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1.
The lipid profile of nuts from Ximenia caffra and Ricinodendron rautanenii was determined and compared. Although the total oil content of X. caffra and R. rautanenii nuts was similar (47.6 ± 7.5% versus 53.3 ± 13.7%), the fatty acid profiles differed significantly. X. caffra had a higher content (p < 0.05) of saturated fatty acids than R. rautanenii (20.19 ± 1.07% versus 13.87 ± 3.68%) and contained C22:0 and C24:0 which were lacking in R. rautanenii. Total monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in X. caffra than R. rautanenii (71.48 ± 0.99% versus 36.66 ± 1.95%). Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in X. caffra whereas erucic acid (C22:1n9), the major MUFA in R. rautanenii, was undetectable in X. caffra. R. rautanenii had a greater polyunsaturated fatty acid content than X. caffra which contained C18:3n3 (α-linolenic acid) and nervonic acid (24:1n9). X. caffra is potentially an important source of essential fatty acids.  相似文献   

2.
Transmission electron microscopy of sections of oat (Avena sativa L.) grain suggested that the highest concentrations oil bodies were in the aleurone and germ rather than the starchy endosperm. Oil bodies recovered from homogenized tissues by centrifugation and washed in (9 M) urea were significantly (P<0.05) enriched in lipid (93.3±1.4% dry wt) and low in protein (1.4±0.2%) compared with unwashed (40.2±1.9% lipid; 23.0±1.8% protein), water-washed (78.6±1.2% lipid; 7.8±0.5% protein), and salt-washed (1 M NaCl) oil bodies (89.9±0.4% lipid; 5.1±0.4% protein). Washing significantly reduced (P<0.05) the total phenolic content of the oil bodies but significantly increased concentrations of E-vitamers, on a dry weight basis, suggesting an intrinsic association between the E-vitamers and oat oil bodies. The profile of E-vitamers in the oil bodies reflected that in oat grain with α-tocotrienol accounting for ca. 66% of the total E-vitamers. These E-vitamers may provide oxidative stability to the membrane and/or oil of oat oil bodies  相似文献   

3.
Changes in fatty acids were studied during maturation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits cultivated in the North-East of Tunisia (Charfine). The fruits matured in 55 days after flowering (DAF). Oil and petroselinic acid synthesis proceeded at a steady rate up to 32 DAF. The first results showed a rapid oil accumulation started at newly formed fruits (9.6 ± 0.2%) and continued until their full maturity (26.4 ± 0.5%). During fruit maturation, fatty acid profiles varied significantly among the nine stages of maturity. At the 32th DAF, palmitoleic, gadoleic, erucic and docosahexenoic acids were not detected and petroselinic acid had a highest amount (84.8 ± 4.5%). Fruits development resulted mainly in an increase of petroselinic acid and a decrease of palmitic acid (C16:0). At full maturity, the main fatty acids were petroselinic acid (80.9 ± 5.7%), followed by linoleic (13.6 ± 2.9%), palmitic (3.6 ± 0.1%) and stearic (0.7 ± 0.1%) acids. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly and monounsaturated fatty acids increased during maturation of coriander fruit. Coriander fruits at the first four stages of maturity have a healthy nutritional value and the last five stages were with important economic and industrial applications. Results of this study indicate that the variation in the fatty acid composition of coriander fruit during maturation may be useful in understanding the source of nutritionally and industrially important fatty acids in this fruit. Coriander fruit is potentially an important source of petroselinic acid which has numerous industrial applications.  相似文献   

4.
Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is increasingly cultivated for medicinal use of the γ-linolenic acid rich oil. The seed cake (EPSC) – the remaining industrial residue from cold pressing – was extracted with polar solvents in order to investigate a profitable polyphenolic recovery. The extractable matter and the total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu) have been compared to a black currant residue from juice production (Ribes nigrum) and seed cakes from sesame, woad (Isatis tinctoria) and burdock (Arctium lappa). The EPSC crude extracts yielded the high total phenolic content (min 228.2 ± 11.6 to max 696.4 ± 29.0 mg GAE g−1 dry extract) within the range of already commercialized antioxidant extracts from rosemary (RO, 142.1 ± 1.9 mg g−1), green tea (GT, 446.8 ± 27.4 mg g−1) and grape seed (GS 790.0 ± 53.1 mg g−1). All extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) with the order of potency: EPSC > GS > GT ≫ burdock = black currant > RO > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) ≫ woad > sesame. Accordingly EPSC extracts where very effective in scavenging superoxide anion radicals (neotetrazolium assay: GS > EPSC > GT ≫ BHT > burdock > woad > sesame) and inhibition of lipid oxidation (Rancimat assay: BHT ≫ GT > EPSC ≫ burdock > woad > RO > sesame > GS). Decreasing Rancimat activity from 80 °C upwards might indicate heat sensitiveness and limited usability. However, an efficient exploitation of polyphenols from evening primrose seed cakes in terms of an uncomplicated extraction procedure, the yield and the competitive profile as a strong radical scavenger can be concluded.  相似文献   

5.
The compositions of essential oils of 19 accessions belonging to six different Achillea species, transferred from the natural habitats in 10 provinces of Iran to the field conditions, were assessed. The relationship between the leaf areas of selected accessions with their essential oil content was also investigated. Essential oil yield of dried plants obtained by hydro-distillation ranged from 0.1 to 2.7% in leaves. Results indicated a significant variation in oil composition among and within species. Total of 94 compounds were identified in 19 accessions belonging to the six species of A. millefolium, A. filipendulina, A. tenuifolia, A. santolina, A. biebersteinii and A. eriophora. The major constituents of the leaves in the tested genotypes were determined as germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene, camphor, borneol, 1,8-cineole, spathulenol and bornyl acetate. According to the major compounds, four chemotypes were defined as: (I) spathulenol (1.64–34.31%) + camphor (0.2–15.61%) (7 accessions); (II1) germacrene-D (18.78–23.93%) + borneol (7.93–8.26%) + bornyl acetate (11.56–14.66%) (5 accessions); (II2) germacrene-D (13.28–36.28%) + bicyclogermacrene (5.93–8.4%) + 1,8-cineole (15.26–19.41%) + camphor (14.95–23.32%) (2 accessions); (III) borneol + camphor (52.04–63.27) (2 accessions); (IV) germacrene-D (45.86–69.64%) (3 accessions). The relationships of chemotypes with soil type and climatic conditions of collected regions were assessed, as probable reasons of high variations in essential oil components, and discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Natural essential oils extracted from aromatic crops through steam distillation are extensively used in fragrance, flavour and pharmaceutical industries and in aromatherapy. During steam distillation, a part of the essential oil becomes dissolved in condensate or distillation water and is lost as this water is discarded. A method was developed to recover the dissolved essential oil from condensate water. Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk., family: Poaceae), an important aromatic grass was used as the test crop. The distillation water of palmarosa mixed with hexane in 10:1 proportion was thoroughly shaken for 30 min to trap the dissolved essential oil. Hexane was then distilled to yield ‘secondary’ or ‘recovered’ oil. In palmarosa, the ‘primary’ or ‘decanted’ oil (obtained directly by distilling the crop biomass) accounted for 92% and the recovered oil accounted for 8% of the total oil yield. The solvent loss in this process was 4–7%. Experiments conducted in the laboratory with the essential oil showed that the water solubility of palmarosa oil ranged from 0.12 to 0.15% at 31 °C and 0.15 to 0.20% at 80 °C. Hexane recovered up to 97% of the dissolved essential oil in water. The recovered essential oil was richer in organoleptically important oxygenated compounds linalool (2.6–3.8%), geraniol (91.8–92.8%) and geranial (1.8–2.0%) compared to the primary oil.  相似文献   

7.
Studies were conducted on the properties of seeds and oil extracted from Maclura pomifera seeds. The following values (on a dry-weight basis) were obtained for M. pomifera seed, respectively: moisture 5.88%, ash 6.72%, oil 32.75% and the high protein content 33.89%. The carbohydrate content (20.76%) can be regarded as a source of energy for animals if included in their diets. The major nutrients (mg/100 g oil) were: potassium (421.65), calcium (218.56) and magnesium (185.00). The physicochemical properties of the oil include: the saponification number 174.57; the iodine value 141.43; the p-anisidine value 1.86; the peroxide value 2.33 meq O2/kg; the acid value 0.66; the carotenoid content 0.59 mg/100 g oil; the chlorophyll content 0.02 (mg/100 g oil) and the refractive index 1.45. Polymorphic changes were observed in thermal properties of M. pomifera seed oil. This showed absorbency in the UV-B and UV-C ranges with a potential for use as a broad spectrum UV protectant. The main fatty acids of the crude oil were linoleic (76.19%), oleic (13.87%), stearic (6.76%) and palmitic acid (2.40%). The polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) LLL, PLL, POL + SLL, OLL, OOL (L: linoleic acid, O: oleic, P: palmitic acid and S: stearic acid) acids were the major TAGs found in M. pomifera seed oil. A relatively high level of sterols making up 852.93 mg/100 g seed oil was present. The sterol marker, β-sitosterol, accounted for 81% of the total sterol content in the seed oil and is followed by campesterol (7.4%), stigmasterol (4.2%), lupeol (4.1%) and Δ5-avenesterol (3.2%). The seed oil was rich in tocopherols with the following composition (mg/100 g): α-tocopherol 18.92; γ-tocopherol 10.80; β-tocopherol 6.02 and δ-tocopherol 6.29. The results showed that M. pomifera seed oil could be used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food products.  相似文献   

8.
The color (L*, a*, b* parameters), the total phenols content and the global chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash) of four fresh varieties of olive leaves (Chemlali, Chemchali, Zarrazi and Chetoui) were determined. Fresh olive leaves are characterized by a green color (greenness parameter, a*, varying from ?5.01 ± 0.26 to ?9.14 ± 1.21), an intermediate moisture content (0.85 to 1.00 g/g dry matter, i.e. 46 to 50 g/100 g fresh matter) and a variable amount of total phenols according to the olive leaf variety (from ≈2.32 to ≈1.40 g caffeic acid/100 g dry matter).Fresh leaves were submitted to blanching and/or infrared drying at 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C in order to be stabilized by reducing their moisture contents. The impact of IR drying temperature on some quality attributes (color, total phenols and moisture rate removal) was evaluated. Nevertheless, the effect of prior blanching treatment on the quality attributes of dried leaves is less significant and it depends on the olive leaf variety. The infrared drying induces a considerable moisture removal from the fresh leaves (more than 85%) and short drying durations (varying from ≈162 at 40 °C to 15 min at 70 °C). IR drying temperature showed a significant effect of on total phenols content and the color of the leaves whatever the leaf variety. In fact, total phenols content of dried olive leaves increased if compared to fresh ones. For example, total phenols of Chemlali leaves increased from 1.38 ± 0.02 (fresh leaves) to 2.13 ± 0.29 (dried at 40 °C) and to 5.14 ± 0.60 g caffeic acid/100 g dry matter (dried at 70 °C). IR drying allows preserving the greenness color of fresh leaves and enhancing their luminosity. It could be suggested for preserving olives leaves before their use in food or cosmetic applications.  相似文献   

9.
The feasibility of producing biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil was studied. A methyl ester biodiesel was prepared from refined I. polycarpa fruit oil using methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) in an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process. The experimental variables investigated in this study were catalyst concentration (0.5–2.0 wt.% of oil), methanol/oil molar ratio (4.5:1 to 6.5:1), temperature (20–60 °C) and reaction time (20–60 min). A maximum yield of over 99% of methyl esters in I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel was achieved using a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 1.0% KOH (% oil) and reaction time for 40 min at 30 °C. The properties of I. polycarpa fruit oil methyl esters produced under optimum conditions were also analyzed for specifications for biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines according to China Biofuel Systems Standards. The fuel properties of the I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel obtained are similar to the No. 0 light diesel fuel and most of the parameters comply with the limits established by specifications for biodiesel.  相似文献   

10.
Structure and health effects of inulin-type fructans have been extensively studied, while less is known about the properties of the graminan-type fructans in wheat. Arabinoxylan (AX) is another important indigestible component in cereal grains, which may have beneficial health effects. In this study, the fructan content in milling fractions of two wheat cultivars was determined and related to ash, dietary fibre and AX contents. The molecular weight distribution of the fructans was analysed with HPAEC-PAD and MALDI-TOF MS using 1H NMR and enzymatic hydrolysis for identification of fructans. The fructan content (g/100 g) ranged from 1.5 ± 0.2 in flour to 3.6 ± 0.5 in shorts and 3.7 ± 0.3 in bran. A correlation was found between fructan content and dietary fibre content (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), but with a smaller variation in fructan content between inner and outer parts of the grain. About 50% of the dietary fibre consisted of AX in all fractions. The fructans were found to have a DP of up to 19 with a similar molecular weight distribution in the different fractions.  相似文献   

11.
Within the past decade, the desire for alternative sources of fuels, chemicals, and other industrial materials has received increased attention. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil has the potential to be improved for nutritional and industrial purposes through selection and breeding. The narrow genetic base of cultivated sunflower has been broadened by the infusion of genes from wild species, resulting in a continuous improvement in agronomic traits. The genus Helianthus is comprised of 51 species and 19 subspecies with 14 annual and 37 perennial species. Interest in using wild species in breeding programs has increased, but concerns about the introduction of low oil concentration and quality from the wild species persist. Two annual desert species, Helianthus anomalus Blake and H. deserticola Heiser, are excellent candidates for increasing oil concentration and enhancing quality based on their adaptation to desert environments. The objective of this study was to collect achenes of H. anomalus and H. deserticola from the desert southwest USA and assess their potential for improving oil concentration and quality in cultivated sunflower. The sunflower collection took place from 16 to 23 September 2000 and covered a distance of 4100 km in three states: Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. The only H. deserticola population collected had an average oil concentration of 330 g/kg, whereas the two populations of H. anomalus had an oil concentration of 430 and 460 g/kg, the highest concentration recorded in any wild sunflower species. The linoleic fatty acid concentration in the oil of H. anomalus populations was uncharacteristically high for a desert environment, approaching 700 g/kg. A linoleic acid concentration of 540 g/kg in H. deserticola was more typical for a desert environment. H. anomalus has the largest achenes and the highest oil concentration of any wild sunflower species, and the same chromosome number (n = 17) as cultivated sunflower. These features will facilitate the introduction of genes from this wild annual progenitor into cultivated sunflower. The lower saturated fatty acid profile in this species is also a desirable trait offering the potential to reduce saturated fatty acids in cultivated sunflower. Further research will be needed to determine the inheritance of the fatty acids and oil concentration. Other agronomic traits will need to be maintained during the introgression of these traits into cultivated sunflower oil.  相似文献   

12.
An efficient and economical oil expression system that can operate on solar power in rural areas of underdeveloped and developing countries is needed. Recent improvements in both oil extraction and solar energy technologies have indicated the possibilities for fabricating oil extraction equipment. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a simple oil expression unit capable of producing high quality oil based on solar energy in remote rural areas. A photovoltaic (PV), batch operated, low-pressure oil press, using a 190 W, 12 V dc motor, was designed, fabricated, and tested using coconut and groundnut as the raw material. Samples used in the study were ground to particle size between 500 μm and 2 mm and were pressed at 12 ± 1% moisture content. The press was evaluated based on the oil extraction efficiency (OEE), power consumption, and oil quality. The press had an average OEE of 73% for coconuts and 70% for groundnuts after 12 min of pressing. The oil expression efficiency was characterized by three main stages namely delayed, rapid, and retarded. The power consumption was affected greatly by the pressing time, with power consumption increasing with an increase in the pressing time. The specific energy consumption was found to increase significantly after 8 min of pressing and correlated with the compaction of the cake, which resulted in more power being required to express the entrapped oil. The expressed oil was fresh, free from foots, and of high quality with an average moisture content of 0.015% for coconut oil and 0.019% for groundnut. Analyses showed that the viscosities were 42.1 MPa s (coconut oil) and 59.1 MPa s (groundnut oil), at 25 °C. Overall, the press performed well and was comparable in performance to other types of presses.  相似文献   

13.
The essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the most valuable and important base material in the flavor and fragrance industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of harvest date, fermentation duration and Tween 20 treatment on the essential oil content and composition of the rose petals. The essential oil content and composition were significantly different in the petals harvested at various dates (May 24, June 1, 8, and 15, 2002). The highest oil content was found on May 24 harvest (0.040%), and then a gradual decrease was observed up to last harvest date (0.032%). The highest percentages of geraniol, nerol, and phenylethyl alcohol were obtained from the petals harvested on May 24. However, the highest percentages of citronellol and linalool were found from the petals harvested on June 8. The petals collected freshly were fermented for various duration (0, 12, 24, and 36 h) at 25 °C in sacks. The highest essential oil content was found in the non-fermented petals. As fermentation duration increased, essential oil content gradually decreased. The most significant changes during the fermentation were observed in citronellol and geraniol contents. Citronellol/geraniol (C/G) ratio increased from 0.57 to 10.31 throughout the fermentation. In the other experiment, Tween 20 was added into the distillation water at various concentrations (0, 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm). Although Tween 20 generally raised the contents of essential oil, it did not significantly influence the oil composition. The highest oil content (0.045%) was obtained from the distillation treated with 2500 ppm of Tween 20. Oil content had high positive correlations with geraniol and linalool contents (r=0.55 and 0.53, respectively), but high negative correlation with citronellol content (r=−0.48).  相似文献   

14.
This study identified the role of milling and parboiling on arsenic (As) content and its species in large numbers of rice samples. Total As contents were 108 ± 33 μg/kg in polished rice grains (PR), 159 ± 46 μg/kg in unpolished rice grains (UR), 145 ± 42 μg/kg in parboiled polished rice grains (PPR) and 145 ± 44 μg/kg in parboiled unpolished rice grains (PUR). The percentages of inorganic As (iAs) were 66% ± 8% in PR and from 72% to 77% in other grain categories. The polishing process reduced the As content in the rice grains, removing outer part of the UR with high amount of As, whereas the parboiling technique transferred the semimetal content within the grain. Total As and iAs contents were not significantly different in UR, PPR and PUR, homogenizing its distribution inside the grains. The results allowed to understand how different operations affect As fate and its chemical forms in grains.  相似文献   

15.
Whole lesquerella seeds with 6% (as is) and 12% moisture content (MC) were extruded at different residence times by varying screw speeds and feed rates. The temperature of the extrudate was recorded and its MC was determined. The extent of seed cooking was evaluated by measuring the protein solubility and thioglucosidase (TGSase) activity in the extrudate. Uncooked whole seeds (UWS), whole seeds cooked in seed cooker (CWS), and extrusion-cooked seeds (ECS) were screw pressed and the crude oils were analyzed for foots, free fatty acid (FFA), phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. The screw speed and feed rates employed resulted in residence times ranging from 22 to 110 s. The corresponding exit temperatures of the extrudates ranged from 88 to143 °C. Seeds with 6% initial MC dried to 4.3% at extrudate temperatures ≤125 °C regardless of residence time, while seeds with 12% initial MC came out at 7–9% MC, Extruding seeds with 6 and 12% starting MC for 34 and 41 s, respectively, provided the same degree of cooking as that of 12% MC CWS. All CWS and ECS tested negative for TGSase activity. ECS with 6% initial MC generated much higher foots (6.4–9.4%) in the oil compared with that of the 12% MC ECS (1–1.7%). The crude oils from CWS had the lowest FFA content at 1.25%. Crude oils from UWS and ECS had FFA ranging from 1.4–2.8%. The crude oil from 12% MC CWS had 374 ppm sulfur which was 3–8× higher than what were found in crude oils from 6% MC CWS and ECS. The highest P (23 ppm), Ca (14 ppm), and Mg (6 ppm) levels in the crude oil were from 12% MC CWS, which were comparable to total degummed oils. An 81% oil recovery from 6% MC ECS (22 s residence time) was obtained at 19 rpm expeller screw speed. Increasing the expeller's screw speed from 19 to 37 rpm decreased the oil recovery by 0.2%/rpm, increased the throughput by 3.3 kg/rpm from 70 to 130 kg/h, and reduced the press load from 91 to 67%.  相似文献   

16.
Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aiton, line PSR23) is a new crop being developed in the North Central United States, as an industrial oilseed crop. Cuphea PSR23 seed oil is rich in medium-chain-length fatty acids such as capric acid used to manufacture soaps and detergents. The objective of this research was to determine the time when physiological maturity of cuphea seed is reached and how seed development affects seed moisture, weight, oil content, fatty acid content, germination, and seedling vigor. To evaluate seed development, 2000 cuphea flowers were tagged at anthesis in the field at Prosper, North Dakota in 2004 and 2005. Each flower was tagged when open and the position on the main stem or branch was recorded. Two hundred capsules from the tagged flowers were harvested at 3- to 4-d intervals from 5- to 48-d post anthesis (DPA). Seed weight increased as a function of growing degree days (GDD) and the days from anthesis. Physiological maturity occurred when maximum dry seed weight was attained. Seed weight increases followed the Gompertz function with a R2 = 0.90 (2004) and R2 = 0.95 (2005). All capsules, regardless of their position on the stem, followed the same growth function for seed weight. The maximum dry seed weight estimated by the Gompertz function was 3.61 for 2004 and 3.58 mg seed−1 for 2005. Physiological maturity estimated with a quadratic function occurred at 38 DPA or 270 GDD in 2004. In 2005, physiological maturity occurred at 26 DPA or 265 GDD. As a visual indicator when the capsules split-open seeds inside that capsule are physiologically mature. Seed moisture decreased from 900 g kg−1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 450 g kg−1 at 319 GDD post anthesis in 2004; however, in 2005 seed moisture decreased from 850 to 81 g kg−1 at 293 GDD post anthesis. Seed germination increased as seed developed and it was 83% when harvested 234 GDD post anthesis. Oil content increased from 98 g kg−1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 279 g kg−1 319 GDD post anthesis. Fatty acid composition varied throughout seed development. Seed development for 111 GDD and greater had more than 66% of capric acid (10:0). Cuphea should be harvested after 265 GDD post anthesis when most capsules on the main stem are split-open, have attained maximum seed weight, germination, seedling vigor, and oil content.  相似文献   

17.
This study is the small part of the big project related to the metallic contamination in foodstuff. The work presented here allowed determination the level of iron, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in bread samples obtained from 20 bakeries in Ankara and Samsun, Turkey. The atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was used to determine these metals. The mean values of iron, copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium levels were found as 19·2±8·1 mg/kg-dry weight (dw), 2·1±1·0 μg/kg-dw, 10·0±3·0 μg/kg-dw, 86·8±176·0 μg/kg-dw, and 12·2±6·1 μg/kg-dw, respectively. No significant differences were found in copper and lead levels of samples obtained from bakeries in general, and in copper and cadmium levels of the samples from different provinces (P>0·05), while they were considered significant in iron, zinc, and cadmium levels of samples in general, and in iron, zinc and lead levels of samples from different provinces (P<0·05).  相似文献   

18.
Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic-antibacterial herb that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fevers and checks bleeding, and of which the secondary compound of interest is artemisinin. The objective of the present study was to determine yield, yield components and artemisinin content of A. annua L. grown under four nitrogen applications (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha−1) in the Çukurova region of Turkey in 2004 and 2005. Field trials were conducted at Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty Field Crops Department. In the study, plant height, number of branches, fresh herbage yield, dry herbage yield, fresh leaf yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and artemisinin content (by high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) were examined. By analysis of variance, nitrogen doses had no any statistical effect on the traits investigated except for artemisinin content. Artemisinin content of the dried leaves were significantly affected by nitrogen applications, which varied from 6.32 to 27.50 mg 100 g−1. Contents were from 120 and 80 kg ha−1 nitrogen for the years of 2004 and 2005, respectively.  相似文献   

19.
《Field Crops Research》2006,99(1):67-74
An inverse relationship between soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed protein and oil concentration is well documented in the literature. A negative correlation between protein and yield is also often reported. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high rates of N applied at planting on seed protein and oil. Nitrogen was surface-applied at soybean emergence at rates of 290 kg ha−1 in 2002, 310 kg ha−1 in 2003, and 360 kg ha−1 in 2004. Eight cultivars ranging from Maturity Group II–IV were evaluated under the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS). However, not all cultivars were evaluated in all 3 years. Glyphosate herbicide was used in all 3 years and a non-glyphosate herbicide treatment was applied in 2002. Cultivars grown in 2003 were also evaluated under an application of 21.3 kg ha−1 of Mn. All cultivar, herbicide, and Mn treatments were evaluated in irrigated and non-irrigated environments with fertilizer N (PlusN treatment) or without fertilizer N (ZeroN treatment). When analyzed over all management practices (years, cultivars, herbicide, and Mn treatments), the PlusN treatment resulted in a significant decrease in protein concentration (2.7 and 1.9%), an increase in oil concentration (2.2 and 2.7%), and a decrease in the protein/oil ratio (4.7 and 4.6%) for the irrigated and non-irrigated environments, respectively. However, the overall protein and oil yield increased with the application of fertilizer N at planting (protein: 5.0% irrigated, 12.7% non-irrigated and oil: 9.9% irrigated and 18.9% non-irrigated). These increases were due to the increase in seed yield with the application of large amounts of fertilizer at planting. Additionally, a significant correlation (r = 0.45, P = 0.0001) was found between seed protein concentration and seed yield. No significant correlation was found between seed oil concentration and seed yield. The data demonstrate the inverse relationship between protein and oil and indicate that large amounts of N applied at planting do not change this relationship.  相似文献   

20.
Lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri) is a potential alternative crop that is being studied for commercial oilseed production. Understanding the minimum temperatures for germination and seedling growth is important for determining potential areas for lesquerella production. The objectives of this study were to determine the cardinal temperatures for germination and seedling growth, and to screen ecotypes for germination and growth characteristics. A temperature gradient table arrangement was used to observe seed germination over a range of temperatures, and time to germination and shoot appearance. Times to 5 mm root length and 5 mm shoot length were also measured to assess cardinal temperatures for seedling survival and growth. Two different species were examined, L. fendleri and a species we refer to as ‘L. pallida aff.’ because it differed from typical L. pallida plants in chromosome number and in oil quality. We concluded that both germination and growth of L. pallida aff. occurred fastest at 22 °C, whereas L. fendleri germinated earlier at 18 °C, but grew faster at 22 °C. L. pallida aff. also had lower germination than L. fendleri over the range studied. Non-dormant seeds of improved lines of L. fendleri had better performance at temperatures above 22 °C than did unimproved accessions. Lines of L. fendleri selected for high oil content and salt tolerance had similar temperature requirements for germination except for improved line WCL-LO3, the current line being used in production. This line had optimal temperatures 6 °C higher for germination and growth than the other improved lines. Accessions of L. fendleri collected from elevations above 2000 m performed better at warmer temperatures, whereas those collected from elevations below 2000 m tended to perform better at cooler temperatures. Dormant seeds of L. fendleri germinated more quickly at low temperatures and had lower base (<3 °C) and optimal (22 °C) temperatures than non-dormant seeds (>7 °C and 28 °C, respectively). We speculate that this partial dormancy trait allows populations of L. fendleri to exploit a wider range of temperature conditions in the wild in order to thrive in extreme environments.  相似文献   

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