共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
David Thompson 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):157-175
With large areas of public native forests now converted into National Parks and unavailable for timber harvest, private native
forests (PNF) in New South Wales (NSW) are becoming increasingly important in providing timber for the wood processing industry.
At the same time, there is increasing interest in the role that these private forests play in providing and maintaining habitat
for wildlife. Historically, timber production from these forests has been opportunistic, with little or no silviculture to
maintain wood production potential. Market circumstances and policy settings have not favoured sound silvicultural practice,
generating an exploitative and short-term view of the timber resource to maximise short-term returns. This has occurred at
a time when these forests are an important and increasing source of log supply to industry. This paper discusses payment of
biodiversity credits (incentives) to improve both environmental management and timber production outcomes, and examines the
findings of some recent studies on the ‘sustainability’ of PNF. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-supply studies
reveal a disparity between the demand and supply prices for biodiversity and habitat ‘services’ in many cases. Recent ‘sustainability’
studies indicate forestry operations are relatively benign in their impacts on biodiversity, compared to other land uses.
However, in the absence of increased financial returns from PNF and in the face of increased public demand for greater environmental
outcomes, there seems little alternative to meeting the competing demands of biodiversity and timber production than to implement
a system of incentive payments which reward sound private forest management for a multiplicity of objectives.
相似文献
| David ThompsonEmail: |
2.
Tyron J. Venn 《Small-Scale Forestry》2004,3(3):431-451
The large and unutilised native forest timber resource on traditional Wik land on Cape York Peninsula, Australia, could be
managed for timber production to contribute to Wik socio-economic objectives. Wik elders have a set of forestry objectives
and envisage that these will be best achieved by a timber industry selling unprocessed logs and woodchips. On the other hand,
Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation, a government-funded indigenous community development organisation, anticipate that
an industry utilising high-technology equipment and producing dried and dressed finished products including strip-flooring
will best satisfy Wik forestry objectives. The Wilderness Society envisages small-scale ‘community development’ activities
such as protable sawmilling and niche market furniture manufacture as being appropriate types of forestry activities on Wik
land. Goal programming analysis of forest use opportunities indicates that Wik forestry objectives are unlikely to be best
satisfied by adopting the timber utilisation options espoused by any one of the stakeholder groups. 相似文献
3.
During the past 60 years, afforestation has transformed Israel’s landscape, with forests planted or planned on 10% of the
country’s land, much of it with less than 300 mm of annual precipitation. After early efforts to establish a successful commercial
timber industry failed, recreation and ecosystem services came to dominate forestry policy objectives. Given Israel’s status
as a ‘developing country’ under the Kyoto Protocol, forests’ economic potential through carbon sequestration has been explored,
but has not yet proven to be compelling. Several considerations cooled initial enthusiasm for seeking international carbon
credits through afforestation. These include administrative obstacles associated with international accreditation, limited
potential economic profitability, and ethical considerations. Rather, a voluntary offsetting program was adopted, allowing donors to plant trees in Israel, that balance individual carbon
emissions. Afforestation in drylands exhibit meaningful potential to counteract chronic carbon loss due to land degradation.
As trees planted in Israel’s semi-arid regions exhibit surprisingly high carbon sequestration properties that are comparable
to forests in temperate Europe, the potential for offsetting may become a growing factor in local forestry policy once Israel
begins to regulate CO2 emissions. 相似文献
4.
Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2002,1(1):25-37
About 80% of annual wood fiber consumption in Japan is imported. Even though most of the land surface is covered by forests
in Japan, the domestic forestry and forest industry are threatened by such imports flooding the local market. Fragmented land
ownership, steep terrain, rapid growth of weeds, and high labor costs have all contributed to the decline of domestic forestry.
Further, the purchasing power of the Japanese Yen has become very strong in recent years, and the decreasing prices of imported
timber have depressed the prices of domestic timber, eroding profitability and discouraging small-scale forestry. In spite
of these difficult circumstances, there are several interesting new developments in Japanese forestry. One is the revision
of the Basic Forestry Law of 1964, through which the Japanese government is steering forest policy from timber production towards environmental services.
Because of this change, new ways to assist rural forestry activities will become available in the near future. Another change
is the certification movement, where recent examples of Japanese companies acquiring ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) forest certifications provide hope to depressed domestic forestry activities. In particular, FSC group certification
is useful in motivating small-scale forest owners to implement and maintain sustainable forestry practices.
This paper is based on the presentation at IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Symposium at Joensuu, Finland 2001. The original article, ‘The
economic situation of small-scale forestry in Japan’, is in Niskanen and Vayrynen (2001). 相似文献
5.
Fernando Santos Martín Manuel Bertomeu Meine van Noordwijk Rafael Navarro 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):47-60
The ‘when, where and how’ of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human
and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a
‘forest transition’ trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access
and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities
in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal
that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest
resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household
plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers’ decision to
plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting. 相似文献
6.
Sue Aenishaenslin Kate Convery Basil Gua Mia Spain Lee Tunstall 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):141-155
Private native forests in Australia perform a dual production and conservation role, providing an important source of timber,
and complementing formal conservation reserves. A comparison of policies for private native forests in New South Wales, Queensland,
Victoria and Tasmania illustrates the scope for timber harvesting, the provision for environmental values, and initiatives
for responsible and sustainable forest management. The sustainable management of Australia’s forests requires initiatives
by both government and landowners to accommodate changes in community attitudes, new management strategies, integrated catchment
management principles and both commercial and non-commercial opportunities for forest use. Of all of the Australian states,
New South Wales has the most restrictive laws in terms of forest management and harvesting. Queensland and Victorian legislation
have a more commercial focus, while Tasmania has a balance of both environmental and commercial objectives. The duty of care
for private native forests is a responsibility that falls to the landholder, and while this should be enforced by legislation,
the private provision of community benefits requires both recognition and reward. The presence or absence of incentives potentially
determines the effectiveness of forest codes of practice. 相似文献
7.
Ajit Menon Christelle Hinnewinkel Claude Garcia Sylvie Guillerme Nitin Rai Siddhartha Krishnan 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(4):515-527
Rural people in developing countries including India continue to access a number of types of ‘forests’ to meet specific needs
such as fuelwood, fodder, food, non-timber forest produce and timber for both subsistence and income generation. While a plethora
of terms exist to describe the types of forests that rural people use—such as farm forests, social forests, community forests
and small-scale forests—the expression domestic forest has recently been proposed. Domestic forest is a term aimed at capturing the diversity of forests transformed and managed
by rural communities and a way to introduce a new scientific domain that recognises that production and conservation can be
reconciled and that local communities can be effective managers. This paper argues in the context of the central Western Ghats
of south India that while the domestic forest concept is a useful umbrella term to capture the diversity of forests used by
rural people, these domestic forests are often not autonomous local forests but sites of contestation between local actors
and the state forest bureaucracy. Hence, a paradigm shift within the forest bureaucracy will only occur if the scientific
forestry community questions its own normative views on forest management and sees forest policy as a means to recognise local
claims and support existing practices of forest dependent communities. 相似文献
8.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
9.
Populations of most developed countries have been ageing, and the populations of Japanese mountain villages are estimated
to have reached into a super-ageing society. In particular, because forestry is unprofitable and due to the economic recession
in Japan, many small-scale forest owners face the problems of ageing. For policy-makers, it is important to assess the socioeconomic
impacts of forest owners’ ageing in order to ensure the sustainable management of forests. A survey was conducted of forest
owners in Yamaguchi Prefecture, which is famous for overall depopulation and ageing of the rural population. It was found
that 83% of 687 plantation forest owners who responded in the survey were 60 years or older and 76% did not have forestry
income over the past three years, but 81% had kept up ownership of their forest as the traditional family property. In terms
of forest management intentions, the respondents were found to consist of four types, namely ‘family management’, ‘commissioned
management’, ‘de-accession’ and ‘possession without proper management’. Differences in evaluations of hypothetical policies
were found among the four types. 相似文献
10.
Opportunities for Small-Scale Forestry in Carbon Markets 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
This paper presents an explanatory framework of how greenhouse gas emissions offsets produced from natural and planted forests
(‘carbon forestry’) feature in voluntary and regulated carbon markets. An introduction to the convoluted policy malaise surrounding
the use of forests in regulated carbon markets is also presented. Whilst there are many opportunities and potential benefits
of using forests to produce offsets, relatively few carbon forestry projects currently exist, particularly in regulated carbon
markets. This seems due to financial, institutional and administrative obstacles, with prohibitive transaction costs often
cited as the most prominent constraint to expanded carbon forestry development. The papers in this special issue present a
wide coverage of carbon forestry development policy issues. The special issue provides a unique insight into the state of
carbon forestry globally and highlights the pressing need for policy and market reform to facilitate more sustainable carbon
forestry development. 相似文献
11.
Andy Selter 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(1):37-48
In this study the interactions between forest management and the preservation of rural structures, as well as the economic
implications should there be a shut-down of silvicultural activities in the small-scale private forestry of the Southern Nature
Park of the Black Forest in Germany, are examined. The jobs, which are connected to the production of wood and the quality
of the landscape, are characterized and projected on the region as far as possible. The creation of value by owners managing
forests for production is demonstrated for the area of investigation. In combination with estimated average monetary values
for the infrastructural benefits of the forests, scenarios point out the consequences of management as well as of a shut-down
of the smallscale private forests. Finally, the paper explores whether it is it is appropriate to extend the meaning of the
term ‘Environmentally Sound Forest Management’ beyond the conventional sense of forest functions, and to an holistic approach
which integrates the people as well as forests and other landscape features. If an holistic approach is adopted, a redefined
model of the mixed farm forest enterprise, which pursues many targets in the same area, must be developed. In this way, it
seems possible to solve conflicts regarding land-use in rural areas and to achieve desirable socio-political development. 相似文献
12.
John C. Bliss Erin Clover Kelly Jesse Abrams Conner Bailey Janice Dyer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):53-66
In the past decade ownership of the corporate forestry sector in the USA has undergone remarkable transformation. Corporate
consolidation, separation of processing capacity ownership from timberland ownership, and disinvestment from timberland ownership
altogether have occurred rapidly and on a global scale. Vertically-integrated forest products companies, once the standard
model for publically-traded corporations, have all but disappeared. A new class of timberland investors now dominates the
timberland estate. These new owners can be viewed as the most recent manifestation of capital from the core seeking rent in
the distant periphery. While in this respect they resemble their industrial forestry predecessors, they differ markedly with
regard to landholding objectives, time horizons, management capacities and other characteristics. This transformation has
created new challenges and opportunities for other forest owners and for rural communities. Many timber processing mills have
closed, restricting markets for smallholder wood. While much former industrial timberland remains in industrial-style timber
management, some has been subdivided for ‘highest and best use,’ and conservation buyers have assumed control of a few large
blocks. Further fragmentation of the industrial forest estate is anticipated, presenting both challenges and opportunities
to small-scale forest owners and rural communities. This paper outlines the dynamics of forest ownership restructuring, posits
alternative future scenarios for small-scale forestry, and points to potentially useful future research. 相似文献
13.
Eva J. Garen Kristin Saltonstall Jacob L. Slusser Shane Mathias Mark S. Ashton Jefferson S. Hall 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):219-236
In the Republic of Panama, reforestation with native species is of great interest, but many landholders often do not participate
in tree planting projects and little information exists about landholder interest in, or experiences with, native trees. This
study evaluates the experiences of farmers participating in a native species reforestation initiative in rural Panama to identify
lessons learned that can guide on-going or future tree planting efforts. Based on the results of a questionnaire administered
to program participants and non-participants (n = 68), we found that trees are important to farmers for multiple reasons, primary a variety of environmental and economic
benefits. No relationship between the size of landholdings or land tenure status and the desire to plant trees was found.
All participants in the program considered their experience to be positive, few had problems with their plantations, and most
were interested in planting more native trees. The program’s frequent and ongoing technical support was an important factor
for farmers. These results indicate widespread interest in, and success with, planting native species and underscore the need
to systematically examine farmers’ interests and perceptions when planning, implementing, and evaluating reforestation initiatives. 相似文献
14.
The widespread removal of native trees from the agricultural zone and replacement with annual crops and pastures is a major cause of dryland salinity in Australia. It has been recognised that a large proportion of the landscape needs to be replanted to trees to prevent further salinisation. However, for much of the agricultural zone, agroforestry is not an option due to lack of species that can viably generate the products currently demanded by the market. The emerging carbon market may provide a new agroforestry option for landholders, through carbon sequestration. This analysis assesses the viability of growing trees for the purpose of selling carbon credits, from a landholder’s perspective. Benefits of trees in preventing the onset of dryland salinity are accounted for. Two regions in Western Australia; a low rainfall (330 mm/year) region and a medium rainfall (550 mm/year) region, are analysed. At the expected carbon price of A$15/tCO2-e, growing trees for carbon is not a viable alternative for landholders in the low rainfall region, due to low sequestration rates. In the medium rainfall region, growing trees for carbon and timber is a viable alternative; however the opportunity costs of land mean the carbon price would still need to be higher than expected for growers to choose this alternative. Accounting for the salinity prevention benefits makes growing trees a more attractive investment for landholders in both regions. However in both regions, even after accounting for salinity benefits, the price of carbon would need to be A$25–A$46/tCO2-e higher than expected to make growing trees a worthwhile investment. 相似文献
15.
J. Doland Nichols 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):127-140
Until recently the focus of forestry regulations in New South Wales (NSW) was on public rather than private lands. This paper
describes the process of developing legislation to control where and how private native forestry takes place. To date, the
lead agency in attempting to formulate a clear policy has been the Department of Natural Resources. First, through a series
of committee meetings of representatives of key stakeholder groups, a draft private native forestry code was devised and was
released for public comment. After a period of intense negative reaction from both those in favour of continuing timber production
in native forests and those in favour of requiring that private lands be managed as nature reserves, the draft code was withdrawn
and a government-appointed committee then began again the process of drawing up a code acceptable to most stakeholders. 相似文献
16.
Anne Sourdril Gaëtan du Bus de Warnaffe Marc Deconchat Gérard Balent Eric de Garine 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):127-144
The importance of the ecological functions of farm forests in France calls for a better understanding of the social systems
influencing forest management. The traditional ‘house-centred system’ involved a sharing of activities in farm forestry between
fathers and their sons. Retired farmers were traditionally managers of the forests while their sons dealt with farming activities.
The evolution of this relationship since World War 2 has been investigated with an ethnologic approach in two villages in
south-western France where the traditional ‘house-centred system’ constrains the social rules. This system has led to a lifetime
status for fathers as head of the farm and of the household. Before WW2, sons played a secondary role in relation to their
fathers who took strategic decisions. After WW2, sons became more involved in the forest work and decisions which led to a
more frequent use of agricultural methods in forests. This created differences of opinion between fathers and sons, with the
fathers considering their sons’ management too intensive. The social consequence was that the fathers felt that their role
as forest managers and as head of the farm was reduced. In future, farm forest management might become more dependent on agricultural
activities, with the traditional social systems losing importance. 相似文献
17.
Mohammad Samaun Safa 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(2):207-229
The encroachment rate in forests in Bangladesh is high and increasing — accelerated by rural poverty and the demand for dwelling
space and forest products — causing environmental degradation as well as loss of forest cover and productivity. The forests
are managed by the Forest Department, although a substantial area of marginal land belongs to other semi-public agencies including
Roads and Highways and the Water Development Board. This marginal land has been left unused or underutilized. In contrast,
nongovernmental organizations have an appropriate accessibility and technology disseminating ability to utilize this land
in reducing poverty and enhancing rural livelihood, and have been highly active and successful in rehabilitating encroached
forests. NGOs have added a new dimension to forest management, which has ensured community participation and protection of
the forests, both planted and natural. This study evaluates the social forestry activities of four large NGOs, namely BRAC,
Proshika, Caritas and CARE-Bangladesh, as well as national social forestry activities. By adopting a common partnership between
public and private authority, property right conflicts have been resolved and rural livelihoods enhanced, and scope has been
created for utilizing marginal land. The NGO partnership has been effective in reducing poverty and improving livelihoods.
As an outcome of this common partnership, 33,472 km of roadside planting and 53,430 ha of reforestation activities have been
carried out during the last two decades. 相似文献
18.
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):177-188
An on-line survey during August–September 2006 examined community attitudes toward private native forestry. Views expressed
by the 156 respondents confirmed prior hypotheses that attitudes would correlate with associations (e.g. professionals in
favour of incentives, farmers in favour of freedom to manage, conservationists in favour of regulations), and with interest
(biodiversity enthusiasts in favour of regulations, producers in favour of incentives), but refuted the prior hypotheses that
urban dwellers would be more likely to favour regulations. Respondents appear to reflect different constituencies with divergent
views without a shared understanding of the condition and dynamics of private native forests in NSW. This indicates the need
for more extension and public education, particularly since forests continue to be an election issue. The survey did not gauge
support for private native forestry, but helps to untangle the views from the constituencies promoting them. Regulatory approaches
received most support from respondents affiliated with an environmental group, with a national concern for biodiversity, who
fear that private native forests are in poor condition and will degrade further. Advocates for more landholder freedom tend
to be landholders who believe that private native forests are in better condition than comparable State Forests, and who are
optimistic about the future for private native forests. Advocates for incentives tend to be urban dwellers with a production
focus and professional affiliation. 相似文献
19.
This paper describes the use by family forest landowners of educational programs provided by Washington State University Cooperative
Extension (WSUCE), and the associated use of technical assistance programs provided by state and federal agencies and the
private sector. Approximately 100,000 family forest owners controlled 19% or over 1.2 M ha of Washington’s forestland and
accounted for 29% of the timber harvested in the state on a volume basis in 1998. A variety of public and private assistance
and education programs are available to encourage and help family forest owners manage their forests. In 1999 a mail survey
was conducted to evaluate use and effectiveness of Washington’s family forest assistance and education programs. Over half
of the 872 responding family forest landowners had contact with an extension educator, program or educational material, and
about three quarters of these respondents gave an overall rating of the usefulness of extension programs and materials as
good or excellent. Respondents attending WSUCE forestry educational programs have larger median land ownership size, are older,
have owned their forests longer, have a higher rate of absentee ownership, and are better educated than non-users. They are
more likely to actively manage their forests for timber production and exhibit a clearer understanding of the multiple-use
capabilities of their forests. 相似文献
20.
Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):111-125
Yusuhara Forest Owners’ Cooperative (YFOC) in Kochi Prefecture in Japan received its forest management certification from
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in 2000. YFOC is recognised as the resource manager of its members’ forests, and they
were the first organisation to gain such certification in Japan. With the continuous efforts of selling FSC certified wood
in the domestic housing construction market, YFOC has substantially increased their timber sales in recent years. It is a
noteworthy event in Japanese small-scale forestry, which has been struggling with declining economic performance for many
years. This paper analyses the detail of forestry activities and changes which occurred in YFOC after certification by FSC.
An interesting effect of increasing economic performance is found to have come from an unexpected direction. It is concluded
that the FSC certification system is a possible tool to revitalise Japanese small-scale forestry as well as obtain favourable
environmental outcomes. 相似文献