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1.
Young leaves of many plants are transiently red because of the accumulation of anthocyanins, with the redness disappearing as leaves mature. Among the many hypothetical functions of foliar anthocyanins, two are tested in this field study: the sunscreen photoprotective function against excess visible light and the handicap signal against herbivory. We took advantage of intraspecies variation in anthocyanin concentrations of young leaves of Quercus coccifera L. to compare in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, reflectance spectra, total phenolics and the extent of herbivory of leaves of red- and green-leaved phenotypes occupying the same habitat. Photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiencies obtained at various photon fluence rates of red light were similar in green and red leaves. In white light, PSII efficiencies were slightly higher in red leaves than in green leaves, indicating a slight photoprotective role of anthocyanins in the field. However, compared with red phenotypes, green phenotypes suffered greater herbivore damage, as judged by the number of leaves attacked and the area lost to herbivory. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of anthocyanins and total phenolics. We suggest that the importance of a photoprotective anthocyanic screen is low in thin, young leaves with low chlorophyll concentrations because the green light attenuated by anthocyanins is less significant for chlorophyll excitation. However, the decreased reflectance in the green spectral band and the concomitant leveling of reflectance throughout the 400-570 nm spectral range may either make red leaves less discernible to some insect herbivores or make insect herbivores more discernible to predators, or both. Moreover, excessive herbivory may be additionally discouraged by the high phenolic concentrations in red leaves. 相似文献
2.
We examined the adjustment of leaf angle (L theta) and foliar chlorophyll and xanthophyll chemistry in Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden seedlings maintained in various nitrogen (N)-supply treatments over a 6-month period. Adjustment of L theta toward the vertical was greatest under conditions of foliar N deficiency and became incrementally more horizontal with increasing foliar N concentration. Photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield were lower in seedlings with low foliar N (low-N seedlings) in winter, but not in autumn. Low-N seedlings generally had low area-based chlorophyll concentrations and high xanthophyll-cycle conversion ratios, particularly during months of low temperature. Under mild temperature conditions, high concentrations of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin were associated with lower electron transport rates (ETR). Incident light, Fv/Fm, ETR and total chlorophyll concentration were negatively correlated with L theta, with horizontal leaf orientation measured as 0 degrees and vertical leaf orientation as 90 degrees . Xanthophyll conversion ratio was positively correlated with L theta. Adjustments in L theta may play a role in photoprotection of E. nitens seedlings by assisting the leaf to balance its utilization and dissipation of energy. 相似文献
3.
[目的]从生理生化角度揭示不同光质处理对枫香家系叶色变化的影响,为探索枫香叶色对光质的响应机理提供参考。[方法]以2个枫香家系的1年生幼苗为试验材料,测定其在不同光质处理下叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素、可溶性糖、类黄酮和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的含量并分析其相关性。[结果]结果表明:试验后2个枫香家系叶色较处理前有一定程度的变化。红光处理组枫香幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著高于其它处理组,而蓝光处理组叶片叶绿素含量则显著低于其它处理组。蓝光处理后,2个枫香家系叶片花青素含量较对照有显著提高,而红光处理则减少了叶片花青素含量。同时蓝光处理能显著提高枫香幼苗叶片类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖和类黄酮含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力,红光处理效果较对照无显著差异。方差分析表明,不同光质处理对枫香幼苗叶片叶绿素含量影响显著,而对花青素量和类胡萝卜素含量影响不显著。[结论]2个枫香家系叶色在光质处理下有相同的变化趋势,红光处理可以促进枫香幼苗叶片叶绿素合成;蓝光处理可以促进枫香幼苗叶片积累更多的花青素。 相似文献
4.
【目的】以福建省顺昌县大干镇的毛竹为研究对象,研究毛竹叶片氮元素含量的最优估测模型,为毛竹生长状态分析与林地土壤肥力估测提供基础。【方法】通过对毛竹叶片原始光谱、一阶微分光谱及相关的植被指数与叶片氮元素含量进行相关性分析来筛选氮元素敏感特征参数,并构建了多元线性回归模型、随机森林模型以及支持向量机模型,利用决定系数最优原则筛选3个模型中的最优模型并进行精度验证。【结果】R387、DR663、NDVIg-b(R575、R440)、SIPI、PRI和PPR 6个参数与毛竹叶片氮含量具有较为显著的相关性,基于这6个敏感参数所构建的3种模型中,多元线性回归模型与随机森林模型拟合效果较差,精度验证结果R2分别为0.4355、0.4371,惩罚因子C和核参数Sigma分别设为3和0.1的支持向量机模型估测结果最好,其实测值与预测值拟合决定系数为0.8031,总体精度为94.02%。【结论】基于R387、DR663、NDVIg-b(R575、R440)、SIPI、PRI和PPR 6个叶片光谱参数所构建的支持向量机模型能够较为准确地估测毛竹叶片氮元素含量。 相似文献
5.
We evaluated factors influencing the development of autumn red coloration in leaves of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) by measuring mineral nutrient and carbohydrate concentrations, water content, and phenology of color development of leaves from 16 mature open-grown trees on 12 dates from June through October 1999. Mean foliar nutrient and carbohydrate concentrations and water content were generally within the range published for healthy sugar maple trees. However, foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations were near deficiency values for some trees. The timing and extent of red leaf coloration was consistently correlated with both foliar N concentrations and starch or sugar concentrations, which also varied with N status. Leaves of trees with low foliar N concentrations turned red earlier and more completely than those of trees with high foliar N concentrations. Low-N trees also had higher foliar starch concentrations than high-N trees. During the autumn development of red leaf coloration, foliar starch, glucose and fructose concentrations were positively correlated with red leaf color expression. At peak red expression, the concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and stachyose were all positively correlated with red color expressed as a percent of total leaf area. 相似文献
6.
Francisco R. Lpez-Serrano Jorge de las Heras Ana I. Gonzlez-Ochoa F.A. García-Morote 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,210(1-3):321-336
Tree growth and health status appear to be related to foliar nutrient contents. Foliar nutrient concentration might be the result of a complex interaction between soil nutrients and effective availability caused by climate, water and other site and treatment effects. This study examines foliar macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic C concentrations in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) needles (between 5 and 18 months old), as well as time course variability (nine dates, from July 1999 to November 2001). Variability was assessed depending on quality site (two sites, Yeste and Calasparra; SE Spain) and seven silvicultural treatments including thinning, scrubbing, pruning and particular combinations of them. Foliar macronutrient concentrations for Aleppo pine in South-eastern Spain were slightly lower (N, P, K,) or higher (Mg, Ca) than the considered as adequate ranges for Aleppo pine and Pinus genera. However, our results agree well with other normal ranges reported for Aleppo pine in Spain and for other North American Pinus species such as P. elliottii, P. taeda and P. palustris. Site, treatment and date (season) affected significantly the foliar macronutrient and C concentration, although the most important was the date, likely due to the two growth periods per year that Aleppo pine has in Mediterranean sites. Silvicultural treatments affected foliar nutrient concentration, so that the concentrations of N, P and K were higher when treatments included thinning than those that did not. The contrary was true for Mg and Ca. However, treatments did not affect the time course of the concentration, i.e., seasonality was not broken due to treatments. Moreover, the effect of the treatments was markedly high along the first year after they were applied but the differences were attenuate 2 years later. Site affected the time course of N, K, Mg and C in a different way: while for N, K and C, at the end of study period, they were higher in Calasparra than in Yeste, for Mg the contrary was true. Nutrient ratios had a different behaviour regarding to single nutrient: although date was significant, we did not appreciate seasonality. In addition, some nutrient ratios were not affected by treatments (N/P, N/K, Ca/Mg,) or by site (N/Ca, K/Ca). Average foliar N concentration and Ca/Mg ratio explained significantly the mean diameter and height growth, so that higher is the foliar N concentration and lower is Ca/Mg, higher is the growth. 相似文献
7.
Concentrations of total soluble phenolics, catechin, proanthocyanidins (PA), lignin and nitrogen (N) were measured in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) needles exposed to either ambient CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]), ambient plus 175 or ambient plus 350 micromol CO(2) mol(-1) in branch chambers for 2 years. The CO(2) treatments were superimposed on a 2 x 2 factorial combination of irrigation and fertilization treatments. In addition, we compared the effects of branch chambers and open-top chambers on needle chemistry. Proanthocyanidin and N concentrations were measured in needles from branch chambers and from trees in open-top chambers exposed concurrently for two years to either ambient [CO(2)] or ambient plus 200 micromol CO(2) mol(-1) in combination with a fertilization treatment. In the branch chambers, concentrations of total soluble phenolics in needles generally increased with needle age. Concentrations of total soluble phenolics, catechin and PA in needle extracts increased about 11% in response to the elevated [CO(2)] treatments. There were no significant treatment effects on foliar lignin concentrations. Nitrogen concentrations were about 10% lower in needles from the elevated [CO(2)] treatments than in needles from the ambient [CO(2)] treatments. Soluble phenolic and PA concentrations were higher in the control and irrigated soil treatments in about half of the comparisons; otherwise, differences were not statistically significant. Needle N concentrations increased 23% in response to fertilization. Treatment effects on PA and N concentrations were similar between branch and open-top chambers, although in this part of the study N concentrations were not significantly affected by the CO(2) treatments in either the branch or open-top chambers. We conclude that elevated [CO(2)] and low N availability affected foliar chemical composition, which could in turn affect plant-pathogen interactions, decomposition rates and mineral nutrient cycling. 相似文献
8.
Niinemets U 《Tree physiology》1999,19(1):39-45
Differences in structural and nonstructural carbohydrates, lignin and chlorophyll, and Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) activity between petioles and leaflets were studied along a canopy light gradient in Fraxinus excelsior L., which has pinnate compound leaves and up to 20% of foliar biomass invested in petioles. Long-term light conditions at the sampling locations were characterized by values of seasonal mean integrated quantum flux density (Q(int), mol m(-2) day(-1)) estimated by combining data from hemispherical photographs at the sampling locations with measurements of global solar radiation above the canopy during the growing season. The contribution of petioles to leaf carbon assimilation was disproportionally lower than that of leaf laminas. Though the light relationships of assimilative compounds-foliar chlorophyll concentration increasing with decreasing Q(int) to improve leaf absorptance, foliar N concentration and Rubisco activity being relatively constant along the light gradient-were similar for both petioles and leaflets, petiole nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were only 30% and 10%, respectively, of those of leaflets. Nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was about 20% higher in petioles than in leaf laminas, indicating that petioles also serve as storage tissues for photosynthates. Relationships between foliar structural carbon components and irradiance-increasing lignin (L) and decreasing structural polysaccharide (SP) concentrations with increasing Q(int)-were qualitatively similar for petioles and leaflets. However, petioles had lower L, but higher SP and total investment in structural compounds (L + SP) than leaflets. Greater lignification at high irradiances in leaflets than in petioles was attributed to greater water stresses at high light, and to more variable water contents of actively transpiring leaflets. Low lignin concentration in combination with high osmotically active carbohydrate concentrations in petioles suggest that turgor plays an important role in the mechanical properties of petioles. As a result of lower lignin and protein concentrations, the glucose cost of petiole construction (g glucose per g dry mass) was about 5% lower than that of leaf laminas. 相似文献
9.
Three pines species, three evergreen broadleaf trees, one C(3) and two C(4) perennial grasses of subtropical Taiwan were studied to elucidate the correlation between photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and photochemical reflectance index (PRI = (R(531) - R(570))/(R(531) + R(570))). Measurements were made at two sites differing in altitude (800 and 2600 m) over several growing seasons. At high elevation, potential PSII efficiency, measured by chlorophyll fluorescence (the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence; F(v)/F(m)) at predawn, decreased with decreasing air temperature and varied greatly among species. At the lowest air temperature (-3 degrees C) studied, variation in F(v)/F(m) among species ranged from 0.33 to 0.72. In contrast, at low elevation where air temperature was moderate, seasonal variation in F(v)/F(m) was small in all of the study species. When species, elevation and season data were pooled, despite the high variation in F(v)/F(m) among species, a good correlation between F(v)/F(m) and PRI was observed. When compared at the same value of PRI, F(v)/F(m) of evergreen trees was higher than that of perennial grasses; however, when the minimum temperature on the measurement day was below 0 degrees C, F(v)/F(m) was underestimated relative to PRI. We conclude that PRI could be used as a remote indicator of photosynthetic function when air temperature is above 0 degrees C. 相似文献
10.
The physiological status of forest canopy foliage is influenced by a range of factors that affect leaf pigment content and function. Recently, several indices have been developed from remotely sensed data that attempt to provide robust estimates of leaf chlorophyll content. These indices have been developed from either hand-held spectroradiometer spectra or high spectral resolution (or hyperspectral) imagery. We determined if two previously published indices (Datt 1999), which were specifically developed to predict chlorophyll content in eucalypt vegetation by remote sensing at the leaf scale, can be extrapolated accurately to the canopy. We derived the two indices from hand-held spectroradiometer data of eucalypt leaves exhibiting a range of insect damage symptoms. We also derived the indices from spectra obtained from high spectral and spatial resolution Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager 2 (CASI-2) imagery to determine if reasonable estimates at a scale of < 1 m can be achieved. One of the indices (R 850/R 710 index, where R is reflectance) derived from hand-held spectroradiometer data showed a moderate correlation with relative leaf chlorophyll content (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) for all dominant eucalypt species in the study area. The R (850)/R (710) index derived from CASI-2 imagery yielded slightly lower correlations over the entire data set (r = 0.42, P < 0.05), but correlations for individual species were high (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). A scaling analysis indicated that the R (850)/R (710) index was strongly affected by soil and water cover types when pixels were mixed, but appeared to be invariant to changes in proportions of understory, which may limit its application. 相似文献
11.
Spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence are rapid non-invasive methods that can be used to quantify plant stress. Because variation in ambient light (e.g., diurnal patterns of solar radiation) may have a confounding effect on these measurements, branches are often excised in the field and then measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. We studied four temperate tree species (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (balsam fir), Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern. (paper birch), Picea rubens Sarg. (red spruce) and Sorbus americana Marsh. (mountain-ash)) to determine how quickly reflectance and fluorescence change following branch cutting. We hypothesized that conifer species, which have tough xeromorphic foliage, would exhibit changes more slowly than broadleaf species. Furthermore, we hypothesized that keeping broadleaf samples cool and moist would delay the onset of reflectance and fluorescence changes. In one set of experiments, we did not use any treatments to maintain the freshness of cut branches. During the first 12 h following cutting, changes in reflectance and fluorescence were slight for all species. Two or 3 days after branch cutting, the two conifers still showed only small changes in the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and most reflectance indices, whereas paper birch and mountain-ash showed larger and more rapid declines in Fv/Fm and most reflectance indices. We attribute these declines to loss of water. As a consequence of xeromorphic leaf structure, the conifers were better able to minimize water loss than the two broadleaf species. In another experiment, paper birch that had been kept cool and moist after cutting showed only slight changes in fluorescence and reflectance, even after 3 days, indicating that with careful handling the time interval between collection and measurement of reflectance and fluorescence of many broadleaf specimens can be extended to several days. We conclude that measurements of reflectance and fluorescence need not be made in situ to be accurate and reliable. 相似文献
12.
Schaberg PG Dehayes DH Hawley GJ Strimbeck GR Cumming JR Murakami PF Borer CH 《Tree physiology》2000,20(2):73-85
We examined the effects and potential interactions of acid mist and soil solution Ca and Al treatments on foliar cation concentrations, membrane-associated Ca (mCa), ion leaching, growth, carbon exchange, and cold tolerance of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) saplings. Soil solution Ca additions increased foliar Ca and Zn concentrations, and increased rates of respiration early in the growing season (July). Soil Al treatment had a broad impact, reducing foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, P and Zn, and resulting in smaller stem diameters, sapling heights and shoot lengths compared with soil treatments with no added Al. Aluminum treatment also reduced respiration when shoots were elongating in July and decreased net photosynthesis at the end of the growing season (September). Three lines of evidence suggest that Al-induced alterations in growth and physiology were independent of foliar Ca status: (1) Ca concentrations in foliage of Al-treated saplings were within the range of sufficiency established for red spruce; (2) mCa concentrations were unaffected by Al treatment; and (3) no Al x Ca interactions were detected. Acid mist treatment increased foliar Fe and K concentrations and increased leaching of Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Al from foliage. Leaching losses of Ca were more than twice those of the element with the next highest amount of leaching (Zn), and probably led to the reductions in mCa concentration and membrane stability of acid-treated saplings. Acidic mist resulted in enhanced shoot growth, and consistent reductions in foliar cold tolerance in the fall and winter. Of the few significant interactions among treatments, most involved the influence of mist pH and Al treatment on foliar nutrition. In general, reductions in cation concentration associated with Al addition were greater for pH 5.0-treated saplings than for pH 3.0-treated saplings. We propose that H(+)-induced leaching of mCa from mesophyll cells is the mechanism underlying acid-induced reductions in foliar cold tolerance of red spruce. 相似文献
13.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2006,221(1-3):207-214
Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition on nutrient foliar concentrations and net photosynthesis of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) were evaluated at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). The BBWM is a paired-watershed forest ecosystem study with one watershed treated since 1989 with bimonthly dry ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) additions at a rate of 25.2 kg N ha−1 year−1, while the other watershed serves as a reference. The (NH4)2SO4 treatment resulted in significant increases in foliar N concentrations for all three species and significant reductions in foliar Ca, Mg and Zn concentrations for American beech and red spruce. Treatment effects on foliar concentrations of other nutrients were not significant in any species. Despite higher N concentrations in all species, only treated sugar maple showed significantly higher photosynthetic rates. The non-response in net photosynthesis to higher foliar N in American beech and red spruce might be attributed to their low foliar Ca and/or Mg concentrations. Higher net photosynthetic rates in sugar maple might be explained by the higher foliar N and by the ability of this species to maintain an adequate Ca and Mg supply. Results suggested that nutrient imbalances due to inadequate supply of Ca and Mg might have counteracted a potential increase in net photosynthesis induced by higher N concentrations in American beech and red spruce. 相似文献
14.
We measured needle pigment content and photosynthetic rates of 1-year-old western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) during autumn foliar senescence. Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (xanthophyll + b-carotene) contents of needles declined 11 and 17%, respectively, before CO(2) assimilation rate began to decline. Chlorophyll a/b ratio, Chl/carotenoid ratio, photochemical efficiency (F(v)/F(m)), and photochemical quenching did not begin to decline until late in senescence. Internal CO(2)/ambient CO(2) did not change during needle yellowing. In seedlings in warmed soil (average 3 degrees C above natural conditions), the decline in needle chlorophyll content was delayed by 10 days and the decline in CO(2) assimilation rate was delayed by 5 days, compared with seedlings in soil at ambient temperature. In seedlings exposed to an extended 16-h photoperiod, the decline in needle chlorophyll content was delayed by 32 days, and the decline in CO(2) assimilation rate was delayed by 21 days, compared with seedlings exposed to natural day lengths. In addition to delaying the onset of needle senescence, the treatments affected the sequence of events during senescence. Differences among treatment groups provide evidence that the onset of pigment loss and photosynthetic decline and the sequence of events during needle senescence are affected by soil temperature and day length. 相似文献
15.
Photosynthetic capacity and foliar nitrogen distribution in Eucalyptus nitens is altered by high-intensity thinning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The changes in photosynthetic rates, light environment and foliar nutrient concentrations following thinning were examined in an 8-year-old Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden plantation. The objectives of the study were to: (1) determine the extent to which maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax) of E. nitens are affected by stand thinning; (2) relate the spatial pattern of Amax within the crown to the changes in light environment caused by thinning; and (3) establish if the responses of Amax to thinning are driven by changes in area-based foliar nitrogen (Na) or phosphorus (Pa) concentrations. Photosynthetic rates measured under saturating light availability increased throughout the crown after thinning. The greatest increases were observed in the lower and middle crown zones. Photosynthetic rate was positively related to foliar N concentration. Thinning increased Na and Pa because of a significant decrease in specific leaf area (SLA) after thinning. Changes in photosynthetic rates, SLA and foliar nutrient distributions with thinning were well correlated with changes in incident solar irradiance throughout the tree crown. 相似文献
16.
Chlorophyll concentration is related positively to the point of maximum slope in the reflectance spectra of leaves and this point is termed the red edge. The reflectance spectra of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) needles were measured in the field and the chlorophyll concentrations of the same needles were measured in the laboratory. The measurement errors for red edge and chlorophyll concentration were determined to be 2.2 nm (3% of mean) and 0.35 mg g(-1) (19% of mean), respectively. The red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship was strong (r(2) = 0.82, n = 152). A red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship for n = 100 was used with red edge measurements to estimate chlorophyll concentration with an rms error of 0.31 mg g(-1) (17% of mean, n = 52). The entire red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship for n = 152 was also used with red edge measurements to estimate the chlorophyll concentration of samples from an earlier experiment with an rms error of 0.47 mg g(-1) (30% of mean, n = 38). We conclude that measures of red edge can be used to estimate the chlorophyll concentration of detached needles in the field with an accuracy similar to that obtained by conventional laboratory measurements. 相似文献
17.
MItchell AK 《Tree physiology》1998,18(11):749-757
The success in clinical trials of the anti-cancer drug, Taxol(R), obtained from the bark of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.), has raised interest in cultivation and regeneration of this little-known species. Pacific yew is shade-tolerant and it is not known whether the foliage can tolerate the high solar irradiances found on an open forest regeneration site or a nursery. Acclimation of Pacific yew to sun and shade was studied by comparing foliar physiology and morphology of male and female trees growing in full sun or shade. Interspecific foliar acclimation to sun was studied by comparing sun-grown English yew (Taxus baccata L.) with Pacific yew. No sex-specific acclimation was found in foliar physiology or morphology in either species. Sun-grown foliage of Pacific yew and English yew differed with respect to light harvesting, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf structure, stomatal distribution and foliar N concentrations and contents. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements indicated that shade-grown foliage of Pacific yew had larger and more efficient light harvesting systems than sun-grown foliage. Rates of CO(2) uptake and transpiration were similar in sun- and shade-grown foliage indicating acclimation of photosynthesis to the growth irradiance. Specific leaf area was significantly higher in shade-grown foliage of Pacific yew than in sun-grown foliage and was diagnostic of the light environment in which the foliage grew. Foliar N concentrations were not significantly different between sun- and shade-grown leaves of Pacific yew but sun-grown foliage had a higher N content. Physiological and morphological adjustments of Pacific yew foliage conferred tolerance to both high light and shade, enabling the trees to survive in a variety of light environments and indicating that Pacific yew is suited to nursery cultivation and regeneration of open sites. 相似文献
18.
To better understand the effects of sugar accumulation on red color development of foliage during autumn, we compared carbohydrate concentration, anthocyanin expression and xylem pressure potential of foliage on girdled versus non-girled (control) branches of 12 mature, open-grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees. Half of the study trees were known to exhibit mostly yellow foliar coloration and half historically displayed red coloration. Leaves from both girdled and control branches were harvested at peak color expression (i.e., little or no chlorophyll present). Disruption of phloem export by girdling increased foliar sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations regardless of historical tree color patterns. Branch girdling also increased foliar anthocyanin expression from 50.4 to 66.7% in historically red trees and from 11.7 to 54.2% in historically yellow trees, the latter representing about a fivefold increase compared with control branches. Correlation analyses indicated a strong and consistent relationship between foliar red coloration and sugar concentrations, particularly glucose and fructose, in both girdled and control branches. Measures of xylem pressure potentials confirmed that girdling was a phloem-specific treatment and had no effect on water transport to distal leaves. Results indicate that stem girdling increased foliar sugar concentrations and enhanced anthocyanin expression during autumn in sugar maple foliage. Native environmental stresses (e.g., low autumn temperatures) that reduce phloem transport may promote similar physiological outcomes. 相似文献
19.
Leaf-level physiological processes were studied in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to determine whether apparent increases in stand-level water use efficiency (WUE) observed in response to nitrogen (N) fertilization were attributable to foliar N effects on carbon fixation rates or on stomatal control of water loss. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured at different light intensities and ambient CO(2) molar fractions and comparisons were made between current-year shoots with average foliar N concentrations of 1.58% (High-N) and 1.25% (Low-N). Photosynthetic rates and foliar N concentrations were positively correlated. In response to light, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were closely coupled and a similar coupling was observed in response to different ambient CO(2) concentrations. Partitioning the photosynthetic responses into mesophyll and stomatal components indicated that foliar N altered mesophyll conductance but not stomatal control of water loss. High-N shoots had significantly greater rates of photosynthesis and transpiration than Low-N shoots and, as a result, instantaneous WUE did not differ significantly between High-N and Low-N shoots. 相似文献
20.
Maximum Rubisco activities (V(cmax)), rates of photosynthetic electron transport (J(max)), and leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were studied along a light gradient in the canopies of four temperate deciduous species differing in shade tolerance according to the ranking: Populus tremula L. < Fraxinus excelsior L. < Tilia cordata Mill. = Corylus avellana L. Long-term light environment at the canopy sampling locations was characterized by the fractional penetration of irradiance in the photosynthetically active spectral region (I(sum)). We used a process-based model to distinguish among photosynthesis limitations resulting from variability in fractional nitrogen investments in Rubisco (P(R)), bioenergetics (P(B), N in rate-limiting proteins of photosynthetic electron transport) and light harvesting machinery (P(L), N in chlorophyll and thylakoid chlorophyll-protein complexes). On an area basis, V(cmax) and J(max) (V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max)) increased with increasing growth irradiance in all species, and the span of variation within species ranged from two (T. cordata) to ten times (C. avellana). Examination of mass-based V(cmax) and J(max) (V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max)) demonstrated that the positive relationships between area-based quantities and relative irradiance mostly resulted from the scaling of leaf dry mass per area (M(A)) with irradiance. Although V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were positively related to growth irradiance in C. avellana, and J(m) (max) was positively related to irradiance in P. tremula, the variation range was only a factor of two. Moreover, V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were negatively correlated with relative irradiance in T. cordata. Rubisco activity in crude leaf extracts generally paralleled the gas-exchange data, but it was independent of light in T. cordata, suggesting that declining V(m) (cmax) with increasing relative irradiance was related to increasing diffusive resistances from the intercellular air spaces to the sites of carboxylation in this species. Because irradiance had little effect on foliar nitrogen concentration, the relationships of P(B) and P(R) with irradiance were similar to those of V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max). Shade-intolerant species tended to have greater P(B) and P(R) and also larger V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) than more shade-tolerant species. However, for the whole material, P(B) and P(R) varied only about 50%, whereas V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) varied more than 15-fold, further emphasizing the importance of leaf anatomical plasticity in determining photosynthetic acclimation to high irradiance. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations and fractional nitrogen investments in light harvesting increased hyperbolically with decreasing irradiance to improve quantum use efficiency for incident irradiance. The effect of irradiance on P(L) was of the same order as its effect in the opposite direction on M(A), leading to either a constant model estimate of leaf absorptance with I(sum) or a slightly positive correlation. We conclude that leaf morphological plasticity is a more relevant determinant of foliage adaptation to high irradiance than foliage biochemical properties, whereas biochemical adaptation to low irradiance is of the same magnitude as the anatomical adjustments. Although shade-tolerant species did not have greater chlorophyll concentrations and P(L) than shade-intolerant species, they possessed lower M(A), and could maintain a more extensive foliar display for light capture with constant biomass investment in leaves. 相似文献