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1.
Two distinct forms of consolidated associative memory are known in Drosophila: long-term memory and so-called anesthesia-resistant memory. Long-term memory is more stable, but unlike anesthesia-resistant memory, its formation requires protein synthesis. We show that flies induced to form long-term memory become more susceptible to extreme stress (such as desiccation). In contrast, induction of anesthesia-resistant memory had no detectable effect on desiccation resistance. This finding may help to explain why evolution has maintained anesthesia-resistant memory as another form of consolidated memory, distinct from long-term memory. 相似文献
2.
Little is known about the neuronal mechanisms that subserve long-term memory persistence in the brain. The components of the remodeled synaptic machinery, and how they sustain the new synaptic or cellwide configuration over time, are yet to be elucidated. In the rat cortex, long-term associative memories vanished rapidly after local application of an inhibitor of the protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase M zeta (PKMzeta). The effect was observed for at least several weeks after encoding and may be irreversible. In the neocortex, which is assumed to be the repository of multiple types of long-term memory, persistence of memory is thus dependent on ongoing activity of a protein kinase long after that memory is considered to have consolidated into a long-term stable form. 相似文献
3.
The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein synthesis. We show that extinction of CTA memory is also dependent on protein synthesis and beta-adrenergic receptors in the IC, but independent of muscarinic receptors and MAPK. This resembles the molecular signature of the formation of long-term memory of CTA to a familiar taste. Thus, memory extinction shares molecular mechanisms with learning, but the mechanisms of learning anew differ from those of learning the new. 相似文献
4.
Subcutaneous injection of 240 micrograms of acetoxycycloheximide in mice rapidly produces marked inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis. Treated mice were trained to escape shock by choosing the lighted limb of a T-maze. When trained five or more minutes after injection, they had a normal capacity to learn. They remembered normally 3 hours after training, but 6 hours after training they had markedly impaired retention. Amnesia persisted thereafter. Injections immediately after training had a less marked but significant amnesic effect. These studies suggest that protein synthesis is not necessary for learning or for memory for 3 hours after training but that it is required for long-term memory. The protein synthesis which appears to be necessary for long-term e3memory occurs during training, or within minutes after training, or both. 相似文献
5.
Pastalkova E Serrano P Pinkhasova D Wallace E Fenton AA Sacktor TC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5790):1141-1144
Analogous to learning and memory storage, long-term potentiation (LTP) is divided into induction and maintenance phases. Testing the hypothesis that the mechanism of LTP maintenance stores information requires reversing this mechanism in vivo and finding out whether long-term stored information is lost. This was not previously possible. Recently however, persistent phosphorylation by the atypical protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase Mzeta (PKMz), has been found to maintain late LTP in hippocampal slices. Here we show that a cell-permeable PKMz inhibitor, injected in the rat hippocampus, both reverses LTP maintenance in vivo and produces persistent loss of 1-day-old spatial information. Thus, the mechanism maintaining LTP sustains spatial memory. 相似文献
6.
Bidirectional signaling between neocortex and limbic cortex has been hypothesized to contribute to the retrieval of long-term memory. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the time courses of perceptual and memory-retrieval signals in two neighboring areas in temporal cortex, area TE (TE) and perirhinal cortex (PRh), while monkeys were performing a visual pair-association task. Perceptual signal reached TE before PRh, confirming its forward propagation. In contrast, memory-retrieval signal appeared earlier in PRh, and TE neurons were then gradually recruited to represent the sought target. A reasonable interpretation of this finding is that the rich backward fiber projections from PRh to TE may underlie the activation of TE neurons that represent a visual object retrieved from long-term memory. 相似文献
7.
Shema R Haramati S Ron S Hazvi S Chen A Sacktor TC Dudai Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6021):1207-1210
Memories are more easily disrupted than improved. Many agents can impair memories during encoding and consolidation. In contrast, the armamentarium of potential memory enhancers is so far rather modest. Moreover, the effect of the latter appears to be limited to enhancing new memories during encoding and the initial period of cellular consolidation, which can last from a few minutes to hours after learning. Here, we report that overexpression in the rat neocortex of the protein kinase C isozyme protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) enhances long-term memory, whereas a dominant negative PKMζ disrupts memory, even long after memory has been formed. 相似文献
8.
Two types of consolidated memory have been described in Drosophila, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM), a shorter-lived form, and stabilized long-term memory (LTM). Until now, it has been thought that ARM and LTM coexist. On the contrary, we show that LTM formation leads to the extinction of ARM. Flies devoid of mushroom body vertical lobes cannot form LTM, but spaced conditioning can still erase their ARM, resulting in a remarkable situation: The more these flies are trained, the less they remember. We propose that ARM acts as a gating mechanism that ensures that LTM is formed only after repetitive and spaced training. 相似文献
9.
昆明小鼠年龄相关性物体位置再认能力减退 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
探讨昆明小鼠物体位置再认能力的年龄、性别效应.结果表明,10 min和24 h延迟试验中21月龄小鼠较12月龄和6月龄小鼠物体位置再认记忆有显著性减退,且主要归因于雌鼠;即刻试验中,老年雄鼠有物体位置再认即刻记忆减退.以上结果提示,老年雌性昆明小鼠有长时性和遥远性物体位置再认记忆减退. 相似文献
10.
A fundamental problem in the cellular analysis of learning and memory is the identification of the neuronal substrates of long-term information storage and their relation to short-term cellular alterations. In this report, biophysical correlates of long-term sensitization of a simple withdrawal reflex in the mollusc Aplysia were examined. A voltage-clamp analysis of the sensory neurons that control the reflex, 24 hours after sensitization training, revealed a significant reduction in net outward current. The results indicate that one mechanism for the storage of long-term sensitization is the regulation of membrane currents that influence the characteristics of the action potential and the excitability of individual neurons. The results also provide insights into the relation between short- and long-term sensitization in that the biophysical loci involved in the storage of long-term sensitization appear similar to those involved in short-term sensitization. 相似文献
11.
NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The hippocampal CA1 region is crucial for converting new memories into long-term memories, a process believed to continue for week(s) after initial learning. By developing an inducible, reversible, and CA1-specific knockout technique, we could switch N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function off or on in CA1 during the consolidation period. Our data indicate that memory consolidation depends on the reactivation of the NMDA receptor, possibly to reinforce site-specific synaptic modifications to consolidate memory traces. Such a synaptic reinforcement process may also serve as a cellular means by which the new memory is transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex for permanent storage. 相似文献
12.
Reaction time in Sternberg's memory retrieval task with both short and long lists is a bilinear function of list length, changing slope at the limits of memory span. Separate long-term and short-term retrieval processes are implied. An alternative one-process model expressed by a logarithmic function is also considered. 相似文献
13.
Sleep is a vital, evolutionarily conserved phenomenon, whose function is unclear. Although mounting evidence supports a role for sleep in the consolidation of memories, until now, a molecular connection between sleep, plasticity, and memory formation has been difficult to demonstrate. We establish Drosophila as a model to investigate this relation and demonstrate that the intensity and/or complexity of prior social experience stably modifies sleep need and architecture. Furthermore, this experience-dependent plasticity in sleep need is subserved by the dopaminergic and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate signaling pathways and a particular subset of 17 long-term memory genes. 相似文献
14.
Production of antibodies can last for a lifetime, through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we show that human memory B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to polyclonal stimuli, such as bystander T cell help and CpG DNA. Furthermore, plasma cells secreting antibodies to recall antigens are produced in vivo at levels proportional to the frequency of specific memory B cells, even several years after antigenic stimulation. Although antigen boosting leads to a transient increase in specific antibody levels, ongoing polyclonal activation of memory B cells offers a means to maintain serological memory for a human lifetime. 相似文献
15.
Brembs B Lorenzetti FD Reyes FD Baxter DA Byrne JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5573):1706-1709
Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning through which an animal learns about the consequences of its behavior. Here, we report an appetitive operant conditioning procedure in Aplysia that induces long-term memory. Biophysical changes that accompanied the memory were found in an identified neuron (cell B51) that is considered critical for the expression of behavior that was rewarded. Similar cellular changes in B51 were produced by contingent reinforcement of B51 with dopamine in a single-cell analog of the operant procedure. These findings allow for the detailed analysis of the cellular and molecular processes underlying operant conditioning. 相似文献
16.
网箱中黑鲷音响驯化的诱集效果探究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
音响驯化作为鱼类行为控制技术之一,对海洋牧场内的鱼种行为控制有明显的作用。在驯化声源中,目标鱼种栖息海域背景噪声有望具有更佳的驯化效果。为此,在天然水域的网箱中采用录制的黑鲷栖息地背景噪声对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)进行了音响驯化。由现场观察及数据分析,自然海域声音配合投饵能对黑鲷产生较好的集聚效果。黑鲷幼苗音响驯化一般经历3个过程,即环境适应,对饵料的需求达到一定量,建立声音与摄食之间的条件反射;黑鲷能识别声音,并维持一定的记忆时间。实验结果表明,采用海域背景噪声的音响驯化,配合投饵是一种有效的手段,并可以使黑鲷对声音的短期记忆转化为长期记忆。研究亮点:目前国内音响驯化研究环境主要停留在室内水槽中,自然水域网箱中的音响驯化国内未见报道。并且尝试将黑鲷放流海域的水下背景噪声作为驯化声源,探究鱼群诱集效果。另外将Atkinson-Shiffrin记忆理论运用到鱼类音响驯化领域中,探讨了定时声音刺激对黑鲷的行为反馈以及记忆变化的影响。 相似文献
17.
Grakoui A Shoukry NH Woollard DJ Han JH Hanson HL Ghrayeb J Murthy KK Rice CM Walker CM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5645):659-662
Spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans usually affords long-term immunity to persistent viremia and associated liver diseases. Here, we report that memory CD4+ Tcells are essential for this protection. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ Tcells before reinfection of two immune chimpanzees resulted in persistent, low-level viremia despite functional intra-hepatic memory CD8+ Tcell responses. Incomplete control of HCV replication by memory CD8+ Tcells in the absence of adequate CD4+ Tcell help was associated with emergence of viral escape mutations in class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted epitopes and failure to resolve HCV infection. 相似文献
18.
Brief tetanic stimulation of the preganglionic nerves to the superior cervical ganglion enhances the postganglionic response to single preganglionic stimuli for 1 to 3 hours. This long-term potentiation of transmission through the ganglion is apparently not attributable to a persistent muscarinic action of the preganglionic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, since neither the magnitude nor the time course of the phenomenon is reduced by atropine. The decay of long-term potentiation can be described by a first-order kinetic process with a mean time constant of 80 minutes. We conclude that long-term potentiation, once considered a unique property of the hippocampus, is in fact a more general feature of synaptic function. This form of synaptic memory may significantly influence information processing and control in other regions of the nervous system, including autonomic ganglia. 相似文献
19.
Linden DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5640):1682-1685
Neuroscientists have long sought to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of the memories needed to learn, for example, a motor task. In his Perspective, Linden discusses new work (Koekkoek et al.) suggesting that long-term depression in Purkinje cells mediated by protein kinase C signaling is responsible for motor memory in a task called associative eyelid conditioning. 相似文献
20.
Homing salmon were injected intracranially with puromycin, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide. From 4 to 7 hours after such treatment these agents markedly inhibited olfactory bulbar discrimination between home water and other natural waters, including spawning sites for other groups of salmon. At longer intervals after treatment there was a partial restoration of olfactory memory-based discrimination. The dosages of the inhibitors used could be shown to have depressed incorporation of H(3)-leucine into protein by 78 percent or of H(3)-uridine into RNA by 41 percent in the salmon brains 4 hours after intracranial injection. These findings suggest that acute blockage of RNA synthesis or protein synthesis can interfere with long-term olfactory memory in anadromous salmon, at least as this function can be analyzed by electrophysiological methods. This implies that long-term olfactory memory depends upon continued metabolism of RNA and continued protein synthesis. 相似文献