reported in healthy dogs. In conclusion, videofluoroscopy is a diagnostic tool that can identify esophageal abnormalities that are not readily apparent on survey radiographs. Limitations include the potential need for multiple studies, and the possibility of poor compliance in the feline patient. Results of this study are intended to help veterinarians define a prioritized differential diagnosis list for dysphagic cats.  相似文献   

15.
Intravenous diazepam has been advocated as an appetite stimulant in anorexic cats. Diazepam has also been used to stimulate the intake of radiographic contrast medium-food mixture to determine the gastric emptying time of a solid meal. Diazepam has been suspected to delay gastric emptying in cats. One study found diazepam combined with Valium to have little effect on gastric transit times in cats while diazepam alone accelerates gastric emptying in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if diazepam influences gastric emptying times in normal cats. The gastric emptying half-time of solid food in normal, non-diazepam treated cats has been previously determined using a scintigraphic technique using 99mTc-sulfur colloid to radiolabel solid dry food. The median gastric emptying half-time was 2.3 hours and the mean meal size was 16.1 grams. Gastric emptying half-times were determined in this study using diazepam as an appetite stimulant. The median gastric emptying half-times of diazepam tratment groups given both a 16.1 gram meal and a large meal were both significantly longer than the normal non-treated group (P c 0.05). Solid phase gastric emptying is therefore significantly delayed when diazepam is used as an appetite stimulant, irrespective of the volume of the meal.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To use nuclear scintigraphy to establish a range of gastric emptying half times (t1/2) following a liquid or solid meal in nonsedated cats. ANIMALS: 12 clinically normal 3-year-old domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: A test meal of 75 g of scrambled eggs labeled with technetium Tc 99m tin colloid was fed to 10 of the cats, and solid-phase gastric emptying t1/2 were determined by use of nuclear scintigraphy. In a separate experiment, 8 of these cats plus an additional 2 cats were fed 18 ml (n = 5) or 36 ml (n = 5) of a nutrient liquid meal labeled with technetium Tc 99m pentetate. Liquid-phase gastric emptying t1/2 then were determined by use of scintigraphy. RESULTS: Solid-phase gastric emptying t1/2 were between 210 and 769 minutes (median, 330 minutes). Median liquid-phase gastric emptying t1/2 after ingestion of 18 or 36 ml of the test meal were 67 minutes (range, 60 to 96 minutes) and 117 minutes (range, 101 to 170 minutes), respectively. The median t1/2 determined for cats receiving 18 ml of the radiolabeled liquid was significantly less than that determined for cats receiving 36 ml of the test meal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The protocol was tolerated by nonsedated cats. Solid-phase gastric emptying t1/2 were prolonged, compared with liquid-phase t1/2, and a major factor governing the emptying rate of liquids was the volume consumed. Nuclear scintigraphy may prove useful in assessing gastric motility disorders in cats.  相似文献   

17.
The spontaneous behaviour and the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fibre and transit times of digesta were compared in four normal horses and four crib-biters. A technique was developed for measuring total gut transit times (TGTT) by using single-stool analysis of the passage of radio-opaque polyethylene markers. Longer TGTT were recorded in the crib-biters than in the normal horses but the orocaecal transit times did not differ. The crib-biters rested less than the normal horses.  相似文献   

18.
To identify candidates for feline acute phase proteins, the concentrations of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in sera isolated from clinically normal and hospitalized (or diseased) cats, from cats with experimentally induced inflammation, and cats subjected to surgery for urinary diversion. Measurements were made by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and single radial immunodiffusion. The concentrations of SAA, alpha 1-AG, and Hp in sera from hospitalized cats were 7-11 times higher than in clinically normal cats. Similar results were obtained for the concentrations of SAA, alpha 1-AG, and Hp in cats with induced inflammation and cats subjected to surgery. By contrast, the serum concentration of feline CRP did not change significantly between clinically normal cats and hospitalized cats or inflammation-induced or post-surgery cats. Feline SAA concentration was found to increase earliest, with alpha 1-AG and Hp beginning to increase thereafter. From these results, feline SAA is concluded to be an acute phase reactant at the early stage of inflammation.  相似文献   

19.
A commercially available, disposable blade in a spring-loaded cassette was used to measure oral mucosa bleeding times (OMBT) of ketamine/acepromazine-anesthetized cats. The OMBT were determined in cats homozygous for Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS, n = 7), cats heterozygous for CHS (n = 6), and cats homozygous for Hageman factor (factor XII) deficiency (n = 5). In addition, OMBT were determined in three groups of normal cats: random-source cats (n = 14), inbred normal relatives of the cats with CHS (n = 7), and inbred normal relatives of Hageman factor deficient cats (n = 9). No significant differences were found in the OMBT of the three groups of normal cats. The mean OMBT for all 30 normal cats was 1.9 minutes +/- 0.5 minutes s.d. Compared to the normal cats, those homozygous for CHS had significantly prolonged OMBT (14.1 +/- 3.3 minutes; p < 0.05). The mean OMBT of cats heterozygous for CHS (2.6 +/- 0.8 minutes) was also significantly longer than the OMBT of the combined normal group. The mean OMBT of the CHS heterozygotes, however, was not significantly longer than that of their normal relatives (OMBT = 1.8 +/- 0.5 minutes), probably because of the low number of cats in this subgroup of normals. As expected, the OMBT of cats homozygous for Hageman factor deficiency (2.3 +/- 0.3 minutes) were not significantly prolonged.  相似文献   

20.
The clinical utility of the Thrombotest, a method for determining the prothrombin time that is uniquely sensitive to the presence of proteins invoked by vitamin K absence (PIVKA), was prospectively evaluated and compared to routine coagulation tests in cats with clinically suspected bleeding tendencies. Abnormal PIVKA clotting values were determined by comparison to results of a concurrently evaluated pooled feline plasma sample and by use of an absolute cutoff value of 25.2 seconds. To be recognized as abnormal, PIVKA clotting values had to be >20% of the pooled feline plasma PIVKA clotting time (the "20% rule") or > or =25.2 seconds (mean + 2 standard deviations of 150 different pooled feline plasma samples). Among the disorders in the population examined were 74 cats with liver disease and 19 cats with severe inflammatory bowel disease. Overall, a prolonged PIVKA clotting time based on the 25.2-second cutoff was found in 39.3% of cats, and based on the 20% rule in 40.7% of cats. An abnormal prothrombin time (PT) developed in 5.8% of cats, an abnormal APTT in 14% of cats, subnormal fibrinogen in 8.8% of cats, and thrombocytopenia in 3.3% of cats. Bleeding tendencies were confirmed in 22 cats, of which abnormal PIVKA clotting times were recognized in 95.5%, abnormal PT in 21%, abnormal activated partial thromboplastin time in 25%, hypofibrinogenemia in 16.7%, and thrombocytopenia in 4.5%. Response to treatment with vitamin K was demonstrated in 21 of 24 cats with an abnormal PIVKA clotting time. In these cats, an abnormal PIVKA clotting time normalized within 3 to 5 days of parenteral vitamin K administration. Cats responding to vitamin K administration had hepatic lipidosis (n = 7), severe inflammatory bowel disease (n = 4), severe inflammatory bowel disease associated with cholangiohepatitis (n = 5), and miscellaneous disorders (n = 5). Using either endpoint, the PIVKA clotting time is more sensitive for the detection of cats with coagulopathies than routinely used coagulation assessments in our hospital. Our findings confirm that cats with hepatic lipidosis, severe cholangiohepatitis, and severe inflammatory bowel disease develop coagulopathies responsive to vitamin K administration.  相似文献   

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