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1.
To identify the causal organism of anthracnose (ripe-rot), which reduces yield and postharvest quality of blueberries grown in British Columbia, Canada, 80 isolates were recovered from diseased fruits collected from commercial blueberry fields during 2002–04 and identified as Colletotrichum acutatum using colony morphology, growth rate and species-specific PCR primers. In vitro incubation of replicated sets of inoculated detached berries at various temperatures produced infection at temperatures of 7–30°C, with an optimum at 20°C. Colletotrichum acutatum could not survive on the soil surface as mummified berries but the pathogen was detected mostly within flower buds and less so in blueberry twigs and fruit trusses. Infection of developing flower buds in May–June of the preceding growing season gave the highest inoculum recovery in the following year. Two commercial fungal biocontrol agents, Prestop ( Gliocladium catenulatum ) and PlantShield ( Trichoderma harzianum ), each reduced anthracnose development in 2003 and 2004 by up to 45% when sprayed three times onto plants between flowering and fruit ripening.  相似文献   

2.
A large-scale three-year study on apple orchards in Havelland uncovered key knowledge about the ecology and control of significant pests for 3 different varieties. Experiments included a range of different blocks and varieties and focussed on the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana), the reticulated tortrix moth (Adoxophyes reticulana) and the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi). The experiments were divided according to season, from budding through flowering and finally at harvest. Infestation by the apple blossom weevil depended on the timing of flowering for the variety. The “Breuhahn” variety was the most heavily infested. Later and more delayed flowering resulted in higher infestation rates. The attack by pests had a thinning effect with corresponding flower infestation rates. There was no effect on yield when flowering tendency was normal. The flower clusters and leaves of the early-harvest variety “James Grieve” was most heavily infested by the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana). The extent of the damage from pests that attack leaves could be determined exactly using the drying method. The rose tortrix showed significant differences only in the number of leaves in infected and healthy plants. There were significant differences in leaf mass between untreated controls and fruit clusters infested by the reticulated tortrix (Adoxophyes reticulana) for all 3 varieties. The “James Grieve” variety was most heavily infested. The results of the experiments involving the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) in healthy and infested leaves and leaf number revealed preferential infestation of the “Golden Delicious” and “James Grieve” varieties. Overall, the study provided key information for the prognosis and control of key pests in apple cultivation.  相似文献   

3.
Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey causes considerable yield losses in pome fruit culture. During a field study in the Netherlands in 1997 and 1998, the increase in disease incidence in time was assessed and final pre- and post-harvest losses were recorded in the susceptible apple cultivars James Grieve and Cox's Orange Pippin. Each individual tree was considered as a unique quadrat, and the spatial distribution of diseased fruits among fruit trees at every assessment date was characterised by a dispersion index, Lloyd's index of patchiness (LIP). Spatial autocorrelation was applied to detect potential clustering of trees with diseased fruits within rows. In cv. James Grieve, the rate of increase of disease incidence was constant up to harvest time, whereas in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin disease incidence increased markedly 3 weeks before harvest time, which coincided with the harvest of cv. James Grieve in neighbouring rows. Pre-harvest disease incidence was 4.2–4.3% in cv. James Grieve in both years, in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin this was 4.4% in 1997 and 2.7% in 1998. Post-harvest yield losses amounted on average 1.5–2.0% for both cultivars, no significant differences were found between the cultivars (t-test, P=0.05). Both in 1997 and 1998, clustering of diseased fruits among fruit trees was detected; LIP values were significantly higher than 1 (P=0.05 in 1997, P=0.01 in 1998). Clustering of trees with diseased fruits was detected in 1998, when significant (P=0.05) positive correlation coefficients occurred for 2nd, 3rd and 4th lag-order distances in cv. James Grieve, and a significant (P=0.05) positive first-order correlation in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. Wounding agents, such as insects and birds, may play an important role in the underlying disease dynamics, and crop losses may be minimised by control of these agents.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of small temperature differentials (16 vs. 20°C) on the pathogenicity of deoxynivalenol producing single isolates of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum and on the fusarium head blight (FHB) response of eight wheat cultivars was examined. Fusarium culmorum inoculation caused greater visual disease symptoms at 20°C than at 16°C, both overall and on an individual cultivar basis (overall AUDPC = 13·5 and 9·6, respectively) ( P  < 0·05). In contrast, F. graminearum inoculation caused greater overall visual disease symptoms at 16°C than at 20°C, both overall and at the individual cultivar level (overall AUDPC = 12·8 and 10·9, respectively) ( P  < 0·05). Results showed both F. culmorum and F. graminearum inoculations caused a greater loss in yield at 20°C (54·3 and 46·9% relative 1000-grain weight, respectively) compared with 16°C (73·3 and 66·9% relative 1000-grain weight, respectively) ( P  < 0·05). Fusarium culmorum -inoculated heads contained similar amounts of fungal DNA at both 16 and 20°C (1·9 and 1·7 ng mg−1 of plant material, respectively) (not significant), while for F. graminearum inoculation, plants contained higher amounts of fungal DNA at 20°C (2·0 and 1·0 ng mg−1 of plant material, respectively) ( P  < 0·05). Overall, there was a significant negative correlation between AUDPC and percentage relative 1000-grain weight at both 16 and 20°C ( r  =−0·693 and −0·794, respectively, P  < 0·01).  相似文献   

5.
The effects were investigated of fruit maturity and duration of wetness on infection of apple fruits by Venturia inaequalis , and subsequent scab development. Incubation rate (inverse of median incubation period) increased linearly with increasing temperature (5–20°C) on detached 5-week-old fruits of cv. Royal Gala. Fruits were highly susceptible in the early stages of development, but became increasingly resistant as they matured. Inoculation of attached 12-week-old and detached near-mature fruits did not result in any lesions, while inoculation of attached 4-, 5-, 7- and 9-week-old fruits resulted in various levels of infection. Fruits of cv. Mondial Gala were more susceptible than those of cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. On cv. Mondial Gala, a wet period of 9 h resulted in ≈ 90% infection of 4-week-old fruits, but only 9% infection of 9-week-old fruits. Numbers of scab lesions on an apple generally followed a Neyman type A rather than a Poisson distribution, indicating a certain degree of aggregation of lesions on a fruit. A two-parameter generalization of the Poisson model described the observed incidence–density relationship well. A longer duration of wetness was required to result in a similar level of scab infection on old fruits to that on young fruits. On cv. Mondial Gala, wet periods of 9 and 32 h were required for ≈ 90% incidence of fruit scab on 4- and 7-week-old fruits, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to relate the incidence of fruit scab to duration of wetness and fruit maturity. The potential use of these results in practical disease management is discussed.  相似文献   

6.
The population of Phytophthora infestans in Brazil consists of two clonal lineages, US-1 associated with tomatoes and BR-1 associated with potatoes. To assess whether host specificity in these lineages resulted from differences in aggressiveness to potato and tomato, six aggressiveness-related epidemiological components – infection frequency (IF), incubation period (IP), latent period (LP), lesion area (LA), lesion expansion rate (LER) and sporulation at several lesion ages (SSLA) – were measured on detached leaflets of late blight-susceptible potato and tomato plants. Infection frequency of US-1 was similar on potato and tomato leaflets, but IF of BR-1 was somewhat reduced on tomato. Incubation period was longer on both hosts with US-1, although this apparent lineage affect was not significant. Overall there was no host effect on IP. On potato, BR-1 had a shorter LP (110·3 h) and a larger LA (6·5 cm2) than US-1 (LP = 162·0 h; LA = 2·8 cm2). The highest LER resulted when isolates of BR-1 (0·121 cm2 h−1) and US-1 (0·053 cm2 h−1) were inoculated on potato and tomato leaflets, respectively. The highest values of the area under the sporulation capacity curve (AUSC) were obtained for isolates of US-1 inoculated on tomato leaflets (6146) and for isolates of BR-1 on potato leaflets (3775). In general, higher values of LA, LER, SSLA and AUSC, and shorter values of LP were measured when isolates of a clonal lineage were inoculated on their original host than with the opposite combinations. There is evidence that there are quantitative differences in aggressiveness components between isolates of US-1 and BR-1 clonal lineages that probably contribute to host specificity of P. infestans populations in Brazil.  相似文献   

7.
Botrytis allii was incubated at 20, 10,4, 2,0, – 2 and –4° to investigate effects of temperature on growth, sporulation and germination on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and to estimate incidence and severity of disease on garlic bulbs inoculated with the pathogen during storage. B. allii-was capable of growing to a colony diameter of 17 mm after 20 weeks, sporulating and germinating on PDA at temperature as low as – 4°C. After 12 weeks at –4 and -2°C the mycelial growth was observed only on 45–54% of bulbs wound-inoculated with conidial suspension, and infection was limited to 5 mm in diameter on the surface of inoculation sites without producing any symptoms of the disease. Temperature responses were similar for mycelial growth, conidial germination and infection, but mycelial growth and sporulation was slower and later on garlic bulbs than in culture. Wounds were readily colonized by B. allii. No disease was found on unwounded bulbs that were inoculated with conidial suspensions and with mycelial plugs at various temperatures. Only 16–95% of cloves became infected by contact with other cloves within the same bulb after 12 weeks of storage at temperatures of 4–20 C.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of temperature on the length of the incubation and latent periods of hawthorn powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera clandestina , were studied. At constant temperatures over the range 10–28°C, the incubation period ranged from 5 to 14 days and the latent period from 5 to 16 days; no visible colonies had developed at 30°C after 15 days. The relationships between temperature and the rates of fungus development within the incubation and latent periods were well described by a nonlinear model. The resulting curves were asymmetrically bell-shaped with an optimum temperature of approximately 23°C. The lengths of the incubation and latent periods under fluctuating temperatures were also determined, and were used to evaluate the models developed from constant temperature experiments for their accuracy of prediction. The incubation and latent periods under fluctuating temperature regimes were predicted using a rate-summation scheme with a time step of 24 min, by integrating the respective incubation and latent rate functions obtained under constant temperatures. The predicted incubation or latent periods agreed well with the observed values. Under constant temperature the interval between the times when symptoms and sporulation on the same leaflet were first observed was very short, on average <1 day, and was not significantly correlated with temperature. However, this interval was negatively correlated with mean temperature under fluctuating regimes.  相似文献   

9.
In controlled environment experiments, sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae was observed on leaves of oilseed rape inoculated with ascospores or conidia at temperatures from 8 to 20°C at all leaf wetness durations from 6 to 72 h, except after 6 h leaf wetness duration at 8°C. The shortest times from inoculation to first observed sporulation ( l 0), for both ascospore and conidial inoculum, were 11–12 days at 16°C after 48 h wetness duration. For both ascospore and conidial inoculum (48 h wetness duration), the number of conidia produced per cm2 leaf area with sporulation was seven to eight times less at 20°C than at 8, 12 or 16°C. Values of Gompertz parameters c (maximum percentage leaf area with sporulation), r (maximum rate of increase in percentage leaf area with sporulation) and l 37 (days from inoculation to 37% of maximum sporulation), estimated by fitting the equation to the observed data, were linearly related to values predicted by inserting temperature and wetness duration treatment values into existing equations. The observed data were fitted better by logistic equations than by Gompertz equations (which overestimated at low temperatures). For both ascospore and conidial inoculum, the latent period derived from the logistic equation (days from inoculation to 50% of maximum sporulation, l 50) of P. brassicae was generally shortest at 16°C, and increased as temperature increased to 20°C or decreased to 8°C. Minimum numbers of spores needed to produce sporulation on leaves were ≈25 ascospores per leaf and ≈700 conidia per leaf, at 16°C after 48 h leaf wetness duration.  相似文献   

10.
A. RAHMAN 《Weed Research》1973,13(3):267-272
Summary. Wheat, oats, and green foxtail were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16, 27–16, or 16–16°C in the growth chamber. The caryopses were planted at depths of 2·5 or 6·3 cm, and trifluralin was incorporated in the surface 5 cm of soil. The results indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was somewhat greater when plants were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16°C than at a temperature regime of 16–16°C. A further study in the greenhouse indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was dependant upon soil properties. In general, the toxicity of trifluralin to both wheat and green foxtail appeared to decrease with an increase in the organic matter content of the soil.
Effets de la température et de la nature du sol sur la phytotoxicité de la trifluraline  相似文献   

11.
Batches of two winter wheat cultivars (Riband and Apollo) were inoculated with conidia of Mycosphaerella graminicola at weekly intervals over a 2 year period. Following 72 h incubation, plants were placed in ambient temperatures ranging between −7 and 32°C with mean batch temperatures of 2·9–20·2°C. Latent period until the first visible symptoms ranged between 11 and 42 days. The relationship between development of lesions and accumulated thermal time was described using a shifted cumulative gamma distribution model. The model provided good estimates of lesion development with r 2 > 0·92 for both cultivars. Base temperatures, below which the pathogen did not develop, were estimated from the model as approximately −2·4°C for the two cultivars. Latent period was estimated as being 250 and 301 degree-days above the estimated base temperature, when defined as time from inoculation to first lesion and time to 50% of maximal lesions, respectively, for cv. Riband. The values for cv. Apollo were similar, but with estimates of thermal time periods c . 5% higher. The relationship between mean temperature and inverse latent period, expressed as days either to first lesion or to 50% of maximal lesions, was best described by a linear regression with r 2 > 0·96 for both cultivars. The opportunity for plants to outgrow disease was reduced when prolonged periods of cold temperature occurred, because the base temperature for growth of the pathogen was less than that for the crop.  相似文献   

12.
Penicillium expansum is one of the main postharvest pathogens of apples in Israel. Heating apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum for 96 h at 38°C completely inhibited decay development. Fruit held for 24 h at 42°C or 12 h at 46°C had significantly reduced decay after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°C, compared with unheated inoculated control fruit. Mycelial growth and percentage spore germination in vitro were inversely proportional to length of time of exposure to various temperatures. The ET50 for spore germination was 42, 34 and 20 h at 38, 42 and 46°C, respectively, while the ET50 for mycelial growth was 48, 44 and 36 h at those temperatures. When Penicillium spores were incubated on crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°C, germ tube elongation was significantly reduced, while the walls of the tubes were thicker, compared with germ tubes from spores incubated on crude extract prepared from peel of non-heated fruit. The evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that the effect of heating on the decay of apples caused by P. expansum is not only the result of direct inhibition of fungal germination and growth by high temperature, but is also partly due to the formation of an inhibitory substance in the heated peel.  相似文献   

13.
Urediniospore production by Puccinia striiformis on wheat per unit leaf area infected was much lower at low light intensities than at high light intensities. The number of pustules per unit area of infected leaf and the daily sporulation rate per pustule increased linearly with increasing light over the range 10–50 W/m2. Increasing temperature between 7 and 20°C shortened latent period and reduced the longevity of sporulating leaves. Colonization rate and the frequency of pustules per unit area of infected leaf increased between 7 and 15°C but declined markedly at 20°C. Spore production reached its peak earlier and declined more rapidly with increasing temperature between 7 and 15°C. this decline being less marked in the highly susceptible cultivar Maris Beacon than in the more resistant Maris Nimrod and Maris Huntsman.  相似文献   

14.
A sequence of 47 potato late-blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) epidemics in the Netherlands, from 1950 to 1996, was analysed using agronomic and meteorological variables. The intensity of annual epidemics was characterized by an index of disease intensity (DI, 0 = absence of late blight; 4 = severe epidemic). Three periods were identified, with average DIs of 2·9, 0 and 2, respectively. Period I (1950–68) had relatively regular epidemics; period II (1969–78) was virtually blight free; and period III (1979–96) showed large variations in disease intensity. Disease-enhancing factors were number of days with precipitation, and number of hours with temperatures between 10 and 27°C and relative humidity >90% during the growing season. Limiting factors were number of hours with temperatures >27°C, and amount of global radiation. Linear discriminant analysis of DI using the blight status of the previous year and meteorological variables correctly classified up to 40 years out of 47 (87·0%), with five out of the six incorrectly classified years falling in period III. Blight status of the previous year and number of days with precipitation were important discriminating variables.  相似文献   

15.
Sphaeropsis rot, caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens, is an important postharvest disease of apple in the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine the timing of apple fruit infection in the orchard in relation to development of Sphaeropsis rot in storage and to identify infection courts and mode of penetration by S. pyriputrescens on apple fruit. Fruit of apple cvs Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji were inoculated in the orchard from 3 weeks after petal fall to 2 weeks before harvest at 5 to 6-week intervals in three consecutive seasons. All fruit were harvested and stored at 0?ºC to monitor decay development. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the infection courts and mode of penetration of the fungus on/in the host tissues. At harvest, the fungus was re-isolated from the stem (pedicel), sepal, anther, or filament of the inoculated fruit, but decay did not develop on fruit. Sphaeropsis rot developed on inoculated fruit during cold storage beginning 1–3 months after harvest. Stem-end rot was prevalent on cv. Golden Delicious, whereas calyx-end rot was prevalent on cv. Fuji. Both stem- and calyx-end rots were common on cv. Red Delicious. Infection also occurred at lenticels on fruit skin, particularly on cv. Golden Delicious, but at low incidence. Relationships between the incidence of Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit and the timing of inoculation in the orchard varied with cultivar and year. On cv. Red Delicious apples, the incidence of Sphaeropsis rot generally increased as the timing of infection approached harvest. Histological studies indicated that infection took place through natural openings of plant organs such as stomata on stems and sepals and lenticels on fruit skin. Fungal penetration also was observed at micro-cracks on the stem and sepal and at trichome sockets where mechanical damage occurred in sepals. Direct penetration was observed on the stem and sepal of fruit, but most invasions were restricted between the cuticle and the epidermis. Our results indicate that wounding is not required for infection of apple fruit by S. pyriputrescens, though it may facilitate infections.  相似文献   

16.
The collective impact of several environmental factors on the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma stromaticum ( Ts ) against Moniliophthora perniciosa ( Mp ), the cause of cacao witches' broom disease, was assessed under field conditions of shaded cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in south-eastern Bahia, Brazil. Biocontrol experiments were performed adjacent to an automated weather station, with sensors and Ts -treated brooms placed at different canopy heights. Sporulation occurred at the same dates for all Ts isolates, but in different quantities. Broom moisture >30%, air temperature of approximately 23 ± 3°C, relative humidity >90%, solar radiation intensities <0·12 KW m−² and wind speed near zero were the key environmental parameters that preceded Ts sporulation events. A multiple logistic regression indicated that these weather variables combined were capable of distinguishing sporulation from non-sporulation events, with a significant effect of wind speed. Analyses of environmental factors at ground level indicated similar pre-sporulation conditions, with a soil moisture content above a threshold of 0·34 m3 m−3 preceding all sporulation events. The sporulation of five selected Ts isolates was compared at four different canopy heights. Isolates responded differently to weather variation in terms of sporulation and antagonism to Mp at different canopy levels, indicating that different microclimates are established along the vertical profile of a shaded cacao plantation. The potential of these findings for development of predictive mathematical models and disease-management approaches is discussed.  相似文献   

17.
Phytophthora root rot is of paramount importance in avocado orchards of southern Spain. Soil solarization has been demonstrated to control the pathogen in infested areas from which infected trees had been removed. We aimed to determine whether soil solarization in established avocado orchards controls the disease. Soil solarization increased average maximum hourly soil temperatures by 6.5–6.9°C in unshaded areas of avocado orchards in coastal areas of southern Spain, depending on depth and year. The corresponding temperatures in shaded areas were c. 2–3°C lower. P. cinnamomi in soil, on infected avocado rootlets, and in a nutrient substrate buried at 30–60 cm depth was reduced to negligible amounts after 6–8 weeks of solarization in both unshaded and shaded locations of avocado orchards. P. cinnamomi could not be detected in avocado rootlets up to 14 months later, suggesting a long-term effect. Soil solarization did not affect growth of the trees, and fruit yields were increased as compared with control plots. Following soil solarization for 3 weeks from mid-July 1994, when maximum hourly temperatures reached 33–36°C, P. cinnamomi could not be recovered from a depth of up to 45 cm in unshaded areas or from a depth of up to 30 cm in shaded areas after the initial 10-day period. The viability of inoculum of the pathogen buried at depths between 15 and 60 cm in bare soil was determined by sequential sampling in two solarization experiments starting 12 June and 4 July 1995, respectively. In the first experiment, P. cinnamomi could not be detected at any depth after 4–8 weeks of solarization in unshaded areas but could be recovered at all depths except 15 cm in shaded areas. In the second experiment, where temperatures were higher and the soil surface not shaded, P. cinnamomi could not be recovered after 2 weeks at 15 and 30 cm.  相似文献   

18.
The ability of isolate Vd-48 of Verticillium dahliae to induce resistance against subsequent challenge with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was examined in Ulmus minor . In the first experiment, conditioning inoculation of 5-year-old elm trees (2–3 m in height) with Vd-48 15 days prior to challenge inoculation with O. novo-ulmi significantly reduced wilting ( P  ≤ 0·05) compared with trees not conditioned with Vd-48. However, in another experiment on 6-year-old trees (2–3·5 m in height), no protection was achieved when the length of time between conditioning and challenge inoculations was 45 or 60 days. In a further experiment, inoculations with Vd-48 alone resulted in severe wilting in 22 out of 118 trees (6–10 years old and 4–7 m in height). Across the 2 years of this last trial, nine trees showed massive feeding wounds made by Scolytus sp., while O. novo-ulmi strains were isolated from six trees. Vd-48 provided a variable prophylactic effect against O. novo-ulmi in U. minor . Major difficulties with this approach to control Dutch elm disease are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Exposure of harvested grapefruit to ultraviolet (UV) light induced resistance against the green mould decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Grapefruit picked at various times during the harvest season responded differently to UV treatments. The UV dose required for development of maximum resistance increased as the season progressed. The initial UV dose required in November-picked fruit for maximum response was 4·8 kJ/m2. It declined to 1·6 and 3·2 kJ/m2 in December- and January-picked fruit, respectively, and increased to 8 kJ/m2 in February-picked fruit. Correspondingly, the minimum percentage infection developing after UV treatment increased throughout the season from 0 to 35%. Resistance in UV-treated fruit developed to its maximum extent at 24–48 h following exposure to UV light and then decreased. Development of induced resistance in grapefruit peel was affected by the temperature at which the fruit was stored 24 h after UV treatment and before infection with P. digitatum. In the UV-treated fruit, the fungus developed a sporadic mycelium with marked inhibition of sporulation. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase markedly increased in the peel following exposure of the fruit to UV light.  相似文献   

20.
A preparation of Trichoderma harzianum was sprayed on cucumber plants in greenhouses in order to control fruit and stem grey mould. Up to 90% control was achieved by the biocontrol agent (0·5–1·0 g/l) which in most experiments under commercial conditions was as effective as the dicarboximide fungicides iprodione or vinclozolin (0·5 g/l each) alone or alternated with diethofencarb + carbendazim (0·25 g/l each). However, in one experiment disease incidence in Trichoderma -treated plots did not differ significantly from the control. A mixture of T. harzianum with a dicarboximide fungicide resulted in up to 96% control of grey mould. In this case control was always significant ( P =0·05) but improvement of control compared with each treatment alone was not significant ( P =0·05). The alternation of sprays with the biocontrol preparation and with a dicarboximide fungicide was tested in three out of the five experiments and was found to be effective, thus enabling a reduction in the use of chemical sprays. Populations of T. harzianum were on a level of 3 × 105-8 × 105 c.f.u. per leaf and ten times lower on one fruit. They remained high after the second and third sprays. Conditions favouring the ability of T. harzianum to control grey mould were temperatures above 20°C and relative humidity between 80 and 97%.  相似文献   

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