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减数分裂中的二倍体化是异源多倍体物种形成与进化的细胞学基础。本文综述了芸薹属异源多倍体中细胞学行为及遗传机制的研究进展。虽然芸薹属三个栽培二倍体种间的成对杂交进化形成了三个栽培异源四倍体种,但自然界没有发现包含三个基因组的芸薹属异源六倍体种。通过芸薹属六个栽培种间的几种杂交途径人工合成的芸薹属三基因组异源六倍体（2n=54,AABBCC）均同时表现二倍化与非二倍化的减数分裂行为、产生整倍体与非整倍体后代,显示不同的基因组稳定性（B>A>C）。芸薹属异源四倍体、六倍体所具有的细胞质背景、染色体组的组合及亲缘关系均可影响它们的减数分裂行为、后代的染色体数目及组成,进而为遗传育种产生新材料。 相似文献
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用于芸薹属作物原生质体融合的主要方法有PEG诱导融合法和电场诱导融合法，融合方式有对称融合与非对称融合。已在芸薹属种内、种间、属间及族间通过体细胞杂交实现了胞质基因组的转移，改良或创造了细胞质雄性不育系。从远缘物种中转移了一些有用的外源基因到芸薹属作物中，如抗性基因、品质性状基因及控制其它一些重要农艺性状的基因。讨论了体细胞杂种鉴定技术及原生质体融合技术应用于芸薹属作物改良的前景和局限性。 相似文献
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诸葛菜与芸薹属属间杂交亲和性研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
诸葛菜与芸薹属属间杂交存在高度的不亲和,很难得到杂种。芸薹属植物的不同种、同一种不同品种与 诸葛菜亲和力不同。F1 种子的产生不仅与亲本的基因型有关,而且与杂交的组配方式有关。以芸薹属做母本的杂 交亲和性高于以诸葛菜做母本的组合的杂交亲和性。授粉子房离体培养能够提高属间杂交种产生的频率。F1 植 株的形态大多数偏向母本。 相似文献
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本文综合分析了细胞遗传学及比较基因组学在芸薹属栽培种基因组结构及进化方面的研究进展。测序物种的DNA序列比较分析显示，芸薹族特有的六倍体祖先基因组的进化途径为，先由芸薹科x=8的祖先核型衍生出染色体数减少的x=7的核型，然后该核型经过三倍化事件产生古老的六倍体基因组，最后才分化产生3个芸薹属栽培二倍体种。根据3个二倍体种测序基因组的比较分析，构建了具有9条染色体的芸薹属祖先基因组及所形成的二倍体的染色体组成。传统及分子细胞遗传学研究为二倍体种基因组的多倍体性质及部分同源性关系提供了直观的证据，特别是二倍体间的异源染色体附加系的减数分裂配对行为揭示了单条染色体间的同源性程度。最后，对依据近缘物种的基因组结构进行芸薹属作物种质资源的创建与利用提出建议。 相似文献
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芸薹属植物抗菌核病的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从芸薹属植物菌核病的发病原因、侵染过程及侵染方式，菌核病的致病机理和芸薹属植物的抗病机制等方面，以油菜为例综述菌核病的抗性遗传及抗菌核病的研究进展。 相似文献
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芸薹属植物远缘杂交不亲和性的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
孟金陵 《中国油料作物学报》1987,(4)
芸薹属(Brassica)为罂粟目(Rhoeadales)十字花科的重要一属,广泛分布于北温带,约有100个种,其中我国约15种。在自然选择和人工选择的双重作用下,属内各个种又形成了许多亚种、变种及不同的生态型。因此,芸薹属植物实际上是一个遗传类型极其丰富,变异极其广泛的巨大基因库。这为进行芸薹属植物的种间杂交或与近缘属的属间杂交,培育或创造作物新品种,新类型,提供了深厚的物质基础。 相似文献
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利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜 ,对四川大学植物研究所栽培或引种的芸薹族 9种 ( 5个属、7个种和 2个变种 )油料植物的花粉形态作了比较观察。结果表明 ,芸薹族中不同属、不同种间 ,花粉粒形态存在差异 相似文献
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唐继宏 《中国油料作物学报》1989,(1)
芸薹属是属内种间关系研究得较深的一个属。自从1935年禹长春根据细胞遗传学研究提出芸薹属6个种的“U”三角关系以来,许多分类学研究都支持这一假说(Parakash andHinata,1980),包括解剖学比较(Berggren,1962)、细胞遗传学研究(U.1935), 相似文献
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分子标记在芸薹属植物遗传育种中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
从芸薹属植物遗传图谱构建，种质资源遗传多样性评价，品种指纹图谱鉴定，抗病，育性基因和品质性状的分子标记，分子标记辅助育种等方面，综述分子标记在芸薹属植物遗传育种中应用的最新研究进展及动态。 相似文献
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Integrated pest management in faba bean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F.L. Stoddard A.H. Nicholas D. Rubiales J. Thomas A.M. Villegas-Fernández 《Field Crops Research》2010
Successful production of faba bean crops in the presence of a wide range of disease-causing fungi, parasitic weeds, nematodes, insects, mites and other pests depends on the integration of genetic resistance, hygienic management, monitoring of the target organisms and timely application of appropriate chemical and biological treatments. This paper reviews the progress in this area. 相似文献
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芸薹属植物作为十字花科经济价值最大的属种，不仅包含甘蓝型油菜、芥菜型油菜等油料作物，而且还包括白菜、甘蓝、芥菜等十字花科蔬菜。细胞质雄性不育作为杂种优势利用的重要途径之一，为芸薹属植物杂交育种提供了简单、高效的制种途径。近年来，在油菜中已经发现和报道的细胞质雄性不育胞质类型已有十余种，很多不育胞质的线粒体基因组测序工作已经完成。目前，对不同细胞质雄性不育系不育基因的研究工作、线粒体基因组测序和胞质类型的分类研究都有一定的进展。本文主要对油菜不同胞质类型的线粒体基因组的测序及应用和细胞质雄性不育机理的研究进行了总结与展望。随着分子生物学和测序技术的发展，对不同胞质类型的分类和不育机理的研究将帮助我们更好地认识和利用细胞质雄性不育。 相似文献
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Large-scale adoption of transgenic crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) imposes high selection pressure for evolution of field-relevant resistance that can reduce pest control efficacy, such as reported for Cry1F maize (Zea mays L.) in populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), of Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States. As part of our effort to improve fall armyworm resistance management to Bt crops, here we determined the genetic basis of Cry1F resistance in two S. frugiperda strains originated from field collections in different regions of Brazil and further selected in the laboratory for high levels of resistance to Cry1F maize. Continuous exposure to the TC1507 event for 11 generations resulted in more than 183-fold resistance to Cry1F in the two strains studied, and such a high resistance level enabled the insects to complete larval development on the Bt maize plants. Genetic analyses using concentration-response bioassays with progenies from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible insects indicated that the inheritance of the resistance is autosomal, recessive and without maternal effects. Backcross of the F1 progeny with the parental resistant strains revealed that the resistance in the two selected strains is conferred by a single locus or set of tightly linked loci. These results support some of the assumptions of the strategy in use for fall armyworm resistance management to Bt Cry1F maize, but survival rates of heterozygotes on the Bt plants were higher than 5%, showing that the Cry1F maize does not produce a high dose of the insecticidal protein for S. frugiperda. Additionally, we detected a delay in larval development time that may favor assortative mating of individuals carrying resistance alleles. These findings are consistent with the rapid evolution of Cry1F resistance in certain field populations of fall armyworm. Implications for resistance management of S. frugiperda to Bt maize are discussed. 相似文献
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作物及热带作物病虫害数据库的研制和建立 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通用的“作物病虫害数据库管理系统（ＰＥＳＴＢＡＳＥ２．１）”和用此系统建立的“热带作物病虫害数据库管理系统”的主要信息项有：各种寄主作物的种类、种植利用，各种病虫的分类地位、地理分布、检疫情况、生物学特性、危害症状、发生规律、天敌、防治方法和农药信息。所建热带作物病虫害数据库管理信息系统中已录用１０００余篇有关献或专中的相关信息，涉及的作用种类有：橡胶、咖啡、可可、胡椒、油棕、椰子、腰果、热带 相似文献
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为明确油菜作为绿肥对土壤微生物和后茬花生生长的影响,选用种子硫苷含量不同的甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜盛花期地上部作为绿肥,以盆栽方式模拟绿肥归田。结果表明：相比低硫苷甘蓝型油菜,高硫苷的芥菜型油菜不同生育期植株硫苷含量相对较高,花期植株硫苷含量差异显著。模拟还田后30d内,两类油菜植株体内硫苷的降解产物异硫氰酸酯（ITC）,均在20d时出现最高峰值。芥菜型油菜硫苷含量高,作为绿肥用其抑制细菌和真菌 的能力较强,而低硫苷甘蓝型油菜肥用,对真菌无抑菌能力。芥菜型油菜还田能促进后茬花生生长,花生有效根瘤数和单株干重分别比对照增加11.4%和7.1%,均达到了显著水平。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2006,95(2-3):206-211
The canola industry in Australia is concerned about a new strain of Leptosphaeria maculans that breaks down single dominant gene-based resistance in Brassica napus derived from Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris. This study reports the results of an investigation aimed at reducing the damage caused by a new virulent race. Glasshouse studies were undertaken to investigate the outcome of co-inoculation of an avirulent (UWA P11) and a virulent (UWA 192) strain of L. maculans and the potential for these two strains to interact on the cultivar Surpass 400, a cultivar containing single dominant gene-based resistance derived from B. rapa ssp. sylvestris. On its own, the avirulent strain induced a hypersensitive reaction on cotyledons of cv. Surpass 400 while the virulent strain induced a fully susceptible reaction. However, when applied to cv. Surpass 400 in mixtures, the strains gave only a hypersensitive response, even when the avirulent strain was as low as 10% of the volume. The effect of the avirulent strain was localised and there was no evidence of a systemic effect between cotyledons or between separate point inoculations on one cotyledon. The results from this investigation may explain the occurrence of crops of cultivars containing single dominant gene-based resistance derived from B. rapa ssp. sylvestris that escape major collapse from the disease in the presence of virulent strains. In cropping areas where populations of virulent L. maculans represent a significant disease risk, exposure of cultivars with single dominant gene-based resistance to a source of canola residues colonised by an avirulent L. maculans might prove an effective means of reducing the risk. 相似文献
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Pieris brassicae (L.) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. It is present wherever its host plants occur and it is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the Lepidoptera. We investigated the affect of various host plants on the fitness of P. brassicae to survive, develop and reproduce. We quantified development time, survival and mortality on cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus), broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica), and mustard (Brassica campestris) under laboratory conditions. The developmental time from eggs to adult eclosion was the shortest (30.3 days) on cabbage and the longest (38.0 days) on radish. However, adult longevity was significantly (P < 0.001) greatest on cabbage compared with the other host plants tested. Similarly, the developmental rate of P. brassicae was found to be faster on cabbage than other cole crops. Moreover, the lowest immature mortality was evident on cabbage and highest on mustard and radish. Differences in reproductive parameters of the P. brassicae among host plants were analyzed using pseudo-values, which were produced by jackknife re-sampling. The data showed that the higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.116 females/female/day) was found on cabbage. Cabbage was recognized as the most suitable host for P. brassicae because of shorter developmental period, higher percentage survival, lower doubling time (6.00), and higher number of adult emergence (29.7%). 相似文献
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J.D. Mumford 《Crop Protection》1982,1(3):283-288
The aim of two postal surveys of farmers in England and New Zealand was to measure farmers' perceptions of losses from weeds, insects, and diseases in their arable crops. While the perceived losses differ among the crops and pest types, significant positive associations are found both between the surveyed farmers' perceptions of different pests within crops and between the same type of pest among different crops. Insecticide and fungicide use is found to be greater when herbicides are used. Estimated benefit-cost ratios are presented for herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Most farmers consider that these ratios are favourable. 相似文献