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1.
Françoise Petter Anne Sophie Roy Ian Smith 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(3):331-337
For the last 10 years, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 80 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2003, the Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all contracting parties to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics for regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would be very useful in technical assistance programmes. In 2004, the CPM adopted a mechanism for rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, particularly suitable for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel was accordingly established to develop protocols for specific pests and meets on an annual basis. A format for international diagnostic protocols was adopted in 2006 and a list of priority pests was established. In 2003, EPPO initiated a new programme on quality management and accreditation for plant pest laboratories and Standards are now also being developed in this area. In 2006, a survey of existing diagnostic capacities in EPPO member countries was undertaken and a database on diagnostic expertise was created. 相似文献
2.
G. Schrader 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(3):75-79
The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) aims to prevent the entry and spread of organisms harmful to both cultivated and wild plants. Basing their activities on those of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Plant Protection Convention, the EPPO is developing a new concept for invasive alien species and ‘plants as pests’. A pest risk analysis is necessary in most cases to identify which organisms should be regulated and how. In accordance with the International Plant Protection Convention, an EPPO risk assessment standard exists for this purpose which has now been revised to be applicable also to potentially invasive alien plants and assess the effects they pose to the uncultivated environment. In 2003, the EPPO sent a questionnaire to its 44 member states asking for plants which have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced and are considered invasive. The member countries reported hundreds of species, of which 42 were selected for further assessment. This may result in recommendations for regulations and measures against the introduction and spread of all or some of these plants. 相似文献
3.
EPPO member countries requested that a study be conducted to identify and better address the risks presented by the trade of plants for planting, which has led to numerous introductions of pests into the EPPO region in recent years. Concerns were raised about the efficacy of the current plant health systems in place in the EPPO region to deal with the risks presented by plants for planting. The EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting was launched by the EPPO Council in 2010. The first part of the Study was completed in spring 2012. It was published as EPPO Technical Document 1061 ( http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/EPPO_Study_on_Plants_for_planting.pdf ). Examples of pest outbreaks in the EPPO region suspected to be caused by international trade of plants for planting were analyzed. This analysis identified characteristics of the pest/crop/trade patterns associated with the risks of importing pests. These characteristics are described as criteria that are intended to be used in a screening process to enable identification of commodities that require an assessment prior to import in the EPPO region. The further elaboration of the screening process is briefly outlined. 相似文献
4.
A survey on the use of EPPO diagnostic protocols was conducted in the summer of 2008. Approximately 90 laboratories that were registered in the EPPO database on Diagnostic Expertise were asked to indicate the number of samples that they tested during the year 2007 and which recommended test, or other test, they used. The survey was organized on a selection of 58 diagnostic protocols in all disciplines of plant health diagnosis (bacteriology, mycology, entomology, nematology, virology and phytoplasmology). Forty-four laboratories from 20 EPPO countries responded. The results are presented for 12 protocols giving the number of tests used for diagnosis. From this survey it can be concluded that many of the tests for detection mentioned in EPPO diagnostic protocols are widely used in plant pest diagnostic laboratories in the EPPO Region. 相似文献
5.
Improving the prevention of alien plant invasion in the EPPO region: the need to focus on highly invasive plants with (still) limited distribution – examples from Israel 
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下载免费PDF全文 J. M. Dufour‐Dror 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):341-347
Prevention (of invasion) is the most efficient strategy to control invasive alien plants (IAPs). This requires that potentially invasive plant taxa not yet introduced into regions where they could become invasive are identified as early as possible. Therefore, alongside the best known and already widespread IAPs it is crucial to highlight highly invasive plant taxa whose distribution is still limited. It becomes even more important to consider those taxa when some are recommended as ornamental/useful species outside their native range. This paper provides six examples of IAPs whose invasiveness has been established but which are still restricted to a single EPPO country (Israel). While horizon‐scanning studies have produced valuable alert lists, mainly for temperate Europe, EPPO pest risk analyses have focused on IAPs that are widespread outside the EPPO region. Therefore it is suggested that more attention is given to IAPs that pose a threat to Mediterranean, semiarid and arid areas within the EPPO region but that so far have remained largely unnoticed because of their present limited distribution. Awareness of these species must be urgently raised before they spread to new EPPO countries. The elaboration of a database compiling information about IAPs characterized by a restricted distribution in each EPPO country is discussed. The examples presented in this paper are most relevant to EPPO countries with a dry (Mediterranean, semiarid and arid) climate. 相似文献
6.
For the last 8 years, EPPO has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 60 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2004, the Interim Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all IPPC contracting parties. Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics of regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would constitute a very good material for technical assistance. In 2004, the ICPM adopted a mechanism for more rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, suitable particularly for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel to develop protocols for specific pests was also established and met for the first time in September 2004. A format for international diagnostic protocols was prepared, together with a list of priority pests. 相似文献
7.
《EPPO Bulletin》2001,31(2):119-119
The National Plant Protection Organizations of EPPO countries have a basic responsibility to prevent the introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products. This has been for many years defined by the IPPC (International Plant Protection Convention) and now by its new revised text. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade Organization has in the past 10 years aimed to prevent the use of phytosanitary measures as unjustified barriers to trade. In the past 2 years, new constraints have appeared, particularly on account of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). International co-operation is now developing on biosafety (restricting the movement of potentially dangerous organisms, whether GMOs, alien species or invasive species) and on the protection of the environment and biodiversity as such. The new obligations of countries under the CBD, and the measures which they can take to implement them, overlap to a significant extent with their obligations under the IPPC. The responsibilities and tasks of NPPOs (under Ministries of Agriculture) can at a technical level be extended to cover the concerns of the CBD, but in so doing may conflict with those of the equivalent authorities under the Ministries of the Environment. The aim of the EPPO Council Colloquium in Dublin was to examine these areas of potential overlap and conflict and consider the consequences for the international organizations concerned with plant health (like EPPO) and for the NPPOs. 相似文献
8.
I. M. SMITH 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(4):443-447
The EPPO programme on‘good plant protection practice’(GPP) is presented and its purpose explained. An EPPO standard on GPP in stonefruits is in preparation, and the elements which will appear in this for almond provide a brief review of the main pests of almond in Mediterranean countries, their importance, and how they can best be controlled and managed. 相似文献
9.
M. Suffert 《EPPO Bulletin》2012,42(2):181-184
In 2011, EPPO conducted a survey among its member countries to re‐evaluate the status of 14 pests currently listed on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests: Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Cacyreus marshalli, Ciborinia camelliae, Dickeya (Erwinia) chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola, Frankliniella occidentalis, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phialophora cinerescens, Puccina horiana, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Viteus vitifoliae, Xanthomonas fragariae. As a result of the survey, it was concluded that all these pests should be maintained on the A2 List. 相似文献
10.
《EPPO Bulletin》1998,28(1-2):1-26
In 1992, EPPO organized jointly with the EU Commission, in Brussels, a Colloquium on the phytosanitary impact of the Single Market (OEPP/EPPO, 1993). This unique undertaking in the harmonization of the phytosanitary regulations of 12 (now 15) countries has now been in place for 5 years, and a further Colloquium was held to review progress. Speakers from the EU Commission, from the NPPOs of Member States, and from the NPPOs of other EPPO countries contributed their views on two main questions: (1) practical implementation of the main new elements of the phytosanitary regime (registration of growers, plant passports, protected zones, inspection at destination); (2) consequences for other EPPO countries and in particular prospects for extending the regime to them through equivalence agreements. The Colloquium concluded that the Single Market has been a success and that the problems which were anticipated by some parties have not materialized. In particular, there has been no increase in new pest outbreaks by comparison with the preceding period, and the costs of applying the new regime have not been excessive. A few practical difficulties persist in some areas of work and will now have to be resolved. 相似文献
11.
A. D. Orlinski 《EPPO Bulletin》2006,36(3):497-511
The EPPO Project on Quarantine Pests for Forestry ran from 2000 to 2005. It mainly focused on the risks from forests pests present in the former USSR, particularly in its Asian part, with regard to their possible impacts on the non‐Asian parts of the EPPO region. A special EPPO Panel, called the Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry, was created to implement this project. The EPPO Secretariat collected short information on the taxonomy, geographical distribution, host plants, biology and impact of 1365 pests and on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of 653 main forest trees on the territory of the former USSR. In the process of prioritization, which took place over 10 meetings in various countries in the EPPO region, the Panel selected species that were more likely to present high risk for the non‐Asian part of the EPPO region. For these species, more detailed data were collected and datasheets were prepared. The Panel performed Pest Risk Analysis for 45 species of pests and recommended 19 of them for inclusion into the EPPO lists of pests recommended for regulation. Possible phytosanitary measures have been selected in the process of Pest Risk Management to reduce the risk of introduction of these 19 pests into endangered areas. The Panel has begun preparing Commodity standards for wood and woody plants. 相似文献
12.
《EPPO Bulletin》2009,39(3):420-449
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Coniferae is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures, which they should use or require for Coniferae plants and plant products moving in international trade, to prevent the introduction and spread of regulated pests. Certain of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the pests recommended for regulation concerned. These recommendations are derived:- • from the EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists)
- • from the former EPPO standard PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures) (which was withdrawn in 2006 by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations)
- • from Pest Risk Analysis
- • from the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations
- • from the ISPM n°15 ‘Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade’.
13.
D. A. BURDEKIN 《EPPO Bulletin》1986,16(3):509-512
The publication of lists of quarantine organisms by EPPO in 1975 and of the EC Council Directive on Plant Health in 1977 were major milestones in the establishment of plant health requirements in Europe. The substantial risks to European forest trees from alien pests were recognized and most European countries now prohibit the importation of trees of important forest genera into Europe from other continents. There is a need to establish and up-date lists of potentially dangerous forest pests in order that appropriate preventive measures can be introduced. However it is important to recognize that lists of potentially dangerous organisms can never be complete. In effect this is recognized by the provisions of the EC Directive but not so far in the EPPO Lists of Organisms and related Specific Quarantine Requirements. Examples of host-oriented plant health requirements, such as those associated with coniferous wood, will be discussed. 相似文献
14.
A. D. Orlinski 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):243-248
EPPO started work on biological control agents (BCAs) in 1996, and the joint EPPO/IOBC Panel was established in 1997. The history of the Panel is provided and EPPO Standards developed by the Panel are described. These Standards are: PM 6/1 ‘First import of exotic biological control agents for research under contained conditions’, PM 6/2 ‘Import and release of non‐indigenous biological control agents’ and PM 6/3 ‘List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region’. The last of these has been annually updated as a ‘Positive List’ of BCAs for which EPPO recommends its member countries to use a simplified procedure for import and releases. EPPO activities in biological control have been focused on the safety aspects of the introduction of invertebrate BCAs. However, the scope of EPPO's work in this area is now under review, and a number of issues are being considered by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. These include the remit of the Panel and Standards in relation to micro‐organisms, the evaluation of potential environmental benefits as well as potential risks from releases and the potential for use of BCAs against regulated pests and those recommended for regulation. 相似文献
15.
Harmonizing the regulation of invertebrate biological control agents in the EPPO region: using the NAPPO region as a model 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Harmonized regulation of invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs) is a major challenge for the 51 countries of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Although some of these member countries in the EPPO region have well‐defined regulations and follow a common approach, others do not. The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) has achieved a common approach in North America through the development of Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures specific to IBCAs that outline the information required for submission of a request to release an agent. NAPPO has also developed a process to ensure that submissions are reviewed by experts and regulatory officials in all three member countries. It is proposed that EPPO takes advantage of the experience of NAPPO in developing a harmonized approach for regulating IBCAs. 相似文献
16.
《EPPO Bulletin》1998,28(1-2):27-38
The main technical theme of the 2nd EPPO Worksh op for Heads of Plant Quarantine Services of central and eastern European countries was the risks presented to the forests of the EPPO region by quarantine pests. Measures currently recommended by EPPO concentrate on A1 quarantine pests, not present in the region. Nevertheless, measures applied by many European countries, and in particular by the EU, target non-European forest pests. This presents a particular problem for Russia, since its territory lies partly in Europe and partly in northern Asia and the export of forest products is very important for its economy. Against the background of the new global developments in plant protection (revision of the IPPC, SPS agreement), the Workshop opened the question whether there are forest pests in northern Asia which present a risk to Europe (and vice versa). Recognizing that one of the main non-European pests targeted by the regulations of European countries is Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , the Workshop took note of the fact that this pest does not occur in Russia. Certain known or potential vectors of B. xylophilus in the genus Monochamus do occur in Russia, but also occur widely throughout the palaearctic region. The forest fauna of northern Russia remains fairly homogeneous from Europe to the River Yenisei, and then becomes progressively more different. Nevertheless, specific pests from this eastern region presenting a risk to Europe remain to be identified and subjected to pest risk analysis. 相似文献
17.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):487-503
Specific scope
The purpose of this Standard is to recommend to EPPO Member countries the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for seed and ware potatoes moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Farm‐saved seed is not covered because it is not grown under an official certification scheme and should not be traded. The recommended phytosanitary measures for A1 pests are addressed to all EPPO Member countries and those for A2 pests are aimed at countries where the pest does not occur or is not widely distributed. These recommendations are derived from the phytosanitary measures included in EPPO Standard PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists), EPPO Standards PM2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures, which were withdrawn in 2006) and Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs).Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2004‐09. Revised in 2017‐09 相似文献18.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):461-469
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Betula is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Betula plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2017‐09. 相似文献19.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):470-478
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Populus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Populus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2017‐09. 相似文献20.
《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(3):376-386
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus and Castanea is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus and Castanea plants, and plant products moving in international trade, to prevent the introduction and spread of regulated pests. Certain of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations are derived:- ? from the EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists)
- ? from the former EPPO standard PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures) (which was withdrawn in 2006 by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations)
- ? from Pest Risk Analysis
- ? from the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations
- ? from the ISPM n°15 ‘Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade’.