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随着畜牧生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高，畜禽排泄物对环境的污染已受到普遍重视。本文从六方面系统综述了通过日粮调控减少猪排泄物中氨与硫化氢产生与散发量的潜力，其中包括①添加合成氨基酸以降低饲粮蛋白水平；②增加饲粮中非淀粉多糖含量；③改变饲粮组分以降低排泄物的pH值；④调控消化道微生物；⑤添加非营养性添加剂；⑥选用含硫量较低的饲料原料。 相似文献
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《养猪》2021,(3)
为研究复方营养调控剂对猪生长性能及猪舍氨气和硫化氢浓度的影响,试验选取健康、日龄相近、体重30kg左右的杜长大三元杂种猪200头,随机分为对照组、复方营养调控剂组。试验期17d。第1天至第3天两组均饲喂基础饲粮,从第4天起对照组饲喂基础饲粮,复方营养调控剂组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.2%复方营养调控剂的饲粮。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂14d后,复方营养调控剂组猪舍的氨气(NH_3)浓度下降55.88%,硫化氢(H_2S)浓度下降46.47%,对仔猪生长性能无显著影响。说明在仔猪饲粮中添加0.2%的复方营养调控剂能够减少猪舍中氨气和硫化氢的排放,且不影响仔猪的生长性能。 相似文献
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通过日粮调控减少猪排泄物中氨与硫化氢的产生与散发量 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着畜牧生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高，畜禽排泄物对环境的污染已受到普遍重视。本文从六方面系统综述了通过日粮调控减少猪排泄物中氨与硫化氢产生与散发量的潜力，其中包括：（1）添加合成氨基酸以降低饲粮蛋白水平；（2）增加饲粮中非淀粉多糖含量；（3）改变饲粮组分以降低排泄物的pH值；（4）调控消化道微生物；（5）添加非营养性添加剂；（6）选用含硫量较低的饲料原料。 相似文献
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最近10年来,欧洲大部分国家养猪业都有所增加,氨气的大量排放造成了环境污染。猪舍氨的排放可从以下几方面控制：1）减少粪尿混合物中的尿素和氨的浓度。2）降低粪尿混合物的温度。3）减小发散面积。4）降低粪尿混合物的pH。猪舍建筑设计与营养调控结合减少氨的排放量是目前较为有效的方法。降低饲粮中蛋白质的含量、加入非淀粉多聚糖和加入酸化后的盐代替碳酸钙,是当前在营养调控方面减少氨排放的主要方法。 相似文献
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高纤维日粮在动物产生饱腹感上的价值早已得到认可。然而在仔猪生长期和哺乳期等营养需求高的阶段,添加纤维会降低营养浓度,抑制动物生长。日粮纤维可以改善肠道微生物菌群,减少抗生素需求和氮排放,从而降低猪生产的环保成本。阐述了饲喂高纤维日粮对猪各阶段生产性能的影响,重点是评估日粮纤维在提高猪繁殖性能上的作用以及可能的影响机制。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究饲粮中减少铁、锰、锌、镁和铜5种矿物元素添加量对育肥猪后期生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标以及骨骼肌矿物元素含量的影响。选用体况良好、体重接近[(76.17±1.58)kg]的"杜×长×大"三元杂交育肥猪300头,随机分成3个组,每组10个重复,每个重复10头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮基础上减少30%或60%矿物元素的饲粮。预试期3 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮减少30%和60%矿物元素对育肥猪的生长性能和肉品质无显著影响(P0.05);2)饲粮减少30%和60%矿物元素,育肥猪血清氨含量显著升高(P0.05);减少60%矿物元素显著降低血清中总胆固醇的含量(P0.05),同时有降低血清总蛋白含量的趋势(P0.10);3)饲粮减少30%矿物元素对育肥猪骨骼肌中各矿物元素含量并无显著影响(P0.05),而减少60%矿物元素使得骨骼肌铜、铁和锰元素含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此得知,育肥猪饲粮中铁、锰、锌、镁和铜元素的含量可减少NRC(2012)推荐量的30%,而不会影响育肥猪后期的生长性能和肉品质。 相似文献
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猪饲粮颗粒大小的研究(综述) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
减小饲粮颗粒能增大谷物的表面积,从而使其充分地与消化酶接触并加剧了它们的反应,而且也使生产过程中拌料和混合处理更加均匀。但是,饲料过细又会增加饲料生产过程中的能量成本,并可能使饲料结块,产生更多粉尘以及增加猪胃溃疡的发生。诸多研究表明,饲粮颗粒大小及其一致性对猪生产性能有较大影响,而且,在猪不同生理阶段适宜的饲粮颗粒大小不同,饲粮中不同原料的适宜颗粒大小也不同。现就饲粮颗粒大小对猪生产性能的影响研究作一综述。1饲粮颗粒大小对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响减小饲粮颗粒能改善生长猪生长性能,提高饲粮消化率,但饲粮中不… 相似文献
9.
精氨酸是目前发现的动物细胞内功能最多的氨基酸,几乎哺乳动物机体中所有组织均利用L-Arg合成细胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,L-Arg在细胞分裂、伤口复原、蛋白质合成和分泌激素等生理过程起着重要的作用。精氨酸作为必需氨基酸,在怀孕母猪和幼龄仔猪及猪在病理状况下,内源合成不能满足其需要。根据传统的营养标准(NRC1998)配制的日粮,精氨酸不能满足猪的需求,额外添加精氨酸可提高猪的生产性能。由于精氨酸与赖氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸的吸收存在拮抗效应及价格昂贵,限制了精氨酸的使用。精氨酸生素可激活从谷氨酰胺和脯氨酸生成精氨酸的生化过程,促进精氨酸的内源生成。日粮添加精氨酸或者精氨酸生素,均有助于提高妊娠母猪的产活仔数及出生窝重、提高哺乳仔猪的增重及减少断奶应激。文中就精氨酸的代谢、调控及精氨酸和精氨酸生素在猪营养中的应用,特别是精氨酸与胚胎发育、新生动物蛋白合成和生长、仔猪肠道健康和疾病感染调控等方面的研究成果作一综述。 相似文献
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营养与猪肉品质(综述) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1前言除了遗传,多种营养素、饲养水平、屠宰前处理等影响猪肉品质。本文对近年来有关报道进行综述。2饲粮脂肪成分和水平体脂肪来源于猪内源脂肪和饲粮脂肪两方面,饲粮脂肪可直接沉积为体脂,体脂肪成分在一定程度上反映了饲粮脂肪的成分。因此,确保体脂肪成分在可接受范围内前提下,可通过选择饲粮脂肪来调控体脂肪成分。限制能量摄入减少了内源脂肪的合成,使沉积体脂中源于内源的比例减少、源于饲粮的比例增加。从饲粮中吸收的脂肪酸,特别是多元不饱和脂肪酸,能特异性抑制内源脂肪酸的合成,增加饲粮脂肪成分对体脂成分的影响。饲粮脂肪往往… 相似文献
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In different parts of Europe animal production is highly concentrated. Pig production generally is the main animal production activity in these areas. Main concerns of these large numbers of pigs are the amount of surplus nutrients in excreta and gaseous losses to the environment. Main nutrients of concern are N, P, and heavy metals and main gaseous losses of concern are ammonia, odour, and methane. Although losses are inevitable to a certain extent, nutrition seems to be a key factor in reducing these losses. Main nutritional strategies to reduce N and P excretions from pigs are: phase feeding (N, P), supplementation of limiting amino acids to the diet (N), and addition of phytase to the diet (P). Nutritional strategies to reduce heavy metals excretions from pigs are: finding alternative, natural, growth promoters that could replace Cu and Zn in the diet; using feedstuffs for the diet that are less contaminated with Cd. Main strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are: 1) lowering crude protein intake in combination with addition of limiting amino acids; 2) Shifting nitrogen excretion from urine to faeces by including fermentable carbohydrates in the diet; 3) lowering pH of urine by adding acidifying salts to the diet; 4) lowering the pH of faeces by inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates in the diet. These strategies proved to be independent from each other and effects are additive. By combining these strategies a total reduction of ammonia emission in growing-finishing pigs of 70% could be reached. Strategies to reduce odour emission are: 1) reducing protein fermentation by balancing available protein and fermentable carbohydrates in the large intestine; 2) Minimizing breakdown of absorbed sulphur amino acids. More studies are needed in this area of research, but results until now are very promising. A clear relationship exists between fermentable carbohydrates in the diet and methane emissions. This disadvantage should be considered when tackling ammonia emission by this strategy. It is concluded that there is a large potential to reduce environmental load within pig dense areas by nutritional means. 相似文献
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微生态制剂对猪舍氨气去除效果评价及对猪生长性能影响的研究 《畜牧与饲料科学》2019,40(12):58-60
旨在探讨微生态制剂对猪舍氨气的去除效果及其对猪生长性能的影响。在选取1栋猪舍(NO.1)开展验证试验的基础上,另选用1栋猪舍(NO.2)的育肥猪作为试验组,猪只基础日粮中添加5‰的益唯康和2.5%的瑞尔康,同时,采用喷洒和泼洒的方式,利用瑞尔加喷洒液对猪只体表和猪舍内各区域进行除臭,试验周期60 d;对照组猪舍(NO.3)中的育肥猪饲喂基础日粮,猪粪及猪舍内区域不用除臭剂进行处理,试验周期60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验第3天试验组猪舍的氨气浓度降至5.6 mg/kg,去除率达到70.05%;试验期间试验组猪只的平均日增重提高了23.79%,日耗料量增加了4.45%,存活率高于对照组2个百分点,但料肉比降低了15.83%。综上提示,饲喂和喷洒微生态制剂能够有效去除猪舍氨气,并能提高猪的生长性能。 相似文献
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本研究以杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪为对象,探讨载铜硅酸盐纳米微粒(CSN)对生长猪的生长性能、粪便菌群、舍内氨气浓度的影响。选择体重32kg左右杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪360头,随机平均饲养于2个畜舍,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.3%CSN。结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,平均日增重提高12.07%(P<0.05),饲料增重比降低10.97%(P<0.05);试验组早、中、晚氨气浓度比对照组分别降低了20.08%、23.10%、21.19%(P<0.01);试验组粪便中沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的数量显著降低,分别比对照组降低了5.96%、7.99%(P<0.05)。 相似文献
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Akemi YAMAMOTO Eiichi UMEMOTO Minoru ITOH Masatoshi MATSUI Nobuo FUJIMURA Shu FURUYA 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(6):505-508
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing a reduced crude protein (CP) diet with apple pomace on the ammonia emissions from growing pig rooms. Four pigs (45 kg BW) each were assigned to one of two diets. Each group was housed in a separate room and fed a standard diet (CP 16.6%) or a low CP, amino acid‐supplemented diet (CP 9.1%) containing 23.1% of dried apple pomace for two 7‐day experimental periods. After the completion of the first period, the pigs were switched to the other diet. The daily ammonia emissions, measured for 3 days after a 4‐day adaptation period, were much lower for pigs fed the apple pomace‐supplemented diet than for pigs fed the standard diet (0.47 g/pig vs 7.30 g/pig, respectively). The daily nitrogen intake for the standard diet and the apple pomace‐supplemented diet was 58.1 and 35.5 g/pig, respectively. The pigs fed the apple pomace‐supplemented diet excreted more fecal nitrogen than pigs fed the standard diet (17.5 g/day vs 11.0 g/day, respectively), but urinary nitrogen excretion with the apple pomace‐supplemented diet was estimated to be 2.9 g/day, which was much lower than that for the standard diet (27.0 g/day). The addition of apple pomace to a reduced CP, amino acid‐supplemented diet reduces urinary nitrogen excretion and thereby ammonia emission. 相似文献
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Supplementation of protease,alone and in combination with fructooligosaccharide to low protein diet for finishing pigs 
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下载免费PDF全文 Effects of adding protease with or without fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal noxious gas emission were evaluated in 160 finishing pigs (57.70 ± 1.16 kg) in a 9‐week study. Pigs were randomly divided into four dietary treatments, PC: positive control diet (15.97% crude protein (CP)); NC: negative control diet (12.94% CP); PRO: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease; PROFOS: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease and 0.1% FOS. During weeks 4–9 and weeks 0–9, gain : feed ratio was impaired (P < 0.05) in pigs fed NC diet compared with those fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets. Pigs fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets had higher (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP than pigs fed NC diet. Pigs fed PROFOS diet had reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia emissions compared to pigs fed NC and PRO diets. These data indicate that reducing dietary CP concentrations impaired growth performance, decreased ATTD of CP and reduced ammonia emissions. Supplementation of protease in low CP diet improved growth performance and increased ATTD of CP. Dietary supplementation with protease and FOS in low CP diet improved growth performance, increased ATTD of CP and decreased fecal ammonia emission. 相似文献
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Akemi YAMAMOTO Minoru ITOH Yoshikatsu KADOYA Hirokazu KANNO Michi YAMADA Shu FURUYA 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(4):301-304
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing a reduced crude protein (CP) diet with apple pomace on the urinary nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry in the growing pigs. Four barrows (35 kg bodyweight) were assigned to one of two diets. Each pig was placed in a metabolism cage and fed a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet (CP 11.33%; low CP diet) or a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet containing 23.08% dried apple pomace (CP 9.47%; apple pomace diet) for two 14-day experimental periods. After the completion of the first period, the pigs were switched to the other diet. Urine and feces were quantitatively collected daily for 5 days after a 9-day adaptation period. The daily nitrogen intake for the low CP diet and the apple pomace diet was 17.76 g/pig and 18.64 g/pig, respectively. The pigs fed the apple pomace diet excreted more fecal nitrogen (6.86 g/day) than the pigs fed the low CP diet (3.63 g/day) ( P < 0.001), but urinary nitrogen excretion with the apple pomace diet was 3.11 g/day, which was much lower than that for the low CP diet (5.95 g/day) ( P < 0.001). The daily ammonia emission from the mixture of urine and feces determined by an in vitro method was much lower for pigs fed the apple pomace diet (120 mg) than that for pigs fed the low CP diet (603 mg) ( P < 0.01). The addition of apple pomace to a reduced CP, amino acid-supplemented diet reduces urinary nitrogen excretion and thereby ammonia emission. 相似文献
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Dietary manipulation to reduce aerial ammonia concentrations in nursery pig facilities. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two 4-wk trials (preliminary study) and three 5-wk trials (major study) were conducted to determine the effects of adding Yucca schidigera extract or anhydrous calcium chloride to nursery diets on the growth performance of nursery pigs and aerial ammonia concentration. The pigs were weaned between 13 and 15 d of age and had an initial BW of 3 to 6 kg. In each trial, pigs were allotted to three identical pig nursery rooms that were environmentally regulated. There were three diets (one diet per room): 1) control, containing 23% CP; 2) control plus 125 ppm of Yucca schidigera extract; and 3) control plus 1.95% anhydrous calcium chloride. Growth performance was recorded weekly. Aerial ammonia concentration was measured daily using aspiration detector tubes and during the last week of each trial using diffusion tubes. Manure samples were collected twice a week during the experimental period to determine ammonia and N concentrations and pH. Plasma urea concentration was determined in blood samples collected from the pigs at the end of each trial. Data were analyzed using split-plot and Latin square designs for the preliminary and major studies, respectively. Feed intake was similar among pigs fed all three diets. There were no differences in ADG and ADG/ADFI (G/F) between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the yucca extract diet (P > or = 0.41). In all trials, pigs fed the calcium chloride diet had lower ADG and G/F than pigs fed the other two diets (P < 0.05). In the preliminary study, aerial ammonia tended to be greater in the rooms in which pigs were fed the control diet than in the rooms with pigs fed the yucca extract diet (P = 0.08) and the calcium chloride diet (P = 0.11). In the major study, aerial ammonia increased weekly (diet x week; P < 0.001) in all rooms. In the 4th wk, ammonia concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in the rooms in which pigs were fed the control diet than in the rooms in which the other two diets were fed. Dietary treatment had no effect on plasma urea concentration (P > or = 0.10), manure ammonia and N concentrations (P > or = 0.50), and manure pH (P > or = 0.78). Although aerial ammonia concentrations were relatively low, the addition of Yucca schidigera extract or calcium chloride to the diet of nursery pigs reduced ammonia concentrations in the nursery rooms. 相似文献
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Effect of ammonia‐generating diet on ovine serum and follicular fluid ammonia and urea levels,serum oestrogen and progesterone concentrations and granulosa cell functions 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 S. Nandi S. Mondal D. T. Pal P. S. P. Gupta 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):309-315
This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of ammonia‐generating diet on serum and follicular fluid ammonia and urea levels, serum oestrogen and progesterone concentrations and granulosa cell growth and secretion parameters in ewes (Ovis aries). Ewes were fed with 14% CP diet (control) or ammonia‐generating diet or ammonia‐generating diet plus soluble sugar. The serum and follicular fluid ammonia and urea level, serum oestrogen and progesterone levels and granulosa cell (obtained from ovaries of slaughtered ewes) growth parameters and secretory activities were estimated. Ammonia‐generating diet (high‐protein diet) increased the serum ammonia and urea concentration. Supplementation of soluble sugar significantly reduced the ammonia concentration in serum with comparable levels as in control group; however, the urea level in the same group was higher than that observed in control group. Supplementation of soluble sugar significantly reduced the follicular fluid ammonia concentration; however, the level was significantly higher compared to control group. Supplementation of soluble sugar brought down the follicular fluid urea level comparable to that observed in control group. Oestrogen and progesterone levels remained unchanged in ewes fed with different types of diet. Oestrogen and progesterone secretion were significantly lowered from granulosa cells recovered from ewes fed with high ammonia‐generating diet. Low metabolic activity and high incidence of apoptosis were observed in granulosa cells obtained from ovaries of ewes fed with ammonia‐generating diet. 相似文献
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文章旨在评价饲粮中添加氯化钠对绵羊生长性能和氮平衡的影响,以及随后绵羊尿液处理牧场对氨和一氧化二氮排放的影响。将30只托克逊黑绵羊平均体重(15±1.3)kg随机分为3组,对照组采用基础日粮(氯化钠2 g/kg),处理1和处理2组日粮氯化钠水平分别为4和6 g/kg。随后从对照组和处理2组收集的尿液样本用于土地进行田间试验,共设5个处理组,T1~T5分别为土壤未经任何处理、蒸馏水组、高盐组尿液用蒸馏水10倍稀释、对照组尿液和高盐组尿液。结果表明:补充氯化钠对绵羊生长性能和氮平衡无不良影响(P>0.05)。高盐日粮组总尿量、平均尿量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但尿pH、尿氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。与T4组相比,T5组使土壤一氧化二氮排放峰值延迟,氨气平均排放速率降低48%(P<0.05),一氧化二氮平均排放速率降低26%(P<0.05)。综上所述,放牧绵羊全混合日粮添加高水平氯化钠(6 g/kg)提高了尿液量和降低尿液中总氮浓度,从而降低尿液处理牧场土壤氨气和一氧化二氮的排放。 相似文献