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1.
Richard L Mayden 《Fish and Fisheries》2002,3(3):171-196
I am a realist and argue that biological species exist in nature. I also argue that the validity of findings of the many disciplines within the natural sciences employing biological species in their endeavours of inquiry are unequivocally linked to the accuracy of the species used in experiments. Few scientists today see the fundamental importance of taxonomic and systematic studies in both addressing accuracy of diversity and the delineation of species diversity for other areas of science. The basic controversial issues in the debate revolve around opinions regarding the nature of species as either Individuals or Classes, confusion of Species as a taxonomic category and as entities in nature, the varied practitioners studying diversity, a general lack of a Lineage perspective and a gross chauvinistic perspective on the types of data worthy of exposing and delineating diversity. I argue that species in nature are Individuals and form Lineages. As Individuals, they cannot be defined but can only be diagnosed in time. The category Species is a Class with a definition. The difficulties realised by scientists studying biodiversity in ‘defining’ a species hinges upon the fact that as natural entities they cannot be defined. Recognizing and understanding the origins of characters in species is further complicated if one views species in nature as Classes and lacks an appreciation for the Lineage and the origin and retention of traits through time. This forms an interesting paradox that many scientists have fallen victim to wherein species are viewed as Classes (hence definable, but immutable) yet are used to understand the process of descent that involves lineages and Individuals! The pre‐Darwinian Class perspective of species, combined with a common chauvinistic perspective on characters ultimately delays progress and places a ‘glass ceiling’ on species diversity for planet Earth. One resolution to the species and species concept issue is to view the concepts in a hierarchical manner of primary (theoretical) and secondary (operational) concepts. Interestingly, the issue of Individuals versus Classes for naturally occurring entities is much more widespread and exists in many other scientific fields. Thus, a hierarchical perspective of having a primary, nonoperational concept for natural entities and multiple operational concepts serving as ‘tools’ for discovering natural things consistent with the primary concept is a heuristic methodology that is applicable to the advancement of many areas of science. 相似文献
2.
Synthesis studies of fish stocks worldwide suggest improving status of mainly target species that are fully assessed. Other analyses, primarily based on catch data alone, but which include a wider range of species as well as bycatch, present a different view. Catch‐only analyses could be more robust if fishery‐independent data were used and discards accounted for. We develop a model that uses only survey biomass at length and landings data to estimate fishing mortality, spawning stock biomass (SSB) and discards. An analysis of species from the North Sea shows the model results compare well with most fully assessed stocks. When applied to bycatch species with limited data, trends in fishing mortality and SSB typically reflect those of the target species. In the last decade, mean fishing mortality rates have tended to decline, while mean SSB has increased. Despite increasing SSB, recent mean recruitment appears to have been lower than previously which may limit future biomass recovery. Species usually associated with more northerly distributions appear to show the greatest effect of weaker recruitment, which may be linked to climate. Estimated discards have tended to decline in magnitude as a result of reduced fishing mortality and associated lower total catches. The model offers a simple way to use both landings and survey data to obtain more detailed population trends for data limited species. 相似文献
3.
庸鲽(Hippoglossushippoglossus L.),英文名为Atlantichalibut,是世界上个体最大的比目鱼,经济价值高,也是西北大西洋地区最受欢迎的比目鱼类之一。自然界中,庸鲽广泛分布于大西洋的两岸以及北冰洋的部分地区。目前,在北欧和北美的部分地区已经形成一种庸鲽养殖产业,并达到企业化的生产水平,且逐步向其他各地区推广,已经引起广大养殖业者的关注。一、分类地位庸鲽属于鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes)、鲽科(Pleuronectidae)、庸鲽属(Hippoglossus)。二、形态特征庸鲽是个体最大的比目鱼,体长可达2.5m,体重可超过300kg。庸鲽是鲽科家族的一员,… 相似文献
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新疆维吾尔自治区境内的额尔齐斯河是我国唯一流入北冰洋水系的外流河,由于额尔齐斯河的特殊地理位置影响,使新疆维吾尔自治区的鱼类组成具有一些欧洲鱼类区系的特征,出产一些国内其它自然水域所没有的鱼类,其中,遍布欧洲各地内陆水域的赤鲈,在我国就是唯有新疆所特产的一种重要经济鱼类. 相似文献
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低盐度养殖池塘常见浮游微藻的种类组成、数量及优势种群变动 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
于2007年9月至2008年1月在广东珠海地区对低盐度养殖虾池水体的浮游微藻进行全程周期性调查分析.结果共检出常见浮游微藻5门31属49种,其中绿藻13属22种,蓝藻9属16种,硅藻6属8种,裸藻2属2种,隐藻1属1种.优势种有13种,主要是蓝藻,有铜绿微囊藻( Microcystis aeruginosa )、圆胞束球藻( Coelosphaerium naegelianum )、卷曲螺旋藻( Spirulina spirulinoides )、假鱼腥藻( Pseudoanabaena sp . )、绿色颤藻( Oscillatoria chlorine )、拟短形颤藻( Oscillatoria subbrevis )、粘连色球藻( Chroococcus cohaerens )、点状平裂藻( Merismopedia punctata )和针状蓝纤维藻( Dactylococcopsis aciculari ).其次是绿藻和硅藻,有蛋白核小球藻( Chlorella pyrenoidosa )、多粒衣藻( Chlamydomonas.multgranulis )、角毛藻( Chaetoceros sp . )和新月菱形藻( Nitzschia closterium ).低盐度虾池养殖周期浮游微藻细胞数量为0.1×10 7～209.2×10 7 ind·L -1,多样性指数平均为2.5～3.2.浮游藻类的种类数、数量及多样性指数总体表现为养殖前期低后期高的特征. 相似文献
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7.
欧洲鲟形目主要种类生物学 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
世界鲟鱼类计２科６属２６种,分布在欧洲水域的有１科２属８种。也即欧洲鳇、俄罗斯鲟、裸腹鲟、闪光鲟、小体鲟、波斯鲟、大西洋鲟及意大利鲟。本文就欧洲鲟形目５种主要种类生物学概述如下。１欧洲鳇Ｈｕｓｏｈｕｓｏ（Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ,１７５８）１１形态与食性鱼... 相似文献
8.
大亚湾海域浮游动物种类组成和优势种的季节变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为全面掌握南海北部大亚湾海域浮游动物的群落特征。利用2007—2008年在大亚湾开展的4个航次124个站次的海洋生物调查数据和历史资料,通过数据统计分析,对浮游动物种类组成和优势种进行研究,结果表明:(1)大亚湾浮游动物种类组成的季节变化明显、种类更替频繁;(2)优势种组成简单,季节变化明显,单一种的优势地位显著。与过去相比,大亚湾海域浮游动物群落的组成基本稳定,但种类和优势种的更替率均呈现逐步增大的趋势,浮游动物优势种组成趋于简单、单一种优势地位明显提高。大亚湾生态环境随季节的变幅增强,群落的稳定性明显下降。海水温度的升高,改变了大亚湾暖水性浮游动物种类的生活周期;而且营养水平的提高也促使赤潮种类夜光虫数量的增加。 相似文献
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根据2010—2019年夏季莱州湾底拖网调查数据,研究了4种大型甲壳类(中国明对虾、三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳和口虾蛄)的优势度、种间联结、空间生态位特征,并应用碳氮稳定同位素数据分析了4种大型甲壳类的营养级、营养生态位与摄食来源。结果显示,口虾蛄、日本蟳是目前莱州湾夏季甲壳类最主要的优势种,放流种类中国明对虾、三疣梭子蟹为群落的重要种;4种大型甲壳类的种间联结性不强,显著正联结主要出现于中国明对虾与其他三者之间;日本蟳空间生态位宽度最高(2.45),口虾蛄(2.13)次之,中国明对虾(1.92)和三疣梭子蟹(1.93)较低;生态位重叠较高主要发生于中国明对虾与其他3种之间;4种大型甲壳类营养级相近(3.02～3.28),中国明对虾生态位总面积最大,三疣梭子蟹与日本蟳、口虾蛄的生态位总面积相近,三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的营养生态位重叠较高;摄食来源分析表明,中国明对虾摄食双壳类比例更高,其他3种摄食来源同质化程度较高。目前莱州湾三疣梭子蟹和中国明对虾的优势度低于口虾蛄和日本蟳,表明增殖放流虽然扩大了三疣梭子蟹和中国明对虾的种群规模,但尚未较大程度改变甲壳类群落结构。综合4种甲壳类的群落地位、种间联结性、空间生态位宽度与重叠、营养级与营养生态位以及摄食来源的研究结果,中国明对虾与其他三者竞争相对较小,而三疣梭子蟹与日本蟳、口虾蛄竞争较大。为最大程度发挥增殖效益,建议在确定放流地点和放流数量时,应着重考虑相近生态位物种对放流物种的竞争和限制。 相似文献
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The translocation of aquatic organisms is an issue of increasing concern. In assessing the genetic risks from translocations, a primary distinction should be made between translocation for the purpose of aquaculture and translocation for the purpose of stock enhancement. When translocation is for aquaculture, the question of interest is: what is the maximum level of escapes that should be permitted, beyond which there is an unacceptable probability of adverse genetic effects upon the natural population? Risk minimization should concentrate on management solutions that reduce escapes from aquaculture facilities. When translocation is for stock enhancement, the question of interest is: what is the maximum level of genetic differences between hatchery and wild stock that should be permitted, beyond which there is an unacceptable probability of adverse genetic effects upon the natural population? Risk minimization should concentrate on hatchery management procedures that reduce genetic differences in fitness traits between hatchery stock and wild stock from the proposed recipient population. Where translocation poses a significant risk of adverse genetic changes, then a monitoring programme should be put in place, linked to a policy that prescribes management actions for the range of possible outcomes from the monitoring. The main limitation to our ability to develop an effective risk assessment and monitoring process is our lack of understanding of how the interaction between genetically different stocks affects the genetic basis of quantitative fitness traits that adapt organisms to their local environment. 相似文献
11.
莱州湾鱼类群落的关键种 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
关键种对群落结构稳定性起着决定作用,它的筛选对于整个生态系统的研究都具有重要的理论和实际意义。本研究基于2011年5月对莱州湾渔业底拖网数据,以摄食关系为基础构建了莱州湾鱼类群落种间相互作用关系网,运用网络分析法计算了该关系网的13种重要性指数及Key Player Problem参数(F、DF和DR)。根据13种指数的排序结果、聚类信息和3个Key Player Problem参数,对莱州湾鱼类群落的关键种进行了筛选。结果显示,13种重要性指数可划分为4个信息组:a(D、CC、IC、TI~1和TI~7)即基本信息组、b(D_(in)、H_(in)和K_t)即信息输入组、c(D_(out)、H_(out)和K_b)即信息输出组和d(BC和K)即信息控制组。细纹狮子鱼(D、D_(in)、BC、CC、IC、H_(in)、TI~1、TI~7、K、K_t、F、~DF和~DR)和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼(D_(out)、H_(out)和K_b)在莱州湾鱼类群落的网络分析结果中处于最高地位,密切联系着群落的其他种群,控制着群落的结构和能流,属于群落的关键种,其中细纹狮子鱼是关键捕食者,控制着群落中其他重要食物竞争者和捕食者密度,六丝矛尾虾虎鱼是关键被捕食者,通过维持捕食者的密度来限制其他被捕食者的密度。 相似文献
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Renin immunoreactivity was localized at the light and electron microscopic level in two elasmobranch fish species, the Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, and river ray, Potamotrygon humerosa. At the light microscopic level, the peroxidase–anti-peroxidase method showed a positive immunoreactivity in modified smooth muscle cells in kidney afferent arterioles as well as in arterioles of several organs: rectal gland, inter-renal gland, conus arteriosus, and gill. Electron microscopic renin-positive immunogold localization was confined to the contents of membrane bound granules in the modified smooth muscle cells of these arterioles. The presence of renin-containing granules in the modified smooth muscle, “granular cells,” of the renal glomerular afferent arteriole of these two stingray species adds support to earlier studies which showed the structural components of a complete juxtaglomerular apparatus and some of the biochemical and molecular components of a renin–angiotensin system (RAS) as found in teleost fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. A notable result, however, was the renin-positive immunoreaction in the arteriolar wall of all other organs studied here. The presence of this “diffuse renin system” in the connective tissue of various organs suggests that in these two stingray species in addition to local organ-specific functions, the RAS may act as a systemic mechanism to regulate blood pressure and blood flow in the body. 相似文献
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5种帘蛤科贝类随机扩增多态性DNA比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,对浙江南部海区硬壳蛤、等边浅蛤、青蛤、菲律宾蛤仔和文蛤的遗传多样性进行了分析和比较。5个种群的群间遗传距离明显大于群内遗传距离;群内相似性系数由高到低依次为等边浅蛤(0.681),青蛤(0.656),文蛤(0.606),菲律宾蛤仔(0.537),硬壳蛤(0.526);UPG-MA分析显示等边浅蛤、菲律宾蛤仔聚为一组,青蛤、文蛤、硬壳蛤聚为一组,然后进行总的聚类。硬壳蛤作为浙江南部新引进的海水养殖外来物种,遗传多样性优势明显;平阳县南麂列岛的等边浅蛤则迫切需要进行资源保护并开展品种选育工作。 相似文献
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以白鲟科和鲟科的13种鲟鱼为研究对象，设计7对特异引物，利用PCR技术扩增鲟形目(Acipenseriformes)鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)，扩增片段大小在2～3kb，总长度约为整个mtDNA的97％。同时利用3个限制性内切酶，即Mbo、CfoⅠ和HaeⅢ对13种鲟形目鱼类进行限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。结果总共检出233条电泳带，其中209条有多态现象，表明鲟形目鱼类mtDNA存在广泛变异。但是各个扩增片段的变异程度并不相同，其中NADH脱氢酶亚基基因的RFLP多态性较丰富，其次是细胞色素c氧化酶亚基基因，而两个rRNA基因最贫乏。说明在鲟形目鱼类mtDNA的进化中NADH脱氢酶亚基基因速率最快，细胞色素c氧化酶亚基基因次之，rRNA基因最慢。分子系统分析结果显示，鲟科的6种鱼与匙吻鲟和白鲟分成两大支；鲟科中两种鳇鱼没有聚到一起，支持了鳇鱼不能作独立分类单元的观点。本研究旨为鲟形目鱼类遗传和进化研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
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7处移植公鱼种类的分子鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
公鱼属种类曾在中国被广泛移植,但被移植的种类却存在一定的争议,实验利用CO Ⅰ基因序列片段对来自黑龙江、新疆和云南3地7处移植公鱼属种类进行了鉴定,并对它们之间的遗传关系进行了探讨.与GenBank和DNA Barcoding鉴定中心的条形码网站BOLDSystems进行比对,发现3地7处的移植公鱼均与西太公鱼序列相似度达到99％以上;移植公鱼及西太公鱼群体间和群体内的遗传距离均在0.1％～0.3％,与公鱼属其它种类的种间遗传距离则在10％以上;在NJ、Bayesian系统树上,移植公鱼、西太公鱼聚为同一单系,支持率超过98％;以上结果都证明这些移植公鱼均为西太公鱼.研究表明,7处移植公鱼都受到环境的选择压力,但群体间的遗传分化不显著(P=0.066 47＞0.05).在单倍型网络结构图中,它们之间遗传关系和移植路径不明晰,而多次和交叉移植可能是原因之一. 相似文献
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水产生物微卫星标记技术研究进展及其应用 总被引：21，自引：4，他引：17
微卫星标记的发展和利用极大地扩展了DNA分子标记应用的深度和广度,使探索生物性状遗传本质的研究发生了革命性变化。本文简要介绍了微卫星标记技术的发展及其在水产遗传与育种研究中的应用。首先回顾了微卫星克隆技术的发展,尤其是水产生物微卫星标记及技术的发展过程,以及水产生物微卫星序列的主要来源,并对微卫星标记与其他DNA分子标记在使用范围、难易程度等方面做了比较;其次探讨了微卫星标记在遗传连锁图谱的制备、性状分析及QTL定位、群体遗传学、进化遗传、种质鉴定与亲权分析、品种培育等6个研究领域的应用;本文还对几种DNA分子标记在操作上的难易程度、多态性程度、重复性与可比性等方面进行了比较,同时还分别阐述了微卫星和其他DNA分子标记应用于水产生物研究中的适用性,并对微卫星标记的应用前景做了展望。本文旨在为微卫星标记技术在水产生物中的有效应用提供理论依据。 相似文献
17.
α2巨球蛋白能结合并抑制蛋白酶的活性,但不抑制该蛋白酶对人工合成的小分子底物的酶活。利用这一特性,选择胰酶的一种有色小分子底物BAPNA,建立BAPNA比色检测法,对7种常见养殖鱼:草鱼、鲫、鲢、胡子鲇、鳙、加州鲈和黄鳝的血清胰酶抑制活性进行了比较,胰酶抑制活性由高到低依次为:草鱼>鲫>黄鳝>鳙>鲢>胡子鲇>加州鲈;α2巨球蛋白活性由高到低依次为:黄鳝>草鱼>胡子鲇>加州鲈>鲢>鳙>鲫;黄鳝和草鱼的α2巨球蛋白活性明显高于其他几种鱼的α2巨球蛋白活性。 相似文献
18.
用识别5、6碱基序列的17种限制性内切酶,即BamHⅠ、BglⅠ、BglⅡ、DraⅠ、EcoRⅠ、EcoRⅤ、HindⅢ、KpnⅠ、MluⅠ、PstⅠ、PvuⅡ、SalⅠ、ScaⅠ、SmaⅠ、StyⅠ、XbaⅠ和XhoⅠ,对南海海域石斑鱼属(EpinephelusBloch)野生蜂巢石斑鱼(E.merra)、鲑点石斑鱼(E.fario)、青石斑鱼(E.awoara)、赤点石斑鱼(E.akaara)和七带石斑鱼(E.septem-fasciatus)的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行RFLP分析。测算出蜂巢石斑鱼、鲑点石斑鱼、青石斑鱼、赤点石斑鱼和七带石斑鱼的mtDNA分子大小分别为(18.52±0.21)kb、(18.44±0.21)kb(、18.56±0.18)kb、(18.57±0.19)kb和(18.36±0.11)kb。通过单、双酶切分析,分别构建了蜂巢石斑鱼10种酶共20个酶切位点、鲑点石斑鱼9种酶共17个酶切位点、青石斑鱼8种酶共16个酶切位点、赤点石斑鱼7种酶共12个酶切位点和七带石斑鱼7种酶共13个酶切位点的酶切物理图谱。BglⅡ和XhoⅠ两种内切酶的酶切谱带可作为鉴别这5种石斑鱼的RFLP标记。 相似文献
19.
利用高效液相色谱邻苯二甲醛(OPA)柱前衍生法测定瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)(上海崇明)、里氏拟石磺(Paraoncidium reevesii)和平疣桑椹石磺(Platevindex mortoni)(福建厦门)、紫色疣石磺(Peronia verruculata)(广东湛江)肌肉组织中牛磺酸的含量。结果表明,瘤背石磺、紫色疣石磺、里氏拟石磺、平疣桑椹石磺的肌肉组织中牛磺酸平均质量浓度分别为6 740.42、7 168.96、5 545.42、5 263.33 mg·kg-1。紫色疣石磺和瘤背石磺的牛磺酸含量均较高,两者无明显差异。 相似文献
20.
R. Eckmann 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1995,4(2):62-69
Fish species richness was assessed by electrofishing and gillnetting in 16 lakes of the northeastern lowland in Germany (the Schorfheide biosphere reserve). The lakes range from 0.03 to 10.55 km2 and support between 5 and 14 fish species. Species richness is significantly correlated with lake area in an exponential and a power model. Richness is also correlated with shoreline development and total dissolved solids. This supports the hypothesis that larger areas contain more species within a taxonomic group due to increased habitat diversity. The slope of the species-area curve is low compared with most other studies of fish species richness in lakes, and the intercept value is high. This is interpreted as the result of high habitat and food diversity, lack of stress from abiotic factors, and the small regional species pool from which these lakes can be colonized. Two species inventories, one from the beginning of this century and one from the 1950s, are available for comparison. Average species richness did not change during the last decades. Species turnover rates were not related to the degree of anthropogenic eutrophication or to the intensity of fishery exploitation in these lakes. On the species level, however, one effect of accelerated eutrophication is apparent, the disappearance of 4 bottom-living species from one to 6 of the study lakes. 相似文献