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原料奶的卫生指标一直是困扰乳品厂和奶牛场的焦点。规范挤奶程序、改进牛舍环境、保证挤奶设备正常与清洁是奶牛场提高原料奶卫生指标的重要途径。 相似文献
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系统评价了昆明雪兰牛奶有限公司的 6个机械挤奶规模化奶牛场、6个机械挤奶奶牛合作社和 6个手工挤奶奶站的原料奶的微生物指标。研究结果表明 :机械挤奶规模化奶牛场、机械挤奶奶牛合作社和农户手工挤奶站原料奶细菌总数分别为 346 875 ,15 5 2 0 6和 2 385 16 7cfu/mL ;芽孢总数分别为 4 2 4 ,10 2和 76 2cfu/mL。农户手工挤奶站原料奶细菌总数显著高于机械挤奶规模化奶牛场和合作社 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,后两者之间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;合作社原料奶芽孢总数显著低于规模化奶牛场和农户手工挤奶站的原料奶 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,后两者差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。 相似文献
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原料奶的卫生指标一直是乳品厂和奶牛场关注的焦点.影响原料奶卫生指标的污染源主要是挤奶过程、牛乳房及牛舍环境.规范挤奶程序、改进牛舍环境、保证挤奶设备正常与清洁是奶牛场提高原料奶卫生指标的重要途径. 相似文献
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不同挤奶方式对生鲜奶品质的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文对雪兰牛奶公司奶牛场机器挤奶与奶站手工挤奶的奶中微生物含量进行检测、比较，结果机器挤奶的牛群所产生鲜奶中细菌数和芽孢菌的含量少于手工挤奶所产生鲜奶，能达到生产各种液态奶对奶源的卫生要求。而手工挤奶所产生鲜奶的微生物含量达不到生产液态奶的要求。 相似文献
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谢五生 《江西畜牧兽医杂志》2000,(5):24-24
为使乳制品（特别是早餐奶）卫生、鲜美、贮存期长,确保原料奶的质量,减轻劳动强度,我省部分大、中型奶牛场实行了机械化挤奶（以管通式挤奶机为主）,既省工,又省力,确能促进奶牛副业的发展。而机械化挤奶机操作使用不当,作用将适当其反。笔者从事挤奶机管理工作多年,就机械化挤奶过程中应注意的几个问题谈谈肤浅的认识。１ 牛群的选择与管理１．１ 奶爪是同时上下,脉动是恒动的（５５～６０次／ｍｉｎ）,要求４个乳区均匀,泌乳量等同。否则,少奶区将会使乳腺内微血管破裂出血,损坏乳腺,继而使乳房变形、瞎乳头。因而日产奶１… 相似文献
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控制原料奶质量不仅要从奶牛的育种、营养方面着手,还要从环境卫生、挤奶操作、挤奶器具的清洗及原料奶的贮存几方面着手,这样才能保证生产出优质的原料奶。下面仅就管道式挤奶器在使用过程中如何控制原料奶质量谈几点看法。1挤奶操作1.1平时注意保持牛体的清洁。挤奶时若乳房较脏,可用含有消毒剂的温水清洗乳房,然后擦干,清洁的乳房可仅擦乳头。严禁在挤奶前用大量的水冲洗牛体。1.2按摩乳头。在清净牛乳头的同时,应对乳头作水平方向的按摩。按摩时间不得少于20秒钟,以刺激乳头,促进排乳。1.3废弃头三把奶。挤出每个乳区的头三把奶置于带黑… 相似文献
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控制原料奶质量不仅要从奶牛的育种、营养方面着手，还要从环境卫生、挤奶操作、挤奶器具的清洗及原料奶的贮存几方面着手，这样才能保证生产出优质的原料奶。下面仅就管道式挤奶器在使用过程中如何控制原料奶质量谈几点看法。 相似文献
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M. Bogucki A. Sawa I. Kuropatwińska 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2017,67(1-2):66-70
The aim of the study was to determine the association of automatic milking systems milking frequency (≤2.40, 2.41–2.80 and >2.80 times/day) in primiparous and multiparous cows with their daily milk yield and milkability. The analysis included of the milk production level and the interaction between milking frequency per day and daily milk yield. Regardless of the daily production level, most primiparous cows were milked 2.41–2.80 times/day and most multiparous cows >2.80 times/day. Higher daily milk yield and a more favourable effect of increasing milking frequency on this parameter were observed in multiparous cows, with an increase from 29.7?kg (milking frequency ≤2.40 times/day) to 31.1?kg milk (>2.80 times/day). In primiparous cows, this increase was smaller and amounted to 0.8?kg milk (from 29.2 to 30.0?kg). 相似文献
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Milk production,plasma metabolite profiles and mammary arterial‐venous differences of milk precursors in early lactation cows milked at different frequencies by an automatic milking system 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andriyani Astuti Taketo Obitsu Toshihisa Sugino Kohzo Taniguchi Miki Okita Yuzo Kurokawa 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(5):499-507
The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of different milking frequencies under an automatic milking system (AMS) on milk yield, plasma metabolite profiles and mammary arterial‐venous (A‐V) differences of milk precursors by mammary tissues in early lactation cows. Twelve Holstein cows were divided into two and four times milking frequency treatments by AMS after calving to 50 days postpartum. Cows were given a partial mixed ration ad libitum and a concentrate diet at every milking. Dry matter intake increased similarly in both treatments with advancing postpartum days. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.001) by 25% with four times milking, but milk composition was not affected by milking frequency. Body weight change was also not affected by milking frequency. Arterial concentrations of glucose and glutamate were lower (P < 0.05) for four times milking frequency. However, arterial concentration of nonesterified fatty acids did not differ between treatments. Although mammary A‐V differences of plasma concentration for most milk precursors did not differ between treatments, estimated plasma flow was higher (P < 0.05) for four times milking frequency. These results indicate that higher milking frequency may increase mammary uptake of milk precursors, whereas may not affect the extent of fat mobilization of early lactating cows from day 20 postpartum onward. 相似文献
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[目的]分析增加挤奶次数对不同阶段泌乳奶牛产奶量的提升,找出最佳挤奶管理方案,为有效提升牧场效益提供理论依据。[方法]将泌乳牛只随机分为两组,保证不同胎次、不同产犊阶段平均泌乳量相当,分组后两组分别保持3次挤奶和4次挤奶1个月。对牧场不同挤奶次数奶牛泌乳量进行统计汇总整理分析。[结果]增加挤奶次数能有效提高奶牛泌乳量（P<0.05）;泌乳量高于45 kg奶牛增加挤奶次数对产奶量的提升,显著高于泌乳量低于45 kg的奶量（P<0.05）;增加挤奶次数显著提升头胎牛产量2.33 kg,二胎牛产量2.31 kg,三胎及以上牛奶产量2.78 kg(P<0.05);不同泌乳阶段,增加挤奶次数能有效提高泌乳初期及产奶高峰期的产奶量（P<0.05）。[结论]增加挤奶次数能有效提升奶牛泌乳量,对高产及处于产奶初期及高峰期的奶牛提升效果最佳。 相似文献
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Bovine mastitis is typically caused by microbial infection of the udder, but the factors responsible for this condition are varied. One potential cause is the milking system, and although previous studies have investigated various methods for inspecting these devices, most have not assessed methods for evaluating the milking units. With this in mind, we analyzed the factors that affect the vacuum inside the milking claw by using a simulated milking device and by measuring milking claw vacuum when adjusting the flow rate in five stages. The factors analyzed in each milking system were the vacuum pressure settings (high and low line system) , milk tube length (200‐328 cm), aperture diameter (14‐22.2 mm), constricted aperture diameter (12 mm), tubing configurations, lift formation (0‐80 cm), claw type (bottom and top flow) and use or non‐use of a milk sampler. The study findings demonstrated that all of these variables had a significant impact on claw vacuum and suggest that a diagnostic method using a simulated milking device should be considered when inspecting modern milking systems. 相似文献
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Recent studies in Japan of the effect of automatic milking systems (AMS) on the behavior of dairy cows have confirmed the labor-saving aspect of AMS, but have not solved some of the problems affecting milking traits. The influence of AMS on milking was examined in 39 Holstein cows at Iwate Agricultural Research Center from June 1998 to December 1999, by measuring and recording the yield per milking, milking finish time, milking frequency, and daily yield of milking. Four milking traits were analyzed separately as the objective variable in a linear model, with parity, days in milking, month after installation of the AMS as independent variables. Primiparous cows milked more frequently in the middle and late stage of lactation, yielded less per milking and less per day in the early stage of lactation than multiparous cows with the AMS. Lower frequencies were observed at noon and midnight for cleaning of the bulk tank. By contrast, higher milking frequency in the forenoon was shown. The yield per milking rose and declined, following a normal lactation curve. However, milking frequency rose slowly, and declined gradually in the late stage of lactation. After installing a one-way gate, the cows milked more frequently, with a lower yield per milking and a greater daily milk yield, than before installation. 相似文献
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【目的】 探究荷斯坦牛泌乳速度相关指标的群体规律及非遗传因素对其的影响。【方法】 收集华东地区某规模化牧场8 757头泌乳牛的906 748条挤奶记录，定义了班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、前两分钟产奶量占比、平均流速和最高流速6个泌乳速度指标，并对其进行了描述性统计，计算了各指标间的Pearson相关系数，采用固定模型分析了测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度相关指标的影响。【结果】 6个泌乳速度指标中，除前两分钟产奶量占比之外，班次产奶量、前两分钟产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均基本呈对称分布，各个指标的变异较大，变异系数在30%左右；各指标两两之间存在极显著相关关系，相关系数在-0.84~0.89之间，泌乳速度与产奶量呈中等或强相关，与挤奶时间呈弱负相关，与前两分钟产奶量占比呈弱正相关。测定季节、胎次、泌乳阶段、初产月龄和挤奶班次对泌乳速度指标均有极显著影响（P<0.01）；不同季节中，冬季的班次产奶量和挤奶时间最大，夏季的平均流速最快，而秋季的最高流速最快；不同泌乳阶段中，在第Ⅱ泌乳阶段（45~99 d），奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均最大；不同班次中，在夜间班次（00：00—06：00），奶牛的班次产奶量、挤奶时间、平均流速和最高流速均为最大。【结论】 奶牛泌乳速度指标存在较大变异，对季节、胎次等环境和生理因素较为敏感，可为奶牛产奶性能的选育提供信息。 相似文献
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C.P. Ferris J.P. Frost C.S. Mayne M.A. McCoy D.J. Kilpatrick 《Livestock Science》2008,114(2-3):305-314
Two experiments were undertaken to examine the direct and residual responses of late lactation (mean of 232 days calved) autumn calving dairy cows (Experiment 1), and late lactation (mean of 240 days calved) spring calving dairy cows (Experiment 2), to once-daily milking. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 50 and 44 Holstein–Friesian dairy cows respectively. In each of the two experiments, cows were milked either once daily (ODM) or twice daily (TDM), during the late lactation period (mean of 79 and 66 days in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively). Cows in Experiment 1 were managed within a grazing system, and were offered 3.0 kg of concentrate/day, while cows in Experiment 2 were housed, and offered grass silage supplemented with 6.0 kg concentrate/day. Forty-one cows from Experiment 1, and 32 cows from Experiment 2, completed the first eight weeks of the subsequent lactation on a twice-daily milking regime. Food intakes were not measured in Experiment 1, while treatment had no significant effect on dry matter intake in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). In each of Experiments 1 and 2, total milk output was increased with twice-daily milking (P ≤ 0.05), while milk fat (P ≤ 0.01) and protein (P < 0.001) concentrations increased with once-daily milking. Somatic cell counts were higher with animals milked once daily in Experiment 1 (P < 0.001), while not being significantly affected by milking frequency in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). Milking frequency had no significant effect on cow live weight or on cow condition score at the point of drying off in either Experiment (P > 0.05). Milking time per cow during morning milking was unaffected by treatment in either experiment, while total daily milking time per cow (morning and evening combined) was significantly longer with the TDM treatment (P < 0.001). In Experiment 1, milk flow rates during the morning milking were higher with animals on the ODM treatment, compared to those on TDM treatment (P < 0.001), while being unaffected by treatment in Experiment 2 (P > 0.05). Neither daily milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content, or somatic cell count during the subsequent lactation, were affected by previous lactation milking frequency in either of Experiments 1 or 2 (P > 0.05). 相似文献