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1.
A distributed hydro-environmental model is developed that achieves detailed analysis of the movement of water at a field-plot-scale resolution in a mesoscale watershed including lowland areas where, especially for agricultures, it is an essential need to get rid of redundant groundwater by drainage facilities such as rivers, canals and/or underdrains. For this, the problem geometry is meshed with unstructured cells of triangular shape. Profile of a column cell is zoned into two: surface zone and groundwater zone in which water movement is represented by combined tank and soil moisture sub-models, and well-defined two-dimensional unconfined shallow groundwater flow sub-model, respectively. The top-two sub-models serve to evaluate evapotranspiration, infiltration, soil water content, lateral surface water flow, and vertical percolation. The vertical percolation so evaluated is given as longitudinal recharge to the bottom sub-model for computing groundwater flow. Surface water–groundwater interactions through beds and stream-banks of perennial and ephemeral canals are considered by treating the canal courses as internal boundaries in the groundwater flow model. The finite volume method (FVM) that allows of unstructured mesh and produces conservative solutions is employed for groundwater flow computation. The model developed is applied to an actual watershed which includes a low-lying paddy area to quantify the hydrological impact of land-use management practices over a period of 29 years in which the farmland consolidation project was implemented and part of the paddy fields were converted to upland crop fields and housing lands. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the model presently developed lends itself to water—as well as land-use management practices.  相似文献   

2.
Long-term simulation using the distributed hydro-environmental watershed model is efficacious for assessing irrigation impacts on hydrological cycle in detail and for implementing watershed management successfully. In this article, the previously developed hydro-environmental watershed model (HEWM-1) is improved in the water exchange process caused by surface water-groundwater interaction via drainage canals and/or underdrains. The time-varying stream flow in canals is described by the complete one-dimensional shallow water equations in a newly introduced submodel, the open channel flow submodel. This submodel coordinates with the other submodels: the tank, soil moisture and groundwater flow submodels which are interlinked in a cascade manner. The improved model (HEWM-2) is applied to an agricultural watershed covering an area from an alluvial fan onto a nearly level alluvial plain, to be validated. The simulation by HEWM-2 is informative for identifying whether any drainage canal is gaining or losing water in relation to groundwater level. It could thus provide useful information for conserving a complex network of drainage canals which also functions as a passage for aquatic animals like fishes.  相似文献   

3.
To predict soil moisture condition in arbitral agricultural lands by taking spatial distribution of soil type in a watershed into account, we investigated the possible proper methods of determining the soil hydrological parameters using available soil physical properties database of Japanese soils, “SolphyJ”, and the digital soil map. In this study, simulation of soil moisture was conducted at three neighboring locations, including monitoring sites each in Toyama and Fukui cities. The simulated results of soil moisture appeared to be improved when hydraulic parameters were obtained by fitting water retention data of SolphyJ compared to the parameters estimated by neural network with soil texture and dry bulk density data. It is probably because peculiar soil structure in each field could affect the hydraulic properties more than the soil texture. Simulation results also indicated that soil moistures are much different even if they are located in neighbors (<5 km). We concluded that combination of these two databases is useful for estimating soil hydraulic parameters and to predict soil moisture condition in arbitrary agricultural lands.  相似文献   

4.
This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basin in central Cambodia. At the observation site, we measured the dynamics of the spatial distribution of groundwater levels. The groundwater movement was analyzed two-dimensionally using boundary conditions and parameters that had been observed in the field. The climate in the research area is dominated by two seasons, which occur annually: a rainy and a dry season. The groundwater levels are generally high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. Groundwater levels were measured along a stream, which flowed through the study site. The streambed was visible at the head of the stream in January. At the next downriver well point, the streambed appeared in March. Finally, it became visible at all well points in April, meaning that surface runoff had disappeared temporarily and instead flowed underground during the ensuing dry period. Groundwater levels of the studied lateral flow perpendicular to the stream that seeped and infiltrated into the stream were 1.2–2.5 m deep (in April), which was the lowest level recorded for the year. During that period, the depth of the groundwater of the studied lateral flow fell by as much as 56 mm per month. In addition, the lateral flow groundwater infiltrated into groundwater of the stream during that period. The groundwater level fluctuation was estimated based on a two-dimensional analysis of lateral flow perpendicular to the stream using a numerical simulation model with soil physical parameters and observed boundary conditions. The observations of ground water fluctuations were well reproduced. Deep seepage of groundwater was estimated using a uniform boundary condition that allowed efflux through the bottom, estimated as being approximately 30 mm per year. The simulated deep seepage rate was considered plausible considering other hydrological components such as soil water storage fluctuation.  相似文献   

5.
A procedure to determine soil moisture threshold (θ*), cover coefficient (k c), and parameters of soil moisture stress function (k s) is proposed in this study. These coefficients can be further applied to estimate daily actual evapotranspiration in a hydrological model. Two soil moisture stress functions are used to describe k s. One of the functions is proposed by this study, which assumes moisture stress is inversely proportional to matric potential described by van Genuchten retention curve. The procedure is applied to identify the coefficients for three kinds of reference potential evapotranspiration based on soil moisture monitoring. Soil moisture was measured by Watermark soil moisture sensors. These sensors were tested in a laboratory to establish the relationship between soil moisture and recorded tensor. Then, these sensors were installed in an experimental forest watershed. The verification study shows that the calibrated coefficients can provide reasonable estimate of actual evapotranspiration. The R 2 = 0.85 for using the Penman–Montieth equation for tall maize along with k c = 1.81 can be obtained for the validation period with soil moisture stress. Besides, the results also indicate the proposed soil moisture stress function can have better performance on estimating daily actual evapotranspiration at early stage of a dry period. The proposed procedure and soil moisture stress functions can be successfully applied to estimate daily evapotranspiration when soil moisture is known. However, their performance in a hydrological model requires further study, since a hydrological model can only provide estimated soil moisture.  相似文献   

6.
Agricultural water use on upland fields depends mainly on precipitation and irrigation by small wells in the Kashima plateau basins. To establish a stable supply of water for irrigated upland fields, an evaluation of water-cycle mechanisms on an arable plateau near plain lakes is important. Previous research suggests that groundwater catchments do not necessarily coincide with the corresponding surface catchments in the plateau basins. However, a physical mechanism of groundwater movement has not yet been clearly demonstrated. In this paper, therefore, we aimed to estimate the areas of groundwater catchments that did not coincide with their corresponding surface catchments, by observing groundwater flow in boreholes and by evaluating water balances of four small basins on the Kashima plateau. As a result, hydrological and groundwater observations in the Kashima-Kohoku basin showed: (1) the groundwater catchment was larger than the surface catchment, as inferred from continuous groundwater observations and the observed directions of groundwater flow, (2) groundwater potential may change after intensive rains, especially after precipitation events of more than 50 mm, and (3) estimates of the long-term water balance confirmed that groundwater flowed into the surface catchment from the outside. The area of the Kashima-Kohoku groundwater catchment was 1.3–2.4 times the area of the surface catchment. Furthermore, the same result was obtained for two other basins.  相似文献   

7.
A sophisticated modeling approach for simulating-coupled surface and subsurface flows in a watershed is presented. The watershed model developed is a spatially distributed physically based model of composite dimension, consisting of 3-D variably saturated groundwater flow submodel, 2-D overland flow submodel and 1-D river flow submodel. The 3-D subsurface flow is represented by the complete Richards equation, while the 2-D and 1-D surface flows by the diffusive approximations of their complete dynamic equations. For piecewise integration of these equations, the finite volume method (FVM) is employed assuming unknown variables such as the water depth and the pressure head to be volume-averaged state ones. Problem plane geometry is meshed with the unstructured cells of triangular shape which conforms to external as well as internal irregular boundaries such as those between 1-D and 2-D flows. A cell size controlling scheme, referred to as quasi-adaptive meshing scheme, is introduced to keep the local discretization errors caused by topographic elevation gradient even over the entire-meshed geometry. Performance of the model is tested through its practical application to a rugged intermountain watershed. Tuning the values of the three key parameters ensures successful calibration of the model. Once the model is so calibrated, it could reproduce satisfactory runoff response to any rainfall event. Expansion and shrinkage of the contributing area importantly affecting the direct runoff, caused by the vicissitude of rainfall during its total duration, are well reproduced, like what the commonly accepted runoff theory argues. It is thus concluded that the model developed could serve as a powerful watershed simulator usable for investigating and assessing the hydrological aspect of a watershed.  相似文献   

8.
The water coming from the soil surface after the saturation of the soil stratum over the groundwater table at field saturation raises the groundwater level. The soil structure and the soil texture characterize the infiltration process. The resultant of the gravitational force and the capillary forces gives the energy to the water molecules to push the entrapped air out of the pores, reaching a full saturation of the soil thereby raising the phreatic level. There is a complex interaction between the agent forces on the water and the air resistant forces in the soil micro-pores. In the irrigation of paddy fields a groundwater level stable condition is reached when there is equilibrium between the capillary forces. A stable soil stratum with pressured air is always present in the soil over the phreatic level. From the collected data it seems that the soil stratum thickness from the soil surface to the groundwater table is proportional to the modulus of the capillary force. In a stable surface ponding depth, as the groundwater table rises, the level growing velocity may be assumed to be proportional to a medium hydraulic conductibility of the soil stratum. As the phreatic level approaches the saturated soil surface, the rising rate gradually changes until it gets to a point of equilibrium where the groundwater table is stationary at stable surface conditions. Under these conditions, as the surface water depth changes the phreatic level also changes.  相似文献   

9.
River water and groundwater are used to irrigate paddy fields and are also principal sources of drinking water for humans. It is important to understand the transport characteristics of water (e.g., direction and intensity of water flow), when grasping a pollution situation in the soil. Endo and Hara (Soc Inst Contr Eng Trans Ind App 2:88–95, 2003) developed the Quintuple-Probe Heat-Pulse (QPHP) sensor to identify water flux density vectors and thermal properties under saturated and steady state conditions. However, there has not yet been any investigation of moisture transfer under transient conditions such as during internal drainage and mid-summer drainage of paddy fields. Only Sand has been used in previous experiments, and examinations with Loamy and Clayey soils have not yet led to done. Simultaneous measurements of the water flux density vectors and thermal properties of soil texture of three types under drainage conditions as well as the soil moisture transfer analysis with Finite Element Method (FEM), were done. The representative drainage flow was indicated as downward, except in the Sandy-Clayey Loam, in which the rightward flux exceeded the downward flux owing to anisotropy of the soil-pore structure and hydraulic conductivity. The apparent horizontal/vertical advanced distance was introduced in order to know about how water moved through the soil column. The estimated volumetric water content was in good agreement with the measured value. Thus, this measurement method was shown to be valid under transient water flow conditions.  相似文献   

10.
To elucidate the water cycle in lowland forests of the Mekong River basin, our research group established four experimental watersheds in the Stung Chinit River basin in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. The drainage areas of these experimental watersheds ranged from small (4 km2) to mesoscale (3,659 km2). Here, we present the first preliminary results of our rainfall-discharge observations and analyses of temporal variations of stable isotope ratios in rainfall, stream water, and groundwater. This paper focuses on the following three main topics: annual rainfall, discharge, and water balance; stormflow generation and dominant flow pathways; and flow regimes and stream water residence times. All stream water residence times (τ = 1.7–7.5 months) for the four experimental watersheds were shorter than the residence time of the groundwater (τ = 9.4 months) through the soil and regolith layers, implying that the stream waters consisted of not only the groundwater-flow component, but also younger-aged flow components such as saturation-excess overland flow. The smallest (4 km2; O Toek Loork) watershed had longer residence time (τ = 7.5 months) than the three larger watersheds (126–3,659 km2; τ = 1.7–3.9 months). This may suggest differing contributions of the groundwater and younger-aged flow components in the stream water in each watershed. Our approach of multi-scale watershed observation might better contribute to the needs of physically based models and aid in predictions for ungauged basins.  相似文献   

11.
The water balance and groundwater dynamics due to surface–groundwater interactions for watershed health assessment were investigated for the Han River basin (34,148 km2) of South Korea using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model was established considering 4 multipurpose dams and 3 multifunction weirs. The SWAT was spatially calibrated and validated using daily observed inflows for the dam (2005–2014) and weir (2012–2014) as well as evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and groundwater level data (2009–2013). The simulation results revealed the impact of surface–groundwater exchange fluxes on the water balance and baseflow by evaluating the vertical water budget and horizontal water transfer. Evapotranspiration in the surface and return flows from the shallow aquifer for the dry season was estimated to be 29 and 10% higher than for the wet season, respectively. Percolation’s role was also significant, providing approximately 24% of the annual groundwater recharge to shallow aquifers in the rainy season. On average, the February to August period (A) was characterized by a net flux of infiltration into the groundwater. For the September to January period (B), the proportion of groundwater flow into the river of the basin was nearly balanced by a slight increase in surface water infiltration. During period A of average surface water infiltration into the groundwater, the net groundwater recharge was positive and up to 20% of the infiltration during this period resulted from groundwater recharge. These results showed that groundwater recharge is strongly affected by the surface water and groundwater interactions.  相似文献   

12.
Water productivity (WP) expresses the value or benefit derived from the use of water. A profound water productivity analysis was carried out at experimental field at Field laboratory, Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, India, for rice crop under different water regimes such as flooded (FL), alternative wet and dry (AWD) and saturated soil culture (SSC). The hydrological model soil-water-atmospheric-plant (SWAP), including detailed crop growth, i.e, WOFOST (World Food Studies) model was used to determine the required hydrological variables such as transpiration, evapotranspiration and percolation, and bio-physical variables such as dry matter and grain yield. The observed values of crop growth from the experiment were used for the calibration of crop growth model WOFOST. The water productivity values are determined using SWAP and SWAP–WOFOST. The four water productivity indicators using grain yield were determined, such as water productivity of transpiration (WPT), evapotranspiration (WPET), percolation plus evapotranspiration (WPET+Q) and irrigation plus effective rainfall (WPI+ER). The highest value of water productivity was observed from the flooded treatment and lowest value from the saturated soil culture in WPT and WPET. This study, reveals that deep groundwater level and high temperature reduces the crop yield and water productivity significantly in the AWD and SSC treatment. This study reveals that in paddy fields 66% inflow water is recharging the groundwater. There is good agreement between SWAP and SWAP–WOFOST water productivity indicators.  相似文献   

13.
The effect of land use change on drying streams was evaluated using a grid-based continuous hydrological model (PGA-CC). For a drying stream-progressed watershed (398.8 km2), the model was calibrated and validated using 7 years (2005–2011) of streamflow data at the watershed outlet with an average Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency of 0.71. Based on the model simulation results for 36 years (1976 to 2011), both land use change and climate change decreased the 10-day minimum flow by 0.16 m3/s and increased the day counts below the annual average by 40.6 days/year. These changes resulted from the 8.7 % increase in urban area, 1.43-fold increase in groundwater use, and 1.1 °C temperature increase during the 36-year period. From the distributed results of the model, we identified the drying stream location and progression. The spring and winter seasons were relatively strongly affected, and drying streams were identified in more urbanized areas with greater groundwater use.  相似文献   

14.
Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid regions such as the rice growing regions of the southern Australia could be under serious threat due to recharge to saline groundwater leading to secondary salinisation. This paper presents two approaches to reduce net recharge to shallow saline groundwater from ponded rice cropping systems using a soil, water and groundwater management model–SWAGMAN model. First approach applies the concept of growing deep-rooted crop (crop consuming water from soil and shallow water table) over an area equivalent to recharge from a unit area of rice crop to maintain the total water balance. The second approach involves achieving whole farm water balance for average and wet climatic conditions to find out optimum cropping pattern to minimise recharge from rice based system. Results of both approaches are sensitive to water table depth and regional groundwater outflow rates. The first approach was applied to determine an optimal mix of rice/lucerne crop to keep water tables and average soil salinity changes less than 0 m/year and 0.015 dS/m, respectively. The area of lucerne required to match the net groundwater rise caused by 1 ha of rice is 1.27, 2.45 and 3.55 ha for 1, 0.5 and 0.2 ML/ha regional groundwater outflow capacity. Results from second approach revealed that it is possible to control net recharge under above average rainfall using a suitable whole farm cropping mix e.g. 50 ha rice–wheat rotation, 19 ha rice, 25 ha of lucerne and 136 ha of fallow.  相似文献   

15.
The energy flux on the ground surface depends not only on climatological and biophysical controls in the vegetative canopy, but also on the available energy and energy partitioning beneath the canopy. Quantifying the evaporation and energy partitioning beneath the canopy is very important for improving water and energy utilization, especially in arid areas. In this study, we measured meteorological data, the net radiation and latent heat flux beneath the rice canopy, and then applied the radiation and energy balance equations to get the water surface temperature beneath the rice canopy. To apply the equations, we constructed shortwave and longwave radiation beneath the canopy sub-models and a bulk transfer coefficient sub-model. A plant inclination factor was parameterized with plant area index for the shortwave and longwave radiation sub-models. Bulk transfer coefficient was parameterized by plant area index and soil heat flux was predicted by the force restore model. With calculated water surface temperature and constructed sub-models, we reproduced net radiation and latent heat flux beneath the rice canopy. As a result, the reproduced water surface temperature, net radiation, and latent heat flux beneath the rice canopy were very close to the measured values and no significant differences were found according to 2-tail t test statistical analysis. Therefore, we conclude that these constructed sub-models could successfully represent water surface temperature, net radiation, and latent heat flux beneath the rice canopy.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
This study quantifies the effects of paddy irrigation water on groundwater recharge. A numerical model of groundwater flow was conducted using MODFLOW in a 600 ha study site in an alluvial plain along the Chikugo River, located in southwestern Japan. To specify the surface boundary condition, data on the land use condition stored in the GIS database were transferred into a numerical model of groundwater flow. The simulated results were consistent with the observed yearly changes of groundwater level. Thus, it was appropriate to use the model to simulate the effects of paddy irrigation on groundwater. To quantify these effects, the groundwater level was simulated during the irrigation period when all farmlands in the study site were ponded. In this situation, the groundwater level was 0.5 to 1.0 m higher, the ground water storage 20% larger, and the return flow of the groundwater to the river 50% larger than in the present land use condition.  相似文献   

18.
The multi-functionality of agriculture was studied from June to December 2005 in an upland community in Central Luzon, Philippines, by looking across the entire basin of two small water impounding systems or SWIP (Maasin and Buted II). Several sub-studies were undertaken, namely (a) the role of dominant vegetative cover on the rate of surface runoff and erosion; (b) rainfall–runoff analysis in a sub-watershed (i.e., through runoff experimental plot) and within the main watershed (i.e., reservoir inflow analysis); and (c) the environmental functions of agriculture across the entire watershed. The results indicated that about 85% (i.e., throughfall) of rainfall could reach the ground as vegetations intercept the rest. The runoff experimental plot covering a sub-watershed revealed a good correlation between throughfall and runoff. On the other hand, monitoring of reservoir inflows through which surface runoff was measured indicated similar behavior. Integrating the result of runoff experimental plot studies and reservoir inflow analysis resulted to a rainfall–runoff relation which can be applied in the development of rainwater harvesting scheme. The result also showed the dominance of surface runoff as the main component of reservoir inflow, confirming the soil and water conservation, and flood prevention functions of the system. Flood analysis conducted in both SWIP confirmed their flood prevention function by reducing flood peak discharge. The difference between with and without the reservoir was also highlighted in the process. In the paddy field, a 5-cm water depth was consistently maintained, contributing in retaining about 0.543 and 0.272 MCM of rainwater in Maasin and Buted II, respectively. The value of fostering groundwater recharge throughout the entire system was almost equivalent to the value of flood prevention function. Moreover, SWIP also trapped sediments, thereby preventing offsite impact downstream and in surrounding areas.This paper is part of the progress report of the project “Multi-functionality of Agriculture in Selected Sites in the Philippines” presented in the 6th Meeting of the Working Group for the ASEAN-Japan Project on Multi-functionality of Agriculture in ASEAN Countries.  相似文献   

19.
Terraced paddy fields play important roles in water and soil conservation because their water storage effect reduces and delays flood peaks. This study applies the terraced paddy field rainfall-runoff mechanism to the tank model. Though the traditional four-section tank model can easily simulate rainfall-runoff in a terraced paddy field, it has many parameters that are difficult to calibrate. To address the shortcomings of the traditional four-section tank model, this study develops a revised tank model to simulate rainfall-runoff. This study selects a terraced paddy field located in Hsuing-Pu village in Hsiuing-Chu County as the experimental field. The field under investigation was equipped with automatic monitoring stations, water-stage, and rain gauges. These stations collected data on rainfall and water flow to simulate the rainfall-runoff model in that region. To simulate the runoff behavior of the experimental terraced paddy field, two rainfall events were selected from the gathered data and five normal evaluation indexes based on static and hydrological theory were applied to calculate the results of simulation simultaneously. The revised tank model performed better than expected, and precisely predicted the variations and trends in flow charge. Comparison with representation indexes proved that the revised tank model is an appropriate and valuable tool for rainfall-runoff simulation.  相似文献   

20.
This paper describes the impact of rice hydraulic loading (percentage area under rice crop) on groundwater levels and salinity in the Murrumbidgee irrigation area (MIA), Australia using a MODFLOW-based modelling approach. The model simulations show that the groundwater levels will be in equilibrium after a fall of approximately 1 m under most of the areas, however, the groundwater salinity levels will rise by more than 1,000 μs/cm in most parts of irrigation area. If the rice growing area is reduced by 50 and 75%, there can be a net decline in groundwater levels during the first 2 years and then a new quasi-equilibrium will be established. To downscale these results at the farm level, SWAGMAN Farm model in conjunction with groundwater outflow rates obtained from a three-dimensional MODFLOW model was applied for determining net recharge rates under rice for different areas within the MIA. The highest net recharge during 2005–2006 season was 0.84 ML/ha (84 mm) in parts of the irrigation system, whereas the average net recharge due to rice hydraulic loading for the whole MIA during 2005–2006 season was estimated as 0.34 ML/ha (34 mm).  相似文献   

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