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1.
重庆酸性紫色土马铃薯的高产优质与养分平衡   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops inculding Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekingensis Rupr.,cv.Lu-Bai 3),autumn greens (B.chinensis L.,cv.Piao-Geng-Bai),winter greens(B.var.rosularis Tsen et Lee,cv,You-Dong-Er),and summer greens(B.chinensis L.,cv.Zao-Shu5),respectively,Each eperimpent included one CK treatment without K,N and Pfertilizers applied,and four treatments with from low to high doses,0-300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage,0-150 kg hm^-2 for autumm and winter greens and 0-180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens,of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash(SOP)applied together with N and P fertlizers,One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at high levels(150 or 180 g hm^-2)together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn,winter and summer greens ,respectively,in order to compare the effcts of SOP and MOP ,The market yields of the tested crops incresaed significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application.K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N ,P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn,winter and summer greens,which were atatistically significantly correalted to their yields.In can aslo be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased ,As compared to MOP,SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn,winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.  相似文献   

2.
施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.  相似文献   

3.
Yield and N uptake of tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill．)and pepper(Capsicum annuum L．)crops in five successive rotations receiving two compound fertilizers (12-12-17 and 21-8-1l N-P2O5-K2O)were studied to determine 1) crop responses，2)dynamics of NO3-N and NH4-N in different soillayers，3)N balance and 4)system-level N efficiencies．Five treatments (2fertilizers，2 fertilizer rates and a control)，each with three replicates，were arranged in the study．The higher N fertilizer rate，300 kg N ha^-1(versus 150 kg N ha^1)，returned higher vegetable fruit yields and total aboveground N uptake with the largest crop responses occurring for the low-N fertilizer(12-12-17)applied at 300 kg N ha^-1 rather than with the high-N fertilizer(21-8-11)．Ammonium-N in the top 90 cm of the soil profile declined during the experiment，while nitrate-N remained at a similar level throughout the experiment with the lower rate of fertilizer N．At the higher rate of N fertilizer there was a continuous NO3-N accumulation of over 800 kg N ha^-1．About 200 kg N ha^-1 Was applied with irrigation to each crop using NO3-contaminated groundwater．In general，about 50％ of the total N input was recovered from all treatments．Pepper、relative to tomato，used N more efficiently with smaller N losses，but the crops utilized less than 29％of the fertilizer N over the two and a half-year period．Local agricultural practices maintained high residual soil nutrient status．Thus，optimization of irrigation is required to minimize nitrate leaching and maximize crop N recovery．  相似文献   

4.
施用氮钾肥对设施蔬菜产量和品质影响的研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
The application of large amounts of fertilizers, a conventional practice in northern China for the production of vegetable crops, generally leads to substantial accumulation of soil nutrients within a relatively short period of time. A fixed field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） fertilizers applied to optimize the yield and quality of typical vegetable crops. Application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased the yields of kidney bean. The largest yields were obtained in the first and second years after application of 1 500 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha^-1. In the third year, however, there was a general decline in yields. Maximum yields occurred when intermediate rates of N and K （750 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha 1） were applied. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of vitamin C （VC） in kidney bean among different years and various rates of fertilizer treatments. Yields of tomato grown in rotation after kidney bean showed significant responses to the application of N and K in the first year. In the second year, the yields of tomato were much lower. This suggested that the application of N fertilizer did not have any effect upon tomato yield, whereas application of K fertilizer did increase the yield. Application of K fertilizer was often associated with increased sugar concentrations.  相似文献   

5.
集约化管理的温室土壤养分现状研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Nine districts covering the main greenhouse vegetable areas in Tianjin Municipality of the North China Plain were selected for the soil investigation in 2010 to survey the current soil nutrient status (soil available N, P and K), acidification and salinization due to excessive input of fertilizers in greenhouses in Tianjin. The study showed that, in particular, soil available P content increased with the age of greenhouses. In contrast, our results did not reveal higher K accumulation and lowered pH in the greenhouse soils compared with cultivation in open fields. Over-fertilization, causing high NO 3 accumulation, most likely resulted in salinity problems in the greenhouses. Ninety percent of the investigated greenhouse soils had electrical conductivity values of saturated paste extracts of 2-10 d S m-1 , which might affect the yields of vegetable crops like green bean, pepper, cabbage, carrot, eggplant, lettuce, spinach, celery, cucumber and tomato. The findings of our survey of the current fertility and salinity problems in greenhouse soils suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the farmers’ practices and strategies in fertilization management in greenhouses of China. Because education and the agricultural technical extension services may play a more important role in avoiding overuse of fertilizers, we suggest that current nutrient management practices should be improved in the near future through training of local farmers in farmers’ schools and through strengthening the agricultural extension services with practical techniques.  相似文献   

6.
A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.  相似文献   

7.
施用控释肥提高直播水稻氮的利用率   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Field trials on a silt-loamy paddy soil derived from shallow-sea deposit in direct seeding rice fields were conducted in Zhejing ,China,in 1996 to compare N efficiency of controlled release fertilizers (LP fertilizers) with the conventional urea.Six treatments including CK (no N fertilizer),conventional urea and different types of LP fertilizers at different rates were designed for two succeeding crops of early and late rice.A blend of different types of LP fertilizers as a single preplant “co-situs“ application released n in a rate and amount synchronizing with uptake pattern of direct seeding rice.A single preplant application of the LP fertilizers could meet the N requirement of rice for the whole growth period without need of topdressing,Using LP fertilizer blends ,equivalent grain yields could be maintained even if the N fertilization rates were reduced by 25%-50% compared with the conventional urea .Agronomi efficiency of the LP fertilizers was 13.6%-86.4% higher than that of the conventional urea in early rice and 100%-164.1% in late rice,depending on the amounts of the LP fertilizers applied.N fertilizer recovery rate incereased from 27.4% for the conventional application of urea to 41.7%-54.1%,for the single preplant “co-situs“ application of the LP fertilizers,Use of the LP fertilizers was promising if the increse in production costs due to the hihg LP fertilizer prices could be compensated by increase in yield and N efficiency,reduction in labor costs and improvement in environment.  相似文献   

8.
有机肥、化肥及接种微生物对甜玉米生理和生长的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A pot culture experiment was carried out in a glasshouse to compare the physiology and growth of sweet corn plants(Zea mays L.cv,Honey Bantam) grown under orgainc and chemical fertilizations with or without microbial inoculation(MI).The organic fertilizer used was fermented mainly using rice bran and oil mill sludge,and the MI was a liquid product containing many eneficial microbes such as lactic acid bacteria,yeast,photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes.The application amounts of the organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were based on the same rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Sweet corn plants fertilized with organic materials inoculated with beneficial microbes grew better than those without inoculation.There were no significant differences in physiology and growth of the sweet corn plants between treatments of chemical fertilizers with and without MI.Among the organic fertilization treatments.only the sweet corn plants with organic fertilizer and MI applied 4 weeks before sowing had simlilar photosyntheitic capacity,total dry matter yield and ear yield to those with chemical fertilizers.Sweet corn plants in other organic fertilization treatments were weaker in physiology and grown than those in chemical fertilization treatments.There was no significant variance among chemical fertilization treatments at differenct time.It is concluded form this research that this organic fertilizer would be more effective if it was inoculated with the beneficial microbes.Early application of the organic fertilizer with beneficial microbes before sowing was recommended to make the nutrients available before the rapid growth at the eraly stage and obtain a yield simlar to or higher than that with chemical fertilizations.  相似文献   

9.
A long-term fertiliztion experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw,Poland.Application ofmineral fertilizers ,especially Nfertilizer with and without farmyard manure accel-erated the eacidification process of the soil.Application of 1.6 t CaO ha^-1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pHKCl at 5.5-6.6 and base saturation degree above 60% Application of 50 t farmyard manur ha^-1 every 4 years,whih contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K,was sufficient to maintain boh the K and P fertility of the soil.Besides,it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidifcation. As a result of long-term unbalanced fertilization,yield responses to N,P and K fertilizers incereased significantly with time.the efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988-1991.  相似文献   

10.
Although the application of inorganic fertilizer is a widespread agronomic practice used to boost soil productivity and crop yields, the effects on soil microbiome and the metabolic mechanisms involved in the high-yield response of crops to long-term fertilization remain poorly described. In this study, combined metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were used to explore the mechanism of crop yield response to the 20-year application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in a subtropical ag...  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Polyhalite (PH), a naturally occurring multinutrient fertilizer containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), has improved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Brazil but a specific response by tomato to the S in PH is not confirmed. We compared four S sources – PH, sulfate of potash (SOP), sulfate of potash magnesia (SOPM), and single super phosphate (SSP) – applied at a target application rate of 40?kg?S?ha?1 to fertilizers with no S (muriate of potash, MOP), and no K or S at commercial application rates in three commercial fields in Brazil with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and K applied at recommended rates of 355, 500, and 200–300?kg?ha?1, respectively. Consistent across locations, PH increased total yields over the control, MOP, and SSP, with SOP and SOPM higher than the control but not MOP or SSP. Only PH increased marketable yields compared to the control. Yields increased linearly with fruit numbers per plant which were higher for PH than the control or MOP, indicating higher fruit set in PH contributed to yield differences. While fertilizers increased leaf K and S concentrations and soil test K and SO4–S, yield differences did not appear to be related solely to either K or S fertilization, nor to Mg fertilizers to which there was no response. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher in PH than the control and MOP at some locations suggesting Ca improved fruit set in PH. Results suggest tomato likely responded to the multinutrient content or solubility pattern of PH.  相似文献   

12.
运用正交试验设计 ,在以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为原料的育苗基层中 ,加入不同浓度的氮、磷、钾肥料 ,对番茄、茄子和甜椒幼苗生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,不同肥料品种与施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响具有显著差异 ,特别是增施磷肥可使幼苗株高和干物重增加 ,其相关性达到显著或极显著水平 ,是培育优质壮苗的重要营养元素 ;同时 ,要注意氮、磷、钾肥料配合使用 ,以提高壮苗水平。供试育苗基质的最佳N、P2 O5、K2 O施肥量分别为 :番茄 0 .2kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,茄子 0 .8kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,甜椒 0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3。  相似文献   

13.
钾肥品种与用量对黄瓜产量和品质的影响   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12  
采用田间试验方法研究不同栽培条件下不同用量硫酸钾、氯化钾对黄瓜产量、品质和养分吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥能提高黄瓜产量,硫酸钾增产效应比氯化钾高。设施栽培黄瓜施用硫酸钾可获得高产量效应和养分生产效率。钾肥可提高黄瓜Vc和糖分含量,氯化钾的效果优于硫酸钾;低、中量硫酸钾处理黄瓜氨基酸含量比氯化钾处理高,但必需氨基酸与营养价值低于氯化钾处理。钾肥可明显提高黄瓜果实含钾量,而降低其他养分含量;硫酸钾处理果实吸收养分的分配比例高于氯化钾处理,而氯化钾有利于黄瓜营养体养分积累。钾肥品种对黄瓜产量和品质影响的差异为硫酸钾和氯化钾混合施用提供了可能。  相似文献   

14.
番茄综合营养品质指标构建及其对水肥供应的响应   总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10  
为构建番茄综合营养品质指标,分析其对水肥供应的响应,该文以灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥用量为试验因素,按照四元二次正交旋转组合设计,进行番茄盆栽试验,监测番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、番茄红素和维生素C 6项单一品质指标,根据主观层次分析法与客观熵权法和基于博弈论的组合赋权法,确定番茄单一营养品质评价指标权重,次序为:番茄红素糖酸比维生素C可溶性糖可溶性固形物可滴定酸;通过近似理想解法,构建番茄果实综合营养品质评价指标。在此基础上,通过回归分析建立番茄综合营养品质与水肥因子的数学模型,分析其对水肥因子的响应关系。结果表明,各水肥因子对番茄综合营养品质的主效应表现为:施磷量施氮量灌水量施钾量。当其他因素为中间水平时,番茄营养品质随灌水量或施氮量的增加呈开口向下的抛物线型变化,随磷肥用量的增加线性增加,随施钾量的增加呈开口向上的抛物线型变化。交互作用表现为,灌水量与施氮量、磷与钾肥用量之间存在显著交互作用。表明灌水量、氮肥用量过高不利于番茄综合营养品质的提高,合理增施磷肥和钾肥可有效提高番茄营养品质。  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of potassium (K) application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six K application rates with 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mmol K L?1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that the concentrations of 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-one, hexanal, cis-3-hexenal, 2-methyl-4-pentenal, trans-2-hexenal, 2E-4E-hexadienal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethanol, soluble sugars, and soluble solids tended to increase at first and then decrease between 0 to 10.0 mmol K L?1. K application rate obtaining the highest values of the concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 3.0 mmol K L?1, with the exception of cis-3-hexenal (1.1 mmol K L?1), phenylacetaldehyde (4.5 mmol K L?1), and phenylethanol (4.8 mmol K L?1). By contrast, increasing K supply increased the concentration of titratable acidity, decreased the ratios of soluble sugars to titratable acidity and soluble solids to titratable acidity. Close correlations were observed between the concentrations of various volatile compounds, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate K supply (1.4–3.0 mmol K L?1) improves tomato flavor, whereas tomato fruits with either no K or high K fertilization have poor flavor due to having undesirable levels of flavor compounds.  相似文献   

16.
钾肥与我国主要作物品质关系的整合分析   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
  【目的】   钾是重要的品质元素，明确钾肥施用对不同作物品质的影响，为合理施用钾肥提高作物的产量和品质提供依据。   【方法】   本研究以“钾”和“品质”为主要关键词，在"中国知网"检索1989年以来公开发表的文献，共筛选出符合Meta分析标准的文献92篇，获得数据147组。将文献中的作物按照粮食作物、蔬菜、水果、油料作物和纤维作物进行分组，以不施钾肥为对照，应用Meta-analysis方法整合分析了钾肥施用及钾肥用量和类型对作物共性品质指标的影响；进一步根据作物类型，分类分析了钾肥施用对不同类型作物特性品质的综合效应。   【结果】   与不施钾相比，钾肥施用能够改善作物的维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、蛋白质和淀粉含量5种共性品质，增长率分别为18.6%、19.3%、8.7%、7.3%和5.2%。与适宜钾肥用量相比，钾肥不合理施用会造成品质增长率的降低；硫酸钾对作物品质的改善效果整体上优于氯化钾。施用钾肥不仅改善了作物的共性品质，对于作物的特性品质也有一定的改善效果。对于粮食作物，钾肥施用能够降低水稻的垩白度 (16.7%) 和垩白粒率 (12.5%)，提高小麦的湿面筋含量 (4.2%) 和沉降值 (5.4%)、玉米的氨基酸含量 (25.3%) 和脂肪含量 (5.0%) 以及薯类单薯重 (26.6%)；对于蔬菜类作物，钾肥施用降低其硝酸盐的含量 (23.7%)；对于水果类作物，施用钾肥能够提高水果的糖酸比 (20.5%)、单果重 (11.1%) 和硬度 (3.3%)，降低可滴定酸的含量 (5.5%)；对于油料作物，钾肥施用能够提高其含油率 (3.7%)；对于纤维作物，施用钾肥则提高了其纺纱均匀度指数 (6.2%)、纤维长度 (2.2%)、伸长率 (5.3%)、断裂比强度 (3.3%) 和马克隆值 (2.6%)。   【结论】   施用钾肥能够显著改善作物品质，不同钾肥用量和类型对作物品质的改善效果不同。钾肥的合理施用不仅需要根据土壤钾素丰缺状况和作物对钾的需求确定适宜的钾肥用量，还要根据作物自身的品质特征完善钾肥适宜用量和施用方法，同时兼顾钾肥与其它肥料配合施用，保证各种养分的协调供应，从而实现作物的高产高效和优质。  相似文献   

17.
设施栽培番茄的氮磷钾肥料效应研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
采用"3414"肥料试验设计开展了设施栽培番茄的氮、磷、钾肥料效应研究。结果表明,在高肥力土壤上适量施用氮、磷、钾肥均可增加番茄产量,但过量施用会降低其产量;钾肥的增产作用大于磷肥,氮肥的作用较小;氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施可增加番茄产量,而氮、磷肥配施降低产量。氮、磷(P_2O_5)和钾(K_2O)最佳经济施肥量分别为119.0、50.4和375.6 kg/hm~2,施肥比例为1∶0.42∶3.16。不同施氮量对番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响不规律,增施磷、钾肥番茄硝酸盐含量呈先增加后减少趋势;氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施可降低番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施提高了番茄可溶性糖含量,氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施降低了番茄总酸含量,氮、钾肥配施则有增加番茄总酸含量的趋势,氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施均可提高番茄Vc含量。氮、磷、钾肥料合理配施对番茄产量和品质的提高具有重要作用。  相似文献   

18.
植物声频控制技术在设施蔬菜生产中的应用   总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18  
植物声频控制技术是对植物施加一特定频率的声波处理,该声波要与植物自发声的频率相匹配,发生谐振,从而增强植物的光合作用和细胞分裂同步化,促进植物的生长发育,提早开花结实。该文概述了植物声频控制技术在设施蔬菜甜椒（Capsicum frutescens L.）、黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）和番茄（Lycopersion Mill）上的应用研究。试验结果表明,植物声频控制技术明显地提高了设施蔬菜的产量（甜椒、黄瓜、番茄分别增产63.05%、67.0%和13.2%）,并增强了它们抗病虫害能力,与对照区相比,番茄处理区的红蜘蛛、蚜虫、灰霉病、晚疫病和病毒病分别下降了6、8、9、11和8个百分点。  相似文献   

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