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1.
Summary. The herbicide Tordon 50D (picloram + 2,4–D) caused severe shrinkage of the protoplasts of all cells of Pinus radiata needle segments within 24 h of treatment. Measurements of the resistance of these tissues to low-frequency and to high-frequency electrical currents showed a loss in the integrity of the plasmalemma within 4–8 h of treatment. Tordon 22K (picloram) had no such effects. The results with Tordon 50D could be attributed solely to the 2,4-D content.
Both Tordon 50D and Tordon 22K disrupted chloroplast structure in leaf discs, and the integrity of cell membranes in stem tips, of Eucalyptus viminalis. 相似文献
Both Tordon 50D and Tordon 22K disrupted chloroplast structure in leaf discs, and the integrity of cell membranes in stem tips, of Eucalyptus viminalis. 相似文献
2.
The effectiveness of‘Tordon 50-d’(5% a.i. picloram plus 20% a.i. 2,4-D both as the triisopropanolamine salts) and various mixtures of 2,4,5-T and picloram were tested for the control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) in Victoria, Australia. A high correlation was obtained between the % reduction in live canes and the % kill of crowns 13 months after Rubus procerus P.J. Muell. thickets were sprayed with 2,4,5-T or‘Tordon 50-d'. Counting the number of live canes is, therefore, a convenient method of comparing the efficacy of these herbicides for the control of blackberry. ‘Tordon 50-d’was generally more effective than 2,4,5-T but stimulation of suckering from roots was recorded at one site when low rates of‘Tordon 50-d’were used. It was necessary to add high dose rates of‘Tordon 50-d’to 2,4,5-T before there were worthwhile improvements in weed control.‘Tordon 5–20’(5% a.i. picloram as triisopropanolamine salt plus 20% 2,4,5-T as the ethyl hexyl ester) was only slightly more effective in controlling blackberry than‘Tordon 50-d'. The cost and soil residue problems associated with picloram should limit its use as an additive to 2,4,5-T for the control of blackberry in Australia. 相似文献
3.
The efficacy of mowing and of herbicides (applied by spot spraying or boom spraying) for the selective control of Cirsium arvense (L) Scop, in Victorian pastures was investigated. The pastures were based on Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. A general decline in the number of thistle shoots in untreated plots at three out of five sites was recorded.‘Tordon 50-d' (5% a.i. picloram and 20% a.i. 2,4-D as triisopropanolamine salts), MCPB, 2,4-DB and mowing resulted in suppression, but not eradication, during the experimental period. MCPB and 2,4-DB are the most suitable herbicides for selective control. The use of‘Tordon 50-d' is restricted by its effect on clovers, soil persistence and cost. Variable growth of C. arvense, associated with variable summer rainfall in Victoria, increases the difficulty in controlling this weed and necessitates a persistent long term approach. 相似文献
4.
Losses of picloram (4-aniino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichloropheno-xyacetic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) from a Tordon 101-sprayed podsol in a Great Lakes forest clearcut were measured for one year following spraying. Less than 1.0 % of the picloram and much less than 0.1% of the 2,4-D applied was lost during seven runoff events. Even an event less than 24 h after spraying failed to release significant quantities of either herbicide. Pertes simultanées de piclorame et de 2,4- D à partir d'un podzol forestier, pendant les tempêtes de pluie Les pertes de piclorame (acide 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicoli-nique sous forme de sel de triisopropanolamine) et de 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique sous forme de sel de triiosopropanolamine) à partir d'un podzol traité au Tordon 101 dans une coupe à bianc de la forêt des Grands Lacs, ont été mesurées cours de I'année qui a suivi le traitement. Dans sept cas oú il y a eu ruissellement, la perte de piclorame a été inférieure à 1% et celle de 2,4-D très inférieure à 0,1 %, et même dans un cas qui s'est produit mo ins de 24 heures aprés le traitement, it n'a pas pu être trouvé des quantités significatives de pertes pour aucun des deux herbicides. Die laterate Verlagerung von Picloram und 2,4-D in einem Waldpodsol während Regenfätlen Nach der Anwendung von Tordon 101 in einem Kahlschlag (Podsolboden) des Forstgebietes der Grossen Seen, wurde eIn Jahr lang das Verschwinden von Picloram (4-Amino-3,5,6-trichlorpicolinsSure als Triisopropanolaminsalz) und 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsaure als Triisopropanoiaminsalz) gemessen. Weniger als 1% des Piclorams und wesentlich weniger als 0,1% der ausgebrachten 2,4-D-Menge, waren infolge von sieben Regenfällen und dem damit verbundenen abfliessenden Oberflächenwassers verloren gegangen. Sogar ein Regen der weniger als 24 Stunden nach der Spritzung fiel, vermochte keine nennenswerten Mengen von beiden Herbiziden aus dem Boden zu lösen. 相似文献
5.
The effects of picloram formulated with a nonionic surfactant (X-77) and of the surfactant alone on the ultrastructure of leaf cells of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) and catclaw [Acacia greggii var. ariznica (Gray) Isely] were examined The surfactant induced temporary protrusions from chloroplasts in both species. A proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was noted in velvet mesquite within 8h of application of the herbicide and in catclaw with in 27 h. By 72h after treatment. both species exhibited distortions of organelles with more severe symptoms in catclaw. the species more sensitive to the herbicide Leaf abscission occurred subsequently and was more pronounced in catclaw than in mesquitel It is known that RER proliferation is induced by ethylene and that ethylene evolution is stimulated by picloram. The present study suggests that the interaction between these two chemicals was similar in the two plant species studied. 相似文献
6.
The effects of acifluorfen and oxyfluorfen on photosynthetic electron transport reactions of pea chloroplasts were compared with those induced by paraquat and monuron. Monuron inhibited electron flow between photosystems I and II, and paraquat acted as an electron acceptor for photosystem I, promoting superoxide formation by illuminated chloroplasts. Neither acifluorfen nor oxyfluorfen at concentrations up to 50 μM affected non-cyclic electron flow or promoted superoxide formation. Both herbicides were shown to repress ferredoxin-dependent NADP+ reduction by illuminated chloroplasts. Further experiments showed that, in the presence of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and chloroplast membranes maintained in the dark, p-nitro diphenyl ether (DPE) herbicides promoted the rate of ferredoxin-dependent oxidation of NADPH, implying that these herbicides can accept electrons from reduced ferredoxin. The interaction between acifluorfen, ferredoxin and chloroplast membranes was examined further by following the effect of this herbicide on the peroxidation of illuminated thylakoids. Lipid peroxidation was promoted by acifluorfen, although this effect was abolished if thylakoids were washed prior to use. The effect of washing could be reversed by adding exogenous ferredoxin. These data demonstrate that interaction of DPE herbicides with photosynthetic electron transport in the vicinity of ferredoxin is necessary for light-dependent herbicide activation. 相似文献
7.
水分胁迫下超旱生植物梭梭的结构变化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
梭梭同化枝的栅栏细胞层下为第二层光合细胞，其功能与Ｃ４植物维管束鞘细胞相同。自然风干４天失水５８％时，结构变化不显著，浸水处理２４小时，两层光合细胞的质膜弯曲，内陷；叶绿体膨胀，液泡体积增大。浸水４２小时，细胞结构发生很大变化，有大量细胞浸出物出现，核膜也略有肿胀。 相似文献
8.
Summary. White ash ( Fraxinus americana L. ) trees, 2 years of age, treated continuously with 10 ppm picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) in nutrient culture were only slightly injured after 4 weeks whereas red maple ( Acer rubrum L.) trees were killed after only 2 weeks treatment.
When the roots were exposed to 10 ppm14 C-picloram, the rate of root uptake, acropetal translocation in the stem, and accumulation in the leaves was much lower in the susceptible red maple than in the tolerant white ash. The foliar penetration and translocation of 14 C-picloram applied to the leaves was very slight but similar in both species. Although a radiolabelled picloram metabolite was isolated from plant extracts, it was formed at equal rates in both species.
It was concluded that the tolerance of white ash was not related to lower rates of picloram uptake or faster rates of picloram detoxication. It was postulated that the high susceptibility of red maple was due to a blockage of the xylem by picloram which caused death by a dessication of the leaves and upper stems.
Action sélective du piclorame sur Fraxinus amerieana L. et Acer rubrum L. 相似文献
When the roots were exposed to 10 ppm
It was concluded that the tolerance of white ash was not related to lower rates of picloram uptake or faster rates of picloram detoxication. It was postulated that the high susceptibility of red maple was due to a blockage of the xylem by picloram which caused death by a dessication of the leaves and upper stems.
Action sélective du piclorame sur Fraxinus amerieana L. et Acer rubrum L. 相似文献
9.
建立了小麦植株、麦粒、面粉、麦麸和土壤样品中氨氯吡啶酸的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。样品用丙酮提取,经N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine,PSA)串联石墨化炭黑柱净化,以Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 色谱柱分离,以电喷雾电离串联质谱正离子多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式进行测定。结果表明: 在0.01、0.1、0.5、1 mg/kg 4个添加水平下,氨氯吡啶酸在小麦植株、麦粒、面粉、麦麸和土壤中的平均回收率在78.9%~97.9%之间,相对标准偏差在3.6%~9.6%之间。该方法样品前处理简单、快速、分析时间短,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于小麦和土壤中氨氯吡啶酸残留的检测。 相似文献
10.
A model system consisting of chemically isolated cuticular membranes placed on agar was used to study the penetration of various formulations of 14C-labelled clopyralid, fluroxypyr, triclopyr, picloram, and 2,4-D into and through cuticular membranes. Clopyralid, commercially formulated as the acid, or 1-decyl ester was rapidly absorbed after 12 h by isolated cuticles of Euonymus fortunei. There was less absorption of the monoethanolamine and potassium salt formulations when compared to the acid and 1-decyl ester. However, in terms of the absorbed 14C-activity that partitioned into the agar, there was no difference between the acid and salt formulations with approximately 90% being partitioned after 48 h. Conversely, the 1-decyl ester formulation of clopyralid was retained in the cuticle; less than 5% of the absorbed fraction was recovered in the agar after 48 h. When the acid forms of clopyralid, fluroxypyr, triclopyr, picloram, and 2,4-D were compared, there was little or no difference in absorption among the herbicides. However, the 14C-activity from clopyralid partitioned the most (90%) and triclopyr the least (50%) into the agar. When ester formulations of clopyralid, fluroxypyr, and triclopyr were compared, at least 95% of the 14C-activity was absorbed 24 h after application. However, of the amount absorbed, significantly more of the butoxyethyl ester of triclopyr (36%) partitioned into the agar than did the 1-decyl ester of clopyralid (6%) or the 1-methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr (5%). Differential retention of various herbicide formulations in this model system may explain, in part, the differences in absorption and translocation among radiolabelled clopyralid formulations observed in previous research (Kloppenburg & Hall, 1990). 相似文献
11.
Summary. When seeds of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) were placed on small squares of filter paper moistened with solutions of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), the degree of inhibition on of root and hypocotyl elongation 72 hr later was related to picloram concentration. Inhibition was a useful parameter in determining quantities of picloram ranging from 0·03 to 7·2 μg. (Growth stimulation occurred from 0·00072 to 0·0072 μg. After paper chromatography of plant exudates containing 14 C-labelled picloram, location and quantities of picloram on the chromatograms were determined by the lettuce bioassay and compared with determinations by the methods of ultraviolet light sensitivity, 14 C 4π strip scanning and 14 C dilution calculations. Rf values determined lay all methods were identical, and the quantitative determination by the bioassay agreed closely with the calculations based on the amount of 14 C detected by liquid scintillation counting.
Un essai biologique rapide d'idntification et de dosage de piclorame en solution aqueuse 相似文献
Un essai biologique rapide d'idntification et de dosage de piclorame en solution aqueuse 相似文献
12.
Additional results are presented from experiments with poplar and privet discussed in a previous paper. At 9 months after application mixtures of picloram and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused more severe effects than either compound applied alone. This result was in agreement with earlier assessments of phytotoxicity. The earlier synergism of DEF with the triethylamine salt of 2,4,5-T on privet diminished or disappeared, however. Mixtures of DEF with 2,4,5-T iso-octyl ester were antagonistic both in their shortand longer-term phytotoxic effects. Further experiments with guava plants grown in a glasshouse have demonstrated synergism in mixtures of DEF with salt or amine formulations ofpicloram, 2,4,5-T or mecoprop and antagonism between DEF and ester formulations of these herbicides. 2-Butyne-1,4-diol had no effect on the phytotoxicity of picloram ester. Xylene and a non-ionic emulsifying agent (Triton B 1956) did not appreciably increase the effects of picloram if a wetting agent was also present. Synergism was reduced when DEF was applied to guava leaves 2–4 h before or after picloram, and the compounds did not interact when they were introduced directly into the vascular system of this plant. 相似文献
13.
吡啶甲酸类除草剂属合成激素类, 目前登记使用的有效成分包括氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸和氯氨吡啶酸, 分别于1963年、1977年和2005年上市, 主要用于阔叶杂草和灌木的茎叶处理防控, 其中氯氨吡啶酸具有土壤封闭活性。吡啶甲酸类除草剂的作用靶标仍未明确, 有可能来自生长素结合蛋白家族。全世界报道的抗吡啶甲酸类除草剂杂草共涉及7种8个生物型。目前, 我国登记的除草剂品种中共有13个复配剂含氨氯吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸, 1个含氨氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸和二氯吡啶酸;国外登记的吡啶甲酸类除草剂复配剂主要为与其他激素型除草剂、ALS(乙酰乳酸合酶)抑制剂、ACCase(乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)抑制剂的组合。该类除草剂仍然具有较好的应用前景, 在主要应用场景下常见杂草对氨氯吡啶酸、二氯吡啶酸、氯氨吡啶酸的敏感性仍需系统研究, 该类除草剂主要靶标杂草种群的抗药性水平也亟须检测。 相似文献
14.
麦根腐长蠕孢毒素对抗病和感病小麦品种叶组织超微结构的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
用3种浓度的麦根腐长蠕孢毒素处理小麦5日苗第一叶,引起了显著的超微结构变化,包括细胞壁变形,中胶层分解;质膜内陷,质壁分离;叶绿体和线粒体局部破裂,内部间质电子透明化;叶绿体片层膨胀,排列紊乱,线粒休嵴膨胀,颗粒化甚至空泡化。损害发生得最早最严重的是线粒体嵴。抗病品种比感病品种膜系统受害轻,近细胞壁处有电子密集物沉积。讨论了此毒素的作用位点以及小麦耐毒素的可能机制。 相似文献
15.
Application of 14C-picloram to single spines of 6 month old, soil grown, vegetative plants of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) resulted in its translocation to regions of meristematic and metabolic activity, with significant accumulation in the stem apex and root nodules. Dissection of the root system of plants grown in nutrient solution revealed a greater mass of picloram in differentiated root tissue than in root apices, although the concentration of chemical in the latter fraction was greater than in the former. Loss of picloram to the nutrient solution was interpreted as preferential leakage from the root nodules because of the lack of picloram accumulation in this fraction. In reproductive plants bearing flowers and floral buds the picloram was diverted from the root tissue fractions to the floral organs, which constituted the primary sink. 相似文献
16.
Extraction, purification and characterization of picloram, dicamba or TBA residues from straws or earthy mixes. The paper deals primarily with the establishment of a method for investigating picloram residues in straws by themselves or mixed with soil, combining bioassays with simple and conventional biochemical techniques. This method is reasonably reliable and precise with respect to picloram; it can, moreover, establish whether soil mixtures or straws contain other herbicides of the phytohormonal type. 相似文献
17.
苹果链格孢菌侵染对感病苹果品种叶细胞超微结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将Alternaria mali分生孢子接种在苹果元帅品种叶片的下表皮,保湿培养3~24h,观察细胞超微结构,接种后3h,表皮及叶肉细胞的质膜发生内陷,出现囊泡,暗染色颗粒及管状结构,叶绿体膜结构解体,电子致密物质沉积,基粒排列混乱松散,外膜破裂等。接种后24h,叶片表面出现病斑,细胞质浓缩,细胞壁出现颗粒物,细胞变形,病健组织交界处,叶绿体基浓缩,出现脂质球,同时还观察到,距离病斑2mm处,许多叶肉细胞中出现密度均匀、形状不规则的物质,小叶脉木质部中出现电子致密物质沉积。 相似文献
18.
Faye D. Schwelitz H.C. Sikka J. Saxena G. Zweig 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1974,4(4):379-385
Isolated spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella cells treated with dichlone (2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone) exhibited morphological changes which appeared to be consistent with an alteration of protein elements in the cell. The stroma of dichlone-treated chloroplasts appeared less structured and more homogeneous than that of the control. The cell membrane in dichlone-treated Chlorella cells shrank from the cell wall and exhibited much invagination while the outer membrane of Chlorella chloroplasts appeared wavy. The changes in the cytoplasm of treated Chlorella cells closely reflected those noted in the chloroplast stroma. 相似文献
19.
Summary. The effects of sunlight and ultraviolet light (253.7 nm) on 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) in a basic aqueous solution were investigated. Electron-capture gas chromatography determinations showed that approximately 20% of a 2 × 10−2 M concentration of picloram was degraded for each 48-hr exposure to ultraviolet light of an intensity of 200 μW/cm2 . Decomposition by sunlight was slower and more variable.
Precipitation of the degradation products with AgNO3 indicated that two chloride ions were liberated for each molecule of picloram that was degraded. Titrations indicated that acids were formed in the degradation process, and ultraviolet spectra showed that the pyridine nucleus was destroyed. Chromatograms of the methylated decomposition products showed that at least five products were formed.
The effect of the addition of a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone, on the rate of decomposition was investigated but no definite conclusions could be drawn.
La dégradation photolytique du piclorame 相似文献
Precipitation of the degradation products with AgNO
The effect of the addition of a free radical scavenger, hydroquinone, on the rate of decomposition was investigated but no definite conclusions could be drawn.
La dégradation photolytique du piclorame 相似文献
20.
Changes in soluble proteins synthesized in soybean (Glycine max L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) treated with either growth promotive or inhibitory concentrations of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. A special gel mixture was developed which provided resolution of protein bands superior to that obtained by standard gel electrophoresis. Growth promotive concentrations of picloram caused both qualitative and quantitative alterations in the band patterns of soluble proteins of safflower, radish, and barley roots and shoots. Isoelectric focusing was applied for the separation and identification of soluble protein fractions from soybean and barley roots and shoots treated primarily with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram (except for barley shoot tissues). More than 35 clear bands were distinguishable in a typical gel electrophoretogram for either soybean or barley tissue (4-day-old plants). Approximate pI values of the bands from barley root protein were determined from a pH gradient diagram. Protein band patterns of picloram-treated samples were changed qualitatively and quantitatively, in comparison with controls, mostly in the range above pI 6, and predominantly in the neutral and basic protein regions. Band patterns for 96-hr root samples treated with growth inhibitory concentrations of picloram were more similar to those from 48-hr (soybean) or 55-hr (barley) than 96-hr control seedlings. A quantitative decrease in intensity of a band which had the same pI value as that of RNase was noticed in both the treated samples and 2- or 3-day-old control seedlings. 相似文献