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1.
Trevor J. Simmons Sang Hyun Lee Jianjun Miao Minoru Miyauchi Tae-Joon Park Shyam S. Bale Ravi Pangule Justin Bult Jeffrey G. Martin Jonathan S. Dordick Robert J. Linhardt 《Wood Science and Technology》2011,45(4):719-733
Synthetic wood composite films containing cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the three major components of natural wood, were prepared in a room temperature ionic liquid solvent, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [EMIM][Ac]. Various synthetic wood composites were obtained by dissolution of individual wood components together with additives, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in [EMIM][Ac]. The addition of water affords a gel that was dried in either a low humidity environment or under vacuum. Synthetic wood films showed smoother surface textures, higher water resistance, and higher tensile strengths than cellulose films formed by the same methods. Tailor-made synthetic wood composites were also prepared having a variety of desirable properties, including antimicrobial activities, controlled hydro-phobicity/philicity, high relative dielectric constant, and a high degree of cohesiveness. 相似文献
2.
We investigated the influences of chemical pretreatments and subsequent repeated dry-and-wet (RDW) treatments on the mechanical linkage between cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) and matrix substances (MT) in wood cell wall. Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) quarter-sawn specimens were subjected to various types of chemical pretreatments, including ethanol and benzene extraction, delignification, alkali extraction, and hygrothermal treatment, to give substantial damages to principal constituents of wood cell wall, followed by 5 times of RDW treatment. After giving chemical pretreatment, the d-spacing of (200) lattice plane of cellulose Iβ (d 200), the crystallinity of wood cell wall, and the crystal size of the cellulose were measured at the fiber saturated point, using X-ray diffraction techniques. Thereafter, these were measured again at the absolutely dried condition in the process of subsequent RDW treatments. The d 200 in specimens, which were given to light pretreatments, largely expanded by drying at the early stages of RDW treatments, then it decreased and became constant after 5 times of RDW treatments. On the other hand, d 200 in specimens, which were given to intensive pretreatments, remained constant at a relatively small level throughout the whole process of RDW treatments. After 5 times of RDW treatments, d 200 became similar values between the above two groups. This suggests that RDW treatments have similar effects as intensive pretreatments, which induce substantial damages to the microscopic region in the wood cell wall such as interfacial separation between CMF, MT, and so forth. These defects would weaken mechanical interaction between CMF and MT in the wood cell wall during drying. 相似文献
3.
液晶是一种介于完全有序的固态和完全无序的液态之间且具有部分有序排列的相态。纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)由天然存在的纤维素(来源于木材、竹材、背囊动物和细菌等)经强酸水解获得,在低浓度溶液中随机分散,当溶液浓度上升到一定程度时自发有序排列,形成胆甾相液晶,胆甾相液晶具有选择性反射、圆二色性和旋光性等特殊光学性能,在防伪识别、光信息储存、智能窗口和液晶显示等领域应用前景广阔。本研究概述国内外CNC胆甾相液晶的制备方法及调控手段,总结并比较不同原料制备的纳米纤维素晶体的结构特性,重点探讨物理法(包括超声波、温度、真空干燥和磁场等)和化学法(包括添加电解质或其他添加剂等)调控对CNC胆甾相液晶螺距的影响规律,为CNC胆甾相液晶的可控制备奠定理论基础。同时,综述CNC胆甾相液晶的形成机制、结构和光学特性,总结CNC胆甾相液晶在温敏型功能材料、光电功能材料和手性介孔功能材料等领域的应用现状。在此基础上,展望CNC胆甾相液晶未来发展趋势:1)改良CNC制备技术,获得到表面电性稳定、粒径分布均一的纤维素纳米晶体,为CNC胆甾相液晶的形成提供结构基础; 2)开发绿色快速的CNC胆甾相液晶制备方法,替代现有的缓慢溶剂蒸发自组装法,加快CNC液晶材料商业化进程; 3)建立CNC胆甾相液晶螺距调控模型,实现CNC胆甾相液晶材料有序可控制备,达到成分-结构-性能的协调统一; 4)丰富CNC胆甾相液晶的手性向列结构固定和复制方法,研发更多结构稳定、性能优异的手性结构功能材料,实现纤维素纳米晶体高值高效利用。 相似文献
4.
Marcel?Kluge Stefan?Veigel Stefan?Pinkl Ute?Henniges Cordt?Zollfrank Albert?R?ssler Wolfgang?Gindl-Altmutter
Coatings fulfill an important function in providing functionality and service life to wood surfaces. In the present study, the potential of nanocellulosic fillers toward improving waterborne wood coating mechanics is evaluated using free-standing coating films. At 2% filler content, significant improvements in static and dynamic mechanical properties were observed. The extent of these improvements was different depending on whether high-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibrils of short cellulose nanocrystals were used. Chemical surface modification of cellulose nanofibrils did not provide further improvement. The water–vapor sorption properties of the coating films, which were also evaluated, did not show significant effects due to addition of nanocellulose, while optical transparency slightly decreased. 相似文献
5.
The Jayme-Wise and diglyme-HCl methods for extracting cellulose from plant material for stable-isotope analysis differ considerably in ease of use, with the latter requiring significantly less time and specialized equipment. However, the diglyme-HCl method leaves a small lignin residue in the crude cellulose that may affect stable-isotope values, whereas alpha-cellulose produced by the Jayme-Wise method is relatively pure. We examined whether adding a bleaching step to the diglyme-HCl method could produce cellulose of comparable purity to alpha-cellulose by comparing the yield, percent carbon, and carbon (delta13C) and oxygen (delta18O) stable isotope ratios of the two celluloses. We tested each method on the wood of five species that differ in ease of delignification, Eucalyptus maculata Hook., E. botryoides Sm., E. resinifera Sm., Pinus pinaster Ait. and Callitris glaucophylla J. Thompson & L.A.S. Johnson, as well as the foliage of C. glaucophylla. For hardwoods such as the eucalypts, the diglyme-HCl method without bleaching produced cellulose with delta13C and delta18O ratios similar to alpha-cellulose. For the softwood, C. glaucophylla, 3 h of bleaching with acidified chlorite following treatment with diglyme-HCl produced cellulose with delta13C and delta18O ratios similar to alpha-cellulose. Bleached and unbleached crude celluloses and alpha-cellulose of P. pinaster were similar in delta18O, but not delta13C. Both types of crude cellulose produced from the foliage of C. glaucophylla had significantly different isotope ratios from alpha-cellulose. Overall, the diglyme-HCl method, with or without bleaching, appears to be a simple, fast method for extracting alpha-cellulose from hardwoods for stable-isotope analyses, but its suitability for softwoods and foliage needs to be evaluated depending on the species. 相似文献
6.
Mechanical interaction between cellulose microfibril and matrix substance in wood cell wall determined by X-ray diffraction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We investigated mechanical interactions between the cellulose microfibril and the matrix substance in wood cell walls. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the peak positions of (200) and (004) from cellulose crystals in wood cell walls tended to shift lower and higher toward 2θ, respectively, during water desorption in wood. From our simulations, it is shown that the peak shift of (200) during water desorption is not due to changes in the scattering pattern of the amorphous substance or to lateral expansion of the cellulose crystals due to the Poisson effect in the cellulose microfibril, which is compressed in the molecular chain direction as the amorphous substance shrinks. This suggests that the cellulose microfibril expands transversely during water desorption in the wood cell wall, and that there is a mechanical interaction between the cellulose microfibril and the matrix substance. 相似文献
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8.
To improve interfacial adhesion between wood veneer and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film, wood veneer was thermally modified in an oven or chemically modified by vinyltrimethoxysilane. The wood veneers were used to prepare plastic-bonded wood composites (PBWC) in a flat-press process using HDPE films as adhesives. The results showed that both modifications reduced veneer hydrophilicity and led to enhancement in shear strength, wood failure, and water resistance of the resulting PBWC. The thermal treatment significantly decreased the storage modulus close to 130 °C (the melting temperature of plastic). Thermal-treated wood veneer maintains mechanical interlocking for bonding and veneer strength which then declined under thermal treatment due to hemicellulose degradation and cellulose de-polymerization. In the silane-treated PBWC, enhanced interlocking and a stronger bonding structure resulted from the reaction between the silane-treated veneer and HDPE. This strong bonding structure allowed thermal stability improvement demonstrated by high modulus and low tanδ values. However, the strength of silane-treated PBWC was still much lower than thermosetting resin-bonded composites at higher temperatures due to the melting behavior of thermoplastic polymer, precluding its use in certain applications. 相似文献
9.
智能响应材料需具备3个基本要素,即感知、驱动和控制,在全球新材料研究领域中,仿生智能响应材料是目前世界各国技术战略发展中的竞争热点。木材是一种天然且可再生的生物质材料,具有良好的结构和功能特性。作为人类使用最早的材料,木材具有轻质、美观、生物调节等优良特性,是绿色环境人体健康的贡献者。木材的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素构成了木材精妙的微结构同时提供了许多官能团,为木材仿生智能材料的合成奠定了优良的基础。本文简要介绍了木质仿生智能响应材料的研究进展,综述了pH值、气体、光、机械力、湿度、温度和双重/多重刺激响应木质材料的制备、性能与潜在应用;重点介绍并总结了以木质材料为基材的仿生智能响应材料的发展现状。 相似文献
10.
枫香人工林和天然林木材物理力学性质比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对枫香人工林和天然林木材物理力学性质的测定和比较分析 ,结果表明 :枫香天然林木材物理力学性能略优于人工林 ,而木材物理力学性质的均匀性略差于人工林 ;经差异显著性t检验表明 :枫香人工林和天然林木材物理力学性质指标中除径面顺纹抗剪强度和抗劈力差异显著外 ,其余指标差异不显著 相似文献
11.
采用SAS、SPSS等软件分析了4种造林密度(2 500、3 300、4 400、6 600株/hm2)对杂种落叶松的生长、木材密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度及纤维素含量的影响。结果表明:造林密度对杂种落叶松的生长影响非常显著,对纤维长度、宽度影响显著(P<0.05),对木材密度和纤维素含量影响不显著。11年生杂种落叶松的平均纤维长度为2.52 mm,平均宽度为40.56μm,长宽比平均值为64.88,纤维素的平均含量为50.41%。 相似文献
12.
Heartwood extractives (nonstructural wood components) are believed to be formed from a combination of compounds present in the adjacent sapwood and materials imported from the phloem. The roles of local compounds and imported material in heartwood formation could have important implications for the wood quality of species having naturally durable wood. Stable isotope composition (delta(13)C) was analyzed to assess radial variation in sapwood extractives, and to estimate the relative importance of adjacent sapwood extractives and imported photosynthate in the formation of heartwood extractives. Cellulose and extractives from the outer 39 annual rings of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were isolated and their delta(13)C composition determined. Although the extractives and the cellulose showed different absolute delta(13)C values, the patterns of change over time (as represented by the annual rings) were similar in most cases. Within an annual ring, carbon isotope ratios of extractives were correlated with the cellulose isotope ratio (R2 = 0.33 in sapwood, R2 = 0.34 in heartwood for aqueous acetone-soluble extractives; R2 = 0.41 in sapwood for hot-water-soluble extractives). These data suggest that some sapwood extractives are formed when the wood ring forms, and remain in place until they are converted to heartwood extractives many years later. Sapwood extractives appear to be important sources of materials for the biosynthesis of heartwood extractives in Douglas-fir. 相似文献
13.
天然木材制备的木材海绵可替代硅胶海绵、聚氨酯和三聚氰胺等合成高分子基海绵,作为高效吸油剂用于污水净化,并衍生出一系列运用。在去除木质素和半纤维素后,天然木质材料保留了原生的精巧三维分级孔隙结构,从木材直接转化为生物基纤维素骨架,具备高孔隙率、比表面积大、优异机械性能等特性的同时,还保留了木材生物相容性等特点。对木质纤维素骨架进一步改性后得到的木材海绵,在油水分离、能源存储、传感器、穿戴设备等领域具备一定的发展潜力。文中综述目前制备木材海绵的有效方法,包括精巧分级孔隙率的木质纤维素骨架制备和基于该木质纤维素骨架的各类功能性材料开发探索;针对木材海绵的高效制备和功能化,从基础物质、基本性能与工艺流程角度梳理近5年的相关工作,以启发该类先进材料的创制思路;同时,探讨木材海绵功能的先进性,并对其应用前景进行展望。 相似文献
14.
We measured oxygen isotope ratios (delta18O) of xylem sap, phloem sap, leaves, wood and bark of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in southwestern Australia. Carbon isotope ratios (delta13C) were measured in the dry matter of phloem sap, leaves and wood. Results were used to test several aspects of a mechanistic model of 18O enrichment and provided insights into post-photosynthetic variations in dry matter delta13C. Xylem water delta18O varied little within the tree crown, whereas variation at the landscape-level was more pronounced, with plantations near the coast being enriched by up to 3 per thousand compared with plantations less than 100 km inland. Phloem water was significantly enriched in 18O compared with xylem water in two of three sampling campaigns; mean enrichments were 0.5 and 0.8 per thousand. Phloem sap sugars exported from E. globulus leaves closely reflected observed leaf water enrichment when diurnal variation in photosynthesis was taken into account. Photosynthetic rates were higher in the morning than in the afternoon, whereas leaf water 18O enrichment increased to maximum values in the afternoon. A non-steady-state model of leaf water 18O enrichment accurately predicted observed values through a full diel cycle. Mean estimates of the proportion of organic oxygen effectively exchanging with xylem water during cellulose synthesis were close to 0.40 for both leaves and wood. Carbon isotope ratios of nascent xylem tissues did not differ from those of phloem sap sugars collected concurrently, whereas nascent leaf tissues were depleted in 13C by 2 per thousand compared with phloem sap sugars, suggesting that, in E. globulus, 13C enrichment of sink tissues compared with source leaves does not result from an enriching process within the sink tissue. 相似文献
15.
白桦木材在自然和人工干燥过程中易受真菌类微生物的侵染产生色变,在一定程度上降低了白桦木材的加工利用价值。本文针对白桦木材侵染菌侵染试材的化学成分变化进行分析,以期为白桦木材生物变色防治提供参考。首先对白桦木材侵染菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定,确定侵染白桦试材的侵染菌的基本类型,然后进行白桦试材接菌,最后对白桦侵染菌侵染木材的化学成分进行测定。结果表明,与未侵染素材相比,侵染菌侵染试材中苯醇抽提物含量、1%NaOH抽出物含量、热水抽出物含量和多戊糖含量均较高,而纤维素及木素含量较低。这表明侵染菌在适宜的条件下会侵蚀白桦木材细胞壁组织,造成纤维素和木素等主要成分含量的降低,导致木材组分的破坏。同时,侵染菌的存在会造成白桦木材抽提物组分中的显色及助色物质的含量变化,以致木材产生不同程度的变色。 相似文献
16.
6种木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素分解能力的研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
由于不同的木材腐朽菌的生理特性不同 ,所分泌的酶及酶的活性各不相同 ,因此 ,不同的腐朽菌分解木材的各种成分及相对速度就各不相同 ,而且对于木质纤维基质会有不同的中间代谢产物。本项研究选择了火木层孔菌 (Phelliusigniarius)及另外 5种木材分解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌 (Funaliagallica)、三色革裥菌 (Lenzitestricolor)、冬拟多孔菌 (Polyporellusbrumalis)、偏肿拟栓菌 (Pseudotrametesgibbosa)和血红密孔菌 (Pyc noporussanguineus) ,研究了它们对山杨木材木质素的分解能力 ,测定了经 6种白腐菌分解一定时期的山杨木材木质素的含量 ,作为木材白腐菌对山杨木材木质素生物降解机制的初步研究 ,旨在为山杨木材生物制浆造纸提供应用基础理论研究 ,同时也可为木质素合理的生物转化为有用的化学品、生物漂白、酶处理防止机械浆的返黄、废水治理、纤维素酶解糖化的微生物前处理等提供相关的借鉴研究 ,以期在生产实践中减轻环境污染并充分利用木质素资源。在无菌的条件下 ,将山杨木片样品分别放入以上 6种白腐菌的平板培养基中受菌侵染 ,一定时间后取出 ,去除木片表面的菌丝体 ,然后分别测定未腐朽材和受菌侵染 4 0d、6 0d、80d和 12 0d时木片样品中木质素的含量 ,分析 6种白腐菌对山杨木 相似文献
17.
Various types of crystalline celluloses I, II, IIII, IIIII, IVI and IVII that have been adjusted for their degree of polymerization were treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water (HCW) at 230–270 °C/10 MPa/15 min to study their hydrothermal decomposition. The treatments resulted in either partial or complete decomposition of the celluloses and the decomposed products were primarily recovered as hydrolyzed, dehydrated and fragmented ones as well as organic acids in the water-soluble (WS) portions. Their results of hydrothermal decomposition and its kinetics revealed that the celluloses decomposition is dependent on the types of crystalline celluloses as well as temperature of the HCW treatment. The outcome from the WS portions at 270 °C/10 MPa/15 min showed that the degree of difficulty for decomposition is lower in group II (cell II, cell IIIII, cell IVII) than group I (cell I, cell IIII, cell IVI), indicating that group II is less resistant to decomposition by HCW treatment. Therefore, the decomposition behaviors of the cellulose are due to the inherent differences in the crystalline structures. 相似文献
18.
Ankita Hazarika 《Wood material science & engineering》2017,12(1):24-39
Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) based on nano-ZnO and nanoclay were prepared by impregnation of melamine formaldehyde–furfuryl alcohol copolymer, 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a cross-linking agent and a renewable polymer obtained as a gum from the plant Moringa oleifera under vacuum condition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) studies were employed for the characterization of modified ZnO and WPNCs. The change in crystallinity index (CrI) value of the cellulose in wood and the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles in composites were determined using FTIR and XRD. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of nanoparticles and nanoclay in the cell lumen or cell wall of wood. An enhanced UV resistance property was shown by the treated wood samples as judged by lower weight loss, carbonyl index, lignin index, cellulose CrI values, and mechanical property loss compared to the untreated wood samples. Wood polymer composites treated with 3 phr each of nanoclay, ZnO, and the plant gum showed an improvement in mechanical properties, flame-retarding properties, thermal stability, and lower water uptake capacity. 相似文献
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20.
Liquefaction and product identification of main chemical compositions of wood in phenol 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Zhang Qiu-hui Zhao Guang-jie Jie Shu-jun 《中国林学(英文版)》2005,7(2):31-37
To clarify liquefaction ratios and their construction variations of the main chemical compositions of wood in phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst, the chemical ingredients of wood such as holocellulose, cellulose and lignin, were measured and extracted according to GB methods. With Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, the product identification of reactant before and after liquefaction in phenol was investigated. The molecular weights and their distributions of the liquefaction results （acetone soluble parts） were studied by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. Results show that the molecular weights and their distributions of poplar and Chinese fir are almost the same. In poplar, the distribution of cellulose is the largest, and that ofholocellulose the smallest after liquefaction. For Chinese fir, the distribution of holocellulose is the largest, and that of cellulose the smallest. After liquefaction of poplar cellulose, the change bands of FTIR spectrum observed below 1 600 cm^-1, can be attributed to new substitute groups. The same is true for poplar lignin. For Chinese fir, the spectra of liquefaction results of all chemical compositions differ from that of wood meal. This reveals the more activity groups were produced because of the reactions between Chinese fir and phenol. The research shows that the liquefaction ratios of poplar decrease in the following order： holocellulose 〉 lignin 〉 cellulose, and those of Chinese fir in the order： lignin 〉 cellulose 〉 holocellulose. 相似文献