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1.
Magnesium/calcium data from Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera demonstrate that high-latitude (approximately 55 degrees S) southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) cooled 6 degrees to 7 degrees C during the middle Miocene climate transition (14.2 to 13.8 million years ago). Stepwise surface cooling is paced by eccentricity forcing and precedes Antarctic cryosphere expansion by approximately 60 thousand years, suggesting the involvement of additional feedbacks during this interval of inferred low-atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Comparing SSTs and global carbon cycling proxies challenges the notion that episodic pCO2 drawdown drove this major Cenozoic climate transition. SST, salinity, and ice-volume trends suggest instead that orbitally paced ocean circulation changes altered meridional heat/vapor transport, triggering ice growth and global cooling. 相似文献
2.
The relation between the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) and Paleogene climate is poorly resolved. We used stable carbon isotopic values of di-unsaturated alkenones extracted from deep sea cores to reconstruct pCO2 from the middle Eocene to the late Oligocene (approximately 45 to 25 million years ago). Our results demonstrate that pCO2 ranged between 1000 to 1500 parts per million by volume in the middle to late Eocene, then decreased in several steps during the Oligocene, and reached modern levels by the latest Oligocene. The fall in pCO2 likely allowed for a critical expansion of ice sheets on Antarctica and promoted conditions that forced the onset of terrestrial C4 photosynthesis. 相似文献
3.
Bijl PK Houben AJ Schouten S Bohaty SM Sluijs A Reichart GJ Sinninghe Damsté JS Brinkhuis H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6005):819-821
The long-term warmth of the Eocene (~56 to 34 million years ago) is commonly associated with elevated partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO(2)). However, a direct relationship between the two has not been established for short-term climate perturbations. We reconstructed changes in both pCO(2) and temperature over an episode of transient global warming called the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 million years ago). Organic molecular paleothermometry indicates a warming of southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) by 3° to 6°C. Reconstructions of pCO(2) indicate a concomitant increase by a factor of 2 to 3. The marked consistency between SST and pCO(2) trends during the MECO suggests that elevated pCO(2) played a major role in global warming during the MECO. 相似文献
4.
Abrupt tropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Identifying leads and lags between high- and low-latitude abrupt climate shifts is needed to understand where and how such events were triggered. Vascular plant biomarkers preserved in Cariaco basin sediments reveal rapid vegetation changes in northern South America during the last deglaciation, 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. Comparing the biomarker records to climate proxies from the same sediment core provides a precise measure of the relative timing of changes in different regions. Abrupt deglacial climate shifts in tropical and high-latitude North Atlantic regions were synchronous, whereas changes in tropical vegetation consistently lagged climate shifts by several decades. 相似文献
5.
基于2015年冬季在南黄海海域现场观测获得的CTD和CO2等数据,分析了该海域海-气CO2通量,探讨了该海域冬季温、盐度和表层CO2分压(pCO2)等要素的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:冬季南黄海西侧海域受黄海沿岸流的影响,呈现低温、低盐的特征,南黄海中部受黄海暖流影响,呈高温高盐特征;南黄海靠近沿岸海域水体垂直混合强烈,温盐垂直分布较为均匀.南黄海海域表层pCO2平均值为(385.34±43.62) μatm.表层pCO2分布具有明显的区域差异,海区中部pCO2整体上大于近岸,因受长江冲淡水与黄海沿岸流的水平及垂直混合作用,长江口北部局部区域最高通量达27.81 mmol/(m2·d),但总体表现为大气碳汇,平均通量达(-2.47 ±3.91)mmol/(m2·d);山东半岛东南部海域较高的pCO2受控于温度,同时与黄海沿岸流带来的高碳酸盐等水体的混合有关,表现为大气碳源,平均通量为(0.11 ±0.80)mmol/(m2·d).整个调查海域平均通量为(-2.24 ±3.74)mmol/(m2·d),表现为大气CO2的碳汇. 相似文献
6.
Large, abrupt shifts in the (l8)O/(16)O ratio found in Greenland ice must reflect real features of the climate system variability. These isotopic shifts can be viewed as a result of air temperature fluctuations, but determination of the cause of the changes-the most crucial issue for future climate concerns-requires a detailed understanding of the controls on isotopes in precipitation. Results from general circulation model experiments suggest that the sources of Greenland precipitation varied with different climate states, allowing dynamic atmospheric mechanisms for influencing the ice core isotope shifts. 相似文献
7.
Crimmins SM Dobrowski SZ Greenberg JA Abatzoglou JT Mynsberge AR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6015):324-327
Uphill shifts of species' distributions in response to historical warming are well documented, which leads to widespread expectations of continued uphill shifts under future warming. Conversely, downhill shifts are often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. By comparing the altitudinal distributions of 64 plant species between the 1930s and the present day within California, we show that climate changes have resulted in a significant downward shift in species' optimum elevations. This downhill shift is counter to what would be expected given 20th-century warming but is readily explained by species' niche tracking of regional changes in climatic water balance rather than temperature. Similar downhill shifts can be expected to occur where future climate change scenarios project increases in water availability that outpace evaporative demand. 相似文献
8.
Burrows MT Schoeman DS Buckley LB Moore P Poloczanska ES Brander KM Brown C Bruno JF Duarte CM Halpern BS Holding J Kappel CV Kiessling W O'Connor MI Pandolfi JM Parmesan C Schwing FB Sydeman WJ Richardson AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6056):652-655
Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts. 相似文献
9.
A north atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Kerr RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5473):1984-1985
Although El Ni?o and La Ni?a are the largest single sources of global interannual climate variability, climate shifts on longer time scales than El Ni?o's 2 to 7 years are also drawing the attention of researchers. On multidecadal time scales of 40 to 80 years, a restless North Atlantic seems to be at work, alternately countering and enhancing humankind's alterations of climate. The evidence for this is turning up in such records as tree rings, ice cores, and corals. 相似文献
10.
Estimates of glacial-interglacial climate change in tropical Africa have varied widely. Results from a process-based vegetation model show how montane vegetation in East Africa shifts with changes in both carbon dioxide concentration and climate. For the last glacial maximum, the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration alone could explain the observed replacement of tropical montane forest by a scrub biome. This result implies that estimates of the last glacial maximum tropical cooling based on tree- line shifts must be revised. 相似文献
11.
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." Even if we could determine a "safe" level of interference in the climate system, the sensitivity of global mean temperature to increasing atmospheric CO2 is known perhaps only to a factor of three or less. Here we show how a factor of three uncertainty in climate sensitivity introduces even greater uncertainty in allowable increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and allowable CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, unless climate sensitivity is low and acceptable amounts of climate change are high, climate stabilization will require a massive transition to CO2 emission-free energy technologies. 相似文献
12.
A methane record from the GISP2 ice core reveals that millennial-scale variations in atmospheric methane concentration characterized much of the past 110,00 years. As previously observed in a shorter record from central Greenland, abrupt concentration shifts of about 50 to 300 parts per billion by volume were coeval with most of the interstadial warming events (better known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events) recorded in the GISP2 ice core throughout the last glacial period. The magnitude of the rapid concentration shifts varied on a longer time scale in a manner consistent with variations in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, which suggests that insolation may have modulated the effects of interstadial climate change on the terrestrial biosphere. 相似文献
13.
温室效应对棉铃虫发生和危害的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
就温室效应所引起的气候变化对棉铃虫发生的影响作了评述和讨论。当大气中ＣＯ＿２浓度倍增时，估计我国平均气温将升高２．６９℃。气候变暖将会导致棉铃虫发育速度加快，存活率和繁殖力提高；棉铃虫在全国四大棉区年发生世代数将普遍增加１代，此外，还会影响棉铃虫的滞育率和越冬基数，棉铃虫越冬界限将向北推移。气候变暖所引起的我国降水格局的改变也会影响棉铃虫的种群数量。 相似文献
14.
Secord R Bloch JI Chester SG Boyer DM Wood AR Wing SL Kraus MJ McInerney FA Krigbaum J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6071):959-962
Body size plays a critical role in mammalian ecology and physiology. Previous research has shown that many mammals became smaller during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), but the timing and magnitude of that change relative to climate change have been unclear. A high-resolution record of continental climate and equid body size change shows a directional size decrease of ~30% over the first ~130,000 years of the PETM, followed by a ~76% increase in the recovery phase of the PETM. These size changes are negatively correlated with temperature inferred from oxygen isotopes in mammal teeth and were probably driven by shifts in temperature and possibly high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. These findings could be important for understanding mammalian evolutionary responses to future global warming. 相似文献
15.
Wing SL Harrington GJ Smith FA Bloch JI Boyer DM Freeman KH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5750):993-996
Rapid global warming of 5 degrees to 10 degrees C during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) coincided with major turnover in vertebrate faunas, but previous studies have found little floral change. Plant fossils discovered in Wyoming, United States, show that PETM floras were a mixture of native and migrant lineages and that plant range shifts were large and rapid (occurring within 10,000 years). Floral composition and leaf shape and size suggest that climate warmed by approximately 5 degrees C during the PETM and that precipitation was low early in the event and increased later. Floral response to warming and/or increased atmospheric CO2 during the PETM was comparable in rate and magnitude to that seen in postglacial floras and to the predicted effects of anthropogenic carbon release and climate change on future vegetation. 相似文献
16.
Kerr RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5492):697-698
Three researchers pondering what could be behind a roughly 1500-year cycle of warming and cooling are suggesting that it is a combination of two climate drivers, each too weak to have a large effect on its own. When a strictly periodic cycle teams up with just the right amount of thoroughly irregular noise, the combination could achieve "stochastic resonance" and set off the dramatic climate shifts of the last ice age--or the next, possibly human-triggered, Little Ice Age. No one is claiming the case is proven, but if true it will complicate predictions of future climate. 相似文献
17.
Sandel B Arge L Dalsgaard B Davies RG Gaston KJ Sutherland WJ Svenning JC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6056):660-664
The effects of climate change on biodiversity should depend in part on climate displacement rate (climate-change velocity) and its interaction with species' capacity to migrate. We estimated Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate-change velocity by integrating macroclimatic shifts since the Last Glacial Maximum with topoclimatic gradients. Globally, areas with high velocities were associated with marked absences of small-ranged amphibians, mammals, and birds. The association between endemism and velocity was weakest in the highly vagile birds and strongest in the weakly dispersing amphibians, linking dispersal ability to extinction risk due to climate change. High velocity was also associated with low endemism at regional scales, especially in wet and aseasonal regions. Overall, we show that low-velocity areas are essential refuges for Earth's many small-ranged species. 相似文献
18.
The source of irregularity in El Ni?o, the large interannual climate variation of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, has remained elusive. Results from an El Ni?o model exhibit transition to chaos through a series of frequency-locked steps created by nonlinear resonance with the Earth's annual cycle. The overlapping of these resonances leads to the chaotic behavior. This transition scenario explains a number of climate model results and produces spectral characteristics consistent with currently available data. 相似文献
19.
Loye HC Leary KJ Keller SW Ham WK Faltens TA Michaels JN Stacy AM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4833):1558-1560
The effect of oxygen isotope substitution on the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), has been measured for BaBi(0.25)Pb(0.75)O(3) (T(c), approximately 11 K) and Lal(1.85) Ca(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 20 K), and is compared to the shifts observed for La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 37 K) and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) (T(c) approximately 92 K). For all four materials, the transition temperature is shifted to lower temperature upon substitution of oxygen-18 for oxygen-16. The observed shifts demonstrate that phonons are involved in the electron-pairing mechanism in these oxide superconductors. 相似文献
20.
Hu FS Kaufman D Yoneji S Nelson D Shemesh A Huang Y Tian J Bond G Clegg B Brown T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5641):1890-1893
High-resolution analyses of lake sediment from southwestern Alaska reveal cyclic variations in climate and ecosystems during the Holocene. These variations occurred with periodicities similar to those of solar activity and appear to be coherent with time series of the cosmogenic nuclides 14C and 10Be as well as North Atlantic drift ice. Our results imply that small variations in solar irradiance induced pronounced cyclic changes in northern high-latitude environments. They also provide evidence that centennial-scale shifts in the Holocene climate were similar between the subpolar regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, possibly because of Sun-ocean-climate linkages. 相似文献