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1.
The objective was to determine the concentration of total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in postmortem tissues of beef cattle offered diets containing graded additions of selenized enriched yeast (SY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) or sodium selenite (SS). Oxidative stability and tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of edible muscle tissue were assessed 10 d postmortem. Thirty-two beef cattle were offered, for a period of 112 d, a total mixed ration that had been supplemented with SY (0, 0.15, or 0.35 mg of Se/kg of DM) or SS (0.15 mg of Se/kg of DM). At enrollment (0 d) and at 28, 56, 84, and 112 d following enrollment, blood samples were taken for Se and Se species determination, as well as whole blood GSH-Px activity. At the end of the study beef cattle were killed and samples of heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle (LM and psoas major) were retained for Se and Se species determination. Tissue GSH-Px activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined in skeletal muscle tissue (LM only). The incorporation into the diet of ascending concentrations of Se as SY increased whole blood total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as SeMet, as well as GSH-Px activity. There was also a dose-dependent response to the graded addition of SY on total Se and proportion of total Se as SeMet in all tissues and GSH-Px activity in skeletal muscle tissue. Furthermore, total Se concentration of whole blood and tissues was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS, indicating an improvement in Se availability and tissue Se retention. Likewise, GSH-Px activity in whole blood and LM was greater in those animals offered SY when compared with those receiving a comparable dose of SS. However, these increases in tissue total Se and GSH-Px activity appeared to have little or no effect in meat oxidative stability.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence and the genotypes and species of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in beef and dairy cattle from farms in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, in an effort to determine the potential for zoonotic transmission from these animals. Pooled manure samples were collected from 45 dairy cattle farms and 30 beef cattle farms. The presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy, while nested-PCR and DNA sequencing were used to determine genotypes and species. The overall farm prevalence was very high for both Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and was similar for dairy cattle farms (96 and 64%, respectively) and beef cattle farms (97 and 63%, respectively). However, on dairy cattle farms, G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 44% and 6% of total pooled pen manure samples, respectively, with the occurrence of both parasites being generally higher in calves than in older animals. Most Giardia isolates were identified as either the host-adapted genotype G. duodenalis Assemblage E or the zoonotic Assemblage B. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium andersoni were the most frequently identified species in dairy cattle, while the non-zoonotic species Cryptosporidium ryanae and Cryptosporidium bovis were also found. On beef cattle farms, 72% and 27% of the total pooled pen manure samples were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively, with no obvious correlation with age. All Giardia isolates in beef cattle were identified as G. duodenalis Assemblage E, while all Cryptosporidium isolates were identified by sequence analysis as C. andersoni, although microscopic analyses, and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, indicated that other Cryptosporidium species were also present. The results of this study indicate that although Giardia and Cryptosporidium were identified in a higher overall percentage of the pooled beef cattle manure samples than in dairy cattle, firmly established zoonotic genotypes and species were much more common in dairy cattle than in beef cattle in this region. Dairy cattle, and especially dairy calves, may, therefore, pose a greater risk of infection to humans than beef cattle. However, these results may also provide evidence of potential zooanthroponotic transmission (human to animal).  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To examine healthy slaughter-age cattle and sheep on-farm for the excretion of Salmonella serovars in faeces and to identify possible risk factors using a questionnaire. PROCEDURE: The study involved 215 herds and flocks in the four eastern states of Australia, 56 with prior history of salmonellosis. Production systems examined included pasture beef cattle, feedlot beef cattle, dairy cattle, prime lambs and mutton sheep and animals were all at slaughter age. From each herd or flock, 25 animals were sampled and the samples pooled for Salmonella culture. All Salmonella isolated were serotyped and any Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were phage typed. Questionnaires on each production system, prepared in Epi Info 6.04, were designed to identify risk factors associated with Salmonella spp excretion, with separate questionnaires designed for each production system. RESULTS: Salmonellae were identified in all production systems and were more commonly isolated from dairies and beef feedlots than other systems. Statistical analysis revealed that dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed Salmonella in faeces than pasture beef cattle, mutton sheep and prime lambs (P<0.05). A wide diversity of Salmonella serovars, all of which have been isolated from humans in Australia, was identified in both cattle and sheep. Analysis of the questionnaires showed access to new arrivals was a significant risk factor for Salmonella excretion on dairy properties. For beef feedlots, the presence of large numbers of flies in the feedlot pens or around stored manure were significant risk factors for Salmonella excretion. CONCLUSION: Dairy cattle pose the highest risk of all the slaughter-age animals tested. Some of the identified risk factors can be overcome by improved management practices, especially in relation to hygiene.  相似文献   

4.
Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. This is the first in a three part review series on calf health from birth to weaning, focusing on preventive measures. The review considers both pre- and periparturient management factors influencing calf health, colostrum management in beef and dairy calves and further nutrition and weaning in dairy calves.  相似文献   

5.
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in dairy and beef cattle on farms around Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (Canada) was determined by analyzing feces using direct immunofluorescence antibody microscopy. Genotypes were determined by 16S-rRNA sequencing. Fecal samples (n = 892) were collected from adult cattle in dairy tie-stall, dairy free-stall, and beef herds (10 herds each), and from calves (n = 183) from 11 dairy farms. Prevalence rates were 38% and 51% in cows and calves, respectively. Giardia duodenalis was present in all dairy herds, in 9/10 beef herds and in calves from 10/11 herds examined. Prevalence rates were 40% and 41% for cows in tie- and free-stall herds, respectively, and 27% for beef cows. Zoonotic Assemblage A was found in 12.2% of calves concomitantly infected with Assemblage E. All successfully sequenced samples (114/128) from cows corresponded to Assemblage E. Giardia duodenalis is highly prevalent in cattle herds in Prince Edward Island and Assemblage A in calves is a potential public health concern.  相似文献   

6.
为了查清目前张掖市百万头肉牛基地育肥牛的来源,对张掖市百万头肉牛基地15个肉牛育肥场的5560头育肥牛来源开展了调查。调查表明：来自当地散养户的犊牛占80.5%,来自外地的犊牛占10.6%,来自肉牛育肥场自繁的犊牛占5.8%,来自当地奶牛场的公牛犊占3.1%。  相似文献   

7.
硒(Se)是动物必需的微量元素。缺硒会引起一系列疾病,硒过量则会导致硒中毒,而适量补硒则具有多方面的有益影响。硒在牛生产中的作用重大。日粮补硒不仅可以提高血液、牛奶及牛肉的硒含量,还能改善牛的繁殖性能、增强机体免疫力,同时改善牛肉品质。日粮补硒的效果受牛的生理状况、补硒前的硒状况、补饲硒的形态及补饲量的影响。目前,补硒对动物的生理影响研究较为深入,但硒在动物体内的吸收及具体代谢途径有待于进一步研究,这将有助于从机理层面解释硒对动物生理产生的影响。文章系统地综述硒元素的功能以及补硒对牛的影响。  相似文献   

8.
肉牛是人类重要的畜产品来源之一,其肉质鲜美,营养丰富,深受消费者的喜爱。近年来,随着我国经济的飞速发展和人民生活水平的提高,牛肉作为一种高质量的蛋白质来源,可以为消费者提供非常理想的饮食体验,导致国内高品质牛肉需求量正在日益增长,肉牛养殖成为了农牧业的重要支柱产业之一。而犊牛的培育将直接影响到肉牛养殖业的健康发展,因而保证犊牛的健康,提高犊牛的成活率和生长效率对推进肉牛产业发展具有重大意义。本文针对犊牛的消化生理特点,总结了犊牛的饲养要点和管理方法,旨在为犊牛的高效养殖提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
The intensive farming of dairy and beef cattle has elicited a decrease in the herds and an increase in the number of animals per herd. The high concentration of cattle and the movement of the animals among herds has led to an increase in the health risks. In this context we have to consider the role of microbial agents of zoonoses, such as bacteria, parasites, and in some cases viruses. Notably, foodstuffs, such as meat, milk and dairy products, are the main sources of zoonoses of bovine origin. In particular, raw milk must be considered at high risk for trasmission of pathogens from cattle to humans. The European Regulation concerning food safety provides specific requirements for animal products and in bovine health management. Given the direct responsibility of the producer, the adoption of a self-regulation regimen on animal health, dairy and meat products must be planned by farmers.  相似文献   

10.
Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal inflammation induced by enteric pathogens. In piglets, infection with F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) leads to inflammation, diarrhea and intestinal damage. In this study, we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc, strain CNCM I-3856) and S. cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb, strain CNCM I-3799) decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ ETEC. Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-α gene expression whereas Sb did not. In contrast, killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors. Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL2 and CCL20 ETEC-induced mRNA. Furthermore, Sc culture supernatant filtrated fraction < 10 kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-α. Thus, our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto inflammation.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) among culled adult dairy and beef cattle in the southeastern United States. ANIMALS: 815 cattle examined during 4 visits to a slaughterhouse. PROCEDURE: The left hind foot of each animal was examined for gross lesions of PDD. Breed and sex of the animals were recorded. Lesions were examined histologically for pathologic changes and bacteria, especially spirochetes. RESULTS: 22 of 76 (29%) dairy cattle and 29 of 739 (4%) beef cattle had gross lesions of PDD. Detection of lesions was not associated with sex of dairy cattle, but male beef cattle were more likely to have lesions of PDD than were female beef cattle. Histologically, acute and chronic lesions were seen; the most severe changes were localized to the stratum corneum. Spirochetes were seen in lesions from 31 of 51 (61%) cattle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that PDD is common among culled adult cattle. Prevalence was higher in culled adult dairy cattle than in culled adult beef cattle.  相似文献   

12.
The intensive farming of dairy and beef cattle has elicited a decrease in the herds and an increase in the number of animals per herd. The high concentration of cattle and the movement of the animals among herds has led to an increase in the health risks. In this context we have to consider the role of microbial agents of zoonoses, such as bacteria, parasites, and in some cases viruses. Notably, foodstuffs, such as meat, milk and dairy products, are the main sources of zoonoses of bovine origin. In particular, raw milk must be considered at high risk for trasmission of pathogens from cattle to humans. The European Regulation concerning food safety provides specific requirements for animal products and in bovine health management. Given the direct responsibility of the producer, the adoption of a self-regulation regimen on animal health, dairy and meat products must be planned by farmers.  相似文献   

13.
Data collected in the Netherlands during the Bluetongue serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic indicated that in outbreak cattle herds, predominantly dairy and nursing cows were clinically affected and not young stock, beef cattle, beef calves, or breeding animals. In outbreak sheep flocks, mainly ewes and - if present - rams, were clinically affected and not the lambs. Median morbidity rate in outbreak herds was 1.85 per 100 sheep-month at risk and 0.32 per 100 cattle-month at risk for sheep and cattle, respectively. The mean proportion of BT-affected animals in outbreak herds that recovered from clinical disease was approximately eight times higher for cattle compared to sheep in the Netherlands. Median mortality rate in outbreak herds was 0.5 per 100 sheep-month at risk of dying and 0 per 100 cattle-month at risk of dying for sheep and cattle, respectively. Median recovery time of both sheep and cattle that recovered from clinical disease in outbreak herds was 14 days. Median case fatality was 50% in sheep outbreak flocks and 0% in outbreak cattle herds. It is concluded that morbidity and mortality in outbreak cattle herds was very limited during the BTV-8 epidemic in the Netherlands in 2006. In outbreak sheep flocks, morbidity was limited, with exceptions for a few flocks. However, almost 50% of the clinically sick sheep died in outbreak sheep herds.  相似文献   

14.
Herd and individual animal seroprevalence for Neospora caninum (N. caninum) in dairy, beef and mixed cattle were obtained in all populations within the Galician Farmer Sanitary Defence Associations (ADSG) in 2004. All animals ≥1 year of age were examined serologically by indirect ELISA. 1147 dairy herds (37,090 animals), 1464 beef herds (20,206 animals) and 141 mixed herds (2292 animals) were surveyed. True herd seroprevalence was estimated to be 80.6% (87.7% dairy, 76.7% beef and 78.4% mixed herds), true animal seroprevalence was estimated to be 23.2% (21.9% dairy, 25.1% beef and 24.9% animal to mixed herds), and within-herd seroprevalence was estimated to be 25.4% (23.6% dairy, 28.3% beef and 28.6% to mixed herds). Seropositivity was significantly associated with herd type (higher in dairies), herd size (increased when herd size increases), animal type (higher in beef) and age (lineal increase with the age). Results obtained in this study will be used for the development of a N. caninum control programme in the ADSG in Galicia.  相似文献   

15.
Serum total bile acid concentrations were determined for various types and ages of cattle. There was extreme variability among all the cattle, but the variance was twice as large (0.50 vs 0.22 in logarithmic scale) for beef cattle than for dairy cattle. There was no significant difference in serum total bile acid concentrations between beef cattle and dairy cattle in midlactation. Values for calves < 6 weeks old and for 6-month-old heifers were significantly (P = < 0.05) lower than values for lactating dairy cows. The 5th to 95th percentile range of values (mumol/L) for beef cattle was 9 to 126; for lactating dairy cattle, 15 to 88; and for 6-month-old dairy heifers, 11 to 64.  相似文献   

16.
Herbage selenium (Se) concentration is generally low in Norway. It is unknown whether feeding practices on Norwegian organic farms fulfil the dietary needs of Se and vitamin E for sheep and dairy cattle. Therefore we analysed Se in soil and herbage, and Se and vitamin E in animal blood in the indoor feeding season at 14 organic dairy and 14 organic sheep farms. The herbage Se concentration was low. Approximately 50 and 35% of all samples in the first and second cut, respectively, had Se concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The median (10th, 90th percentile) Se concentrations were <0.01 (<0.01, 0.03) and 0.02 (<0.01, 0.06) mg/kg DM in the first and second cuts, respectively. Whole blood Se concentrations were 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) μg/g in dairy cattle and 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) μg/g in sheep. Vitamin E concentrations were 4.2 (2.7, 8.4) mg/l in dairy cattle and 1.3 (0.9, 2.4) mg/l in sheep. None of the soil or plant variables explained the variation in herbage Se concentration, although Se in soil and plant tended to be correlated. Herbage Se concentration was inadequate to meet the dietary Se requirements. Vitamin E requirement was only met in dairy herds. We recommend Se and vitamin E supplementation to ruminants on organic farms.  相似文献   

17.
奶公牛犊与育肥牛的屠宰性能及肉品质比较分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选择6月龄育肥奶公牛犊和成年育肥杂交改良肉牛各四头,通过屠宰性能和肉品质比较,研究育肥奶公犊与杂交改良育肥肉牛的产肉性能和牛肉品质差异,为肉牛屠宰企业开发犊牛肉市场提供技术参数。结果表明,屠宰率为55．38％的犊牛胴体较屠宰率56．38％的育肥牛胴体,出肉率低6．25个百分点;骨骼占胴体比例高4．45个百分点;高档部位出品率高O．35个百分点;后臀腿部位肉出品率高1．67个百分点。犊牛肉水分含量、蛋白质含量分别较育肥牛高2．73、1．20个百分点,脂肪含量较育肥牛低1．22个百分点。胴体成熟72h、96h后分割的犊牛肉（外脊）剪切力值与育肥牛肉剪切力值差异极显著（P〈O．01）。成熟72h的犊牛肉（外脊）肉色值a值、L值分别较育肥牛低3．88、高6．55,差异极显著（P〈O．01）;系水力指标中滴水损失的差异显著（P〈O．05）,熟肉率指标差异不显著（P〉O．05）。由此可以看出,在产肉性能方面,育肥犊牛较成年育肥牛产肉率低,保水性低,但在肉质方面,具有细嫩、多汁、高蛋白低脂肪、肉色浅红等优点。  相似文献   

18.
The frequency of group A bovine rotavirus (gpA BRV) in calves from 1998 to 2002 was determined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique in 2177 faecal samples, of which 1898 samples were diarrhoeic and 279 were of normal consistency (control group) that were collected from asymptomatic calves for comparative purposes. The animals were from beef and dairy cattle herds (n = 321) from 158 counties in seven States (Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Rondônia) and four Brazilian geographical regions (south, south-east, centre-west, and north). GpA BRV was detected in 19.4% (369/1898; p = 0.0001) of the samples collected in calves with diarrhoea and in only 2.2% (6/279; p = 0.0001) of the faeces with normal consistency. The proportion of positive samples collected from beef and dairy cattle herds was 22.8% (205/899; p = 0.0001) and 16.4% (169/999; p = 0.0005), respectively. In relation to age, a higher prevalence of infections was found in calves up to 30 days old, where 33.0% (189/573; p = 0.0001) and 20.2% (138/683; p = 0.0001) of the diarrhoeic faecal samples from beef and dairy cattle herds, respectively, were positive for gpA BRV. These results show the possible importance of inclusion of gpA BRV in the management of neonatal calf diarrhoea in Brazilian cattle herds.  相似文献   

19.
A simple random survey was conducted in Ireland during 2005 to estimate the ELISA-prevalence of paratuberculosis, commonly called Johne's disease (JD), in the cattle population. Serum samples were collected from all 20,322 females/breeding bulls over 12 months-of-age in 639 herds. All samples were tested using a commercially available absorbed ELISA. The overall prevalence of infected herds, based on the presence of at least one ELISA-positive animal, was 21.4% (95% CI 18.4%-24.9%). Herd prevalence levels amongst dairy herds (mean 31.5%; 95% CI: 24.6%, 39.3%) was higher than among beef herds (mean 17.9%; 95% CI: 14.6%-21.8%). However, the animal level prevalence was similar. The true prevalence among all animals tested, was calculated to be 2.86% (95%CI: 2.76, 2.97) and for animals >= 2 yrs, it was 3.30% (95%CI: 3.17, 3.43). For animals in beef herds, true prevalence was 3.09% (95%CI: 2.93, 3.24), and for those in dairy herds, 2.74% (95%CI: 2.59, 2.90). The majority of herds had only one ELISA-positive infected animal. Only 6.4% (95% CI 4.7%-8.7%) of all herds had more than one ELISA-positive infected animal; 13.3% (CI 8.7%-19.7%) of dairy herds ranging from two to eight ELISA-positive infected animals; and, 3.9% beef herds (CI 2.4%-6.2%) ranging from two to five ELISA-positive infected animals. The true prevalence of herds infected and shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is estimated to be 9.5% for all herd types; 20.6% for dairy herds; and 7.6% for beef herds. If ELISA positive animals <2-years-of-age are excluded, the true herd prevalene reduces to: 9.3% for all herd types; 19.6% for dairy herds; and 6.3% for beef herds based on a test specificity (Sp) of 99.8% and test sensitivity (Se) (i.e., ability to detect culture-positive, infected animals shedding at any level) of 27.8-28.9%.  相似文献   

20.
Serum protein, immunoglobulins, complement, lysozyme, serum bactericidal activity and blast transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes were tested in beef cattle in different herds and age groups. These parameters were evaluated in their time-kinetics, in comparison with age-matched groups of dairy cattle. Like dairy calves, beef calves up to 4 months of age were shown to have low levels of serum bactericidal activity and haemolytic complement; besides, a worse profile was detected in serum protein and gamma 2 globulin levels. Al(OH)3 and oil-adjuvanted vaccines had a favourable influence on immunoglobulin and lysozyme synthesis. An acute stressing event like transportation was shown to decrease mitogen-driven lymphocyte stimulation for at least 10 days after arrival.  相似文献   

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