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1.
样点代表性等级采样法在丘陵山区土壤表层有机质制图中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于样点代表性等级的土壤采样方法在成本、应用性、制图准确度上具有明显的优势,但在其他方面(如敏感性)上仍需要大量研究。为了进一步研究这种方法的可用性,本文以安徽宣城境内的丘陵山区为研究区,应用该方法分析以往土壤采样点的代表性等级,进而研究样点代表性等级对土壤制图准确度的影响。研究结果表明:①高等级代表性链广泛存在,而低等级代表性链则较少;②代表性链的等级有效地从不同程度反映出土壤形成环境的变异;③样点代表性采样设计的采样点与规则化网格采样、目的性采样有很大不同;④一般地,随着低等级样点的逐渐加入,制图准确度增加,但增幅随着样点等级的降低而降低。这些结果说明,样点代表性等级采样法在应用、成本、准确度几个方面都有明显的优点,因而具有较好的应用前景。需要注意的是,在应用该方法选择样点时,样点的代表性应达到一定级别,以避免制图准确度不会因为样点的加入而降低。此外,由于其他地形地貌类型(如平原区)还缺乏较好的土壤协同环境因子,该方法的应用受到了一定程度的限制。 相似文献
2.
基于余江县中部地区土壤密集采样点,通过重采样获得4个集聚度样点分布等级,每个等级取5个重复,其分布VMR均值(样方分析中的样点数变差–均值比)分别为0.13、0.83、1.49和2.16,利用普通克里金(OK)和结合土地利用信息的克里金(KLU)方法对土壤全氮(STN)含量进行空间预测,并通过验证样点比较了4种集聚度采样点的STN空间预测精度,以揭示土壤采样点集聚度对STN空间预测精度的影响。研究结果表明:通过两预测方法得到的验证点实测值与预测值散点图的相关系数(r)均随采样点集聚度的增加而降低,其中OK方法的r值由0.400降低至0.142,KLU方法的r值由0.718降低至0.542;两方法的预测平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)随着集聚度的增加均呈现增加趋势,OK和KLU方法的MAE分别又由0.49和0.33增加至0.61和0.44,RMSE则分别由0.56和0.39增加到0.65和0.47。表明在土壤采样点数量相同的前提下,采样点的空间集聚度越低,即样点分布越均匀,克里金方法的预测精度越高,这说明对STN进行空间预测时,基于规则网格的采样点更有利于克里金方法的空间估算;同时,采样点空间集聚度对不同克里金方法预测精度的影响也存在差异,对KLU方法的影响大于OK方法。 相似文献
3.
Sharmasarkar Florence Cassel Sharmasarkar Shankar Zhang Renduo Vance George F. Miller Stephen D. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1999,116(3-4):605-619
Micro-spatial analysis of nitrate (NO3), an environmental contaminant partially attributed to nitrogen fertilization, can be useful for estimating its distribution in soils. A study was conducted to determine the micro-spatial distribution of soil NO3 using kriging and cokriging in a drip-irrigated and nitrogen-fertilized field. One hundred soil samples were collected in a regular grid pattern from a 10 m × 20 m plot, and analyzed for soil NO3 and pH. The effect of reduced sample size on NO3 estimation was also evaluated. The pH data indicated the soils were slightly acidic to neutral with log[NO3] values ranging from 1.66 to 2.95. These parameters were inversely related; which was probably an attribute of soil nitrification process. Sample variograms and cross-variograms suggested that the spatial distribution of pH and log[NO3] could be described by linear models in the area studied, as indicated by small MSE (mean sum error), and RKV (reduced kriging variance) values close to 1. Contour maps based on kriging and cokriging estimates indicated greater homogeneity of the variables in the south-north direction than the east-west, except for zones of high NO3 and low pH in the north-central edge and north-east corner of the grid area. Cokriging of log[NO3] estimation, using pH data, improved MSE, MSSE (mean sum square error), MKV (mean kriging variance), RKV, CEE (correlation between estimated data and error), CEM (correlation between estimated and measured data) by 46, 31, 30, 22, 96, and 98%, respectively, as compared to kriging. Lower cokriging variance for any estimated log[NO3] value, as compared to the kriging analysis, indicated that cokriging provided more accurate estimates. With reduced sample observations (n) for NO3 similar conclusions were obtained; and the estimation accuracy was maintained up to n >70. Cokriging analysis with reduced n also curtailed the analytical cost, and facilitated NO3 estimation by means of pH, which was measured at a cheaper cost. 相似文献
4.
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: the spatial variation of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme (RSSS) has monitored the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. Here we describe the first spatial analysis of the data from these surveys using geostatistics. Four years of data (1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) were chosen to examine the nutrient (available K, Mg and P) and pH status of the soil. At each farm, four fields were sampled; however, for the earlier years, coordinates were available for the farm only and not for each field. The averaged data for each farm were used for spatial analysis and the variograms showed spatial structure even with the smaller sample size. These variograms provide a reasonable summary of the larger scale of variation identified from the data of the more intensively sampled National Soil Inventory. Maps of kriged predictions of K generally show larger values in the central and southeastern areas (above 200 mg L?1) and an increase in values in the west over time, whereas Mg is fairly stable over time. The kriged predictions of P show a decline over time, particularly in the east, and those of pH show an increase in the east over time. Disjunctive kriging was used to examine temporal changes in available P using probabilities less than given thresholds of this element. The RSSS was not designed for spatial analysis, but the results show that the data from these surveys are suitable for this purpose. The results of the spatial analysis, together with those of the statistical analyses, provide a comprehensive view of the RSSS database as a basis for monitoring the soil. These data should be taken into account when future national soil monitoring schemes are designed. 相似文献
5.
R. M. Lark 《European Journal of Soil Science》2000,51(1):137-157
The standard estimator of the variogram is sensitive to outlying data, a few of which can cause overestimation of the variogram. This will result in incorrect variances when estimating the value of a soil property by kriging or when designing a sampling grid to map the property to a required precision. Several robust estimators of the variogram, based on location and scale estimation, have been proposed as improvements. They seem to be suitable for analysis of soil data in circumstances where the standard estimator is likely to be affected by outliers. Robust estimators are based on assumptions about the distribution of the data which will not always hold and which need not be made in kriging or in estimating the variogram by the standard estimator. The estimators are reviewed. Simulation studies show that the robust estimators vary in their susceptibility to moderate skew in the underlying distribution, but that the effects of outliers are generally greater. The estimators are applied to some soil data, and the resulting variograms used for ordinary kriging at sites in a separate validation data set. In most cases the variograms derived from the standard estimator gave kriging variances which appeared to overestimate the mean squared error of prediction (MSEP). Kriging with variograms based on robust estimators sometimes gave kriging variances which underestimated the MSEP or did not differ significantly from it. Estimates of kriging variance and the MSEP derived from the validation data were generally close to estimates from cross‐validation on the prediction set used to derive the variograms. This indicates that variogram models derived from different estimators could be compared by cross‐validation. 相似文献
6.
田间尺度下测定土壤有效K、P的采样方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Field nutrient distribution maps obtained from the sutdy on soil variations within fields are the basis of precision agriculture,The quality of these maps for maagement depends on the accuracy of the predicted values,which depends on the initial sampling.to Produce reliable predictions efficently the minimal sampling size and combination should be decided firstly,which could avoid the misspent funds for field sampling work.A 7.9 hectare silage field close to the Agricultural Research Institute at Hillaborough,Northern Irealnd,was selected for the study,Soil samples were collected from the field at 25m intervals in a rectangular grid to provide a database of selected soil propoerties.Different data combinations were subsequently abstracted from this database for comparison purposes,and ordinary krging used to produce interpolated soil maps.These prediced data groups were compared using least significant difference(LSD) test method.The results showed that the 62 sampling sizes of triangle arrangement for soil available K were sufficient to reach the required accuracy.The triangular sample combination proved to be superior to a rectangular one of similar sample size. 相似文献
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GIS支持下豫东地区土壤野外采样布点方法探索 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以河南省通许县潮土区中低产田为例,介绍了一种GIS支持下的土壤野外采样布点方法,并对所取得的结果进行了讨论。根据要求覆盖研究区中低产田潮土的面积、涵盖所有土种类型、表层采样与剖面采样相结合、网格点与类型控制点相结合等原则,确定采用2 km×2 km网格布点方法。室内初步布点157个,涵盖了研究区16种土种类型,其中普通网格点141个,类型网格采样点6个,类型参考采样点10个。将布点图层与土壤图进行叠加分析,建立了空间数据库,完善布点属性表,作为野外精确采样的依据。实际采集普通网格点135个,剖面点15个。将室内布点与实际采样点位信息在数据库中分层管理,方便查询与更新。特别在剖面采样过程中发现实际采样与第二次土壤普查土种图比较,存在某些差异,应该根据实际采样诊断土壤类型并在GIS界面修正原始土壤分布图,将此改动作为建议提出,以便完善当地的土壤图。 相似文献
9.
Estimates of mean values of soil properties within small rectangular blocks of land can be obtained by kriging provided the semi-variogram is known. This paper describes optimal rectangular grid sampling configurations whereby estimation variances can be minimized. For linear semi-variograms square blocks are best estimated by sampling at the nodes of a centrally placed grid with its interval equal to the block side divided by the square root of the sample size. For spherical semi-variograms the same configuration is almost optimal. The estimation variance of a bulked sample can be identical with that of a kriged estimate where the semi-variogram is linear and equal portions of soil are taken from each node on the optimally configured grid and provided the soil property is additive. For spherical semi-variograms the above is approximately true. Comparisons with estimates that take no account of known spatial dependence show that the true variances can be much less than those apparent using classical theory, and the necessary sampling effort much less. Within block-variances are often needed for planning, and an appendix gives two-dimensional auxiliary functions from which they can be calculated for linear and spherical semi-variograms. 相似文献
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Nematodes are indicators of soil quality and soil health. Knowledge of the relationships between nematode-based soil quality indices and environmental properties is beneficial for assessing environmental threats on soil biota. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of nematode-based soil quality indices in a 23-ha heavy metal-polluted nature reserve using geostatistical methods. We expected that a selection of abiotic soil properties (pH and moisture, clay, organic matter, cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) contents) could explain a significant portion of the spatial variation of the indices and that regression kriging could more accurately model their spatial distribution than ordinary kriging. A stratified simple random sampling scheme was used to select 80 locations where soil samples were taken to extract nematodes and derive the indices. The area had a distinct gradient in soil properties with Cd and Zn content ranging from 0.07 to 68.9 and 5.3 to 1329 mg kg-1, respectively. Linear regression models were fitted to describe the relationships between the indices and soil properties. By also modelling the spatial correlation structure of regression residuals using spherical semivariograms, regression kriging was used to produce maps of the indices. The regression models explained between 21% and 44% of the total original variance in the indices. Soil pH was a significant explanatory variable in almost all cases, while heavy metal conent had a remarkably low effect. In some cases, the regression residuals had spatial structure. Independent validation indicated that in all cases, regression kriging performed slightly better because of having lower values of the root mean square prediction error and a mean prediction error closer to zero than ordinary kriging. This study showed the importance of soil properties in explaining the spatial distribution of biological soil quality indices in ecological risk assessment. 相似文献
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不同布点密度条件下土壤有机碳的空间变异特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选择福建省漳州市三个不同尺度的典型区,在格网法采样的基础上设计6种不同分类方法和4种格网密度,研究不同尺度下高效表征耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的样点布设方式。研究结果表明:市级尺度(漳州市)高效的样点布设方法为结合地貌类型和土壤类型信息的分类格网法,样点密度以接近6 km×6 km为最节省的采样方法。县级(龙海市)尺度按土壤类型与格网法相结合的方法是高效的布点方式,土壤类型若仅划分到土类,格网密度需接近1 km×1 km;若土壤类型划分到亚类或土属,格网密度可放宽到2 km×2 km。乡镇级(程溪镇)最适合的样点布设方法是未分类格网法。由于土壤类型信息是表征土壤有机碳空间变异最重要的影响因素,因此建议在县级以上尺度进行土壤有机碳空间变异研究时应考虑到土壤类型的影响。 相似文献
14.
Comparing sampling needs for variograms of soil properties computed by the method of moments and residual maximum likelihood 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
It has been generally accepted that the method of moments (MoM) variogram, which has been widely applied in soil science, requires about 100 sites at an appropriate interval apart to describe the variation adequately. This sample size is often larger than can be afforded for soil surveys of agricultural fields or contaminated sites. Furthermore, it might be a much larger sample size than is needed where the scale of variation is large. A possible alternative in such situations is the residual maximum likelihood (REML) variogram because fewer data appear to be required. The REML method is parametric and is considered reliable where there is trend in the data because it is based on generalized increments that filter trend out and only the covariance parameters are estimated. Previous research has suggested that fewer data are needed to compute a reliable variogram using a maximum likelihood approach such as REML, however, the results can vary according to the nature of the spatial variation. There remain issues to examine: how many fewer data can be used, how should the sampling sites be distributed over the site of interest, and how do different degrees of spatial variation affect the data requirements? The soil of four field sites of different size, physiography, parent material and soil type was sampled intensively, and MoM and REML variograms were calculated for clay content. The data were then sub-sampled to give different sample sizes and distributions of sites and the variograms were computed again. The model parameters for the sets of variograms for each site were used for cross-validation. Predictions based on REML variograms were generally more accurate than those from MoM variograms with fewer than 100 sampling sites. A sample size of around 50 sites at an appropriate distance apart, possibly determined from variograms of ancillary data, appears adequate to compute REML variograms for kriging soil properties for precision agriculture and contaminated sites. 相似文献
15.
Soil nitrogen dynamics after slurry injection in field trials: Evaluation of a soil sampling strategy 
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下载免费PDF全文 Matthias Westerschulte Carl‐Philipp Federolf Herbert Pralle Dieter Trautz Gabriele Broll Hans‐Werner Olfs 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2015,178(6):923-934
Slurry injection below maize seeds is a rather new application technique developed to improve the nitrogen use efficiency of liquid organic manure. To enable the characterization of the spatial and temporal soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) dynamics after slurry injection, the present study aims to develop an appropriate soil sampling strategy. Three consecutive experiments were conducted. The first testing of the soil sampling approach was conducted in an existing field trial where the slurry was injected down to a depth of 12 cm (upper rim) below the soil surface. The soil profile (75 cm wide) centered below the maize row was sampled grid‐like to a depth of 90 cm. Around the injection zone, soil monoliths (SM) were sampled using a purpose‐built soil shovel. Below the SMs and in the interrow space (15 and 30 cm distance to the row) a standardized auger procedure was performed. The second experiment aimed at improving the sampling strategy with a focus on sample homogenization quality and necessary sample sizes per pooled sample. Furthermore, the risk of a carryover of slurry components along the soil core due to drilling an auger through a slurry band was analyzed. In the third experiment this improved sampling strategy was validated. Results from the first testing of the sampling procedure showed that the strategy is suitable, although some problems occurred (especially the high spread in values among the replications causing high coefficients of variation (CV) of mostly 40–60%). The improvement trial revealed that due to the high gradient of SMN concentration in the direct range of the injection zone an intensive homogenization of these samples is required. Suitable sample sizes (twelve auger samples and six soil monolith samples per pooled sample) have to be collected to obtain reliable SMN values. Drilling an auger through a slurry band to sample subjacent soil layers has to be avoided. Following this enhanced sampling strategy, in the final validation trial the spread in values were considerably reduced and resulted in CV values of mostly < 20%. The developed sampling strategy enables the characterization of the spatial and temporal SMN dynamics when slurry has been band‐injected below a maize row. The method can be transferred to other row crops and different slurry injection spacing. 相似文献
16.
Estimating variograms of soil properties by the method-of-moments and maximum likelihood 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
R. M. Lark 《European Journal of Soil Science》2000,51(4):717-728
Variograms of soil properties are usually obtained by estimating the variogram for distinct lag classes by the method‐of‐moments and fitting an appropriate model to the estimates. An alternative is to fit a model by maximum likelihood to data on the assumption that they are a realization of a multivariate Gaussian process. This paper compares the two using both simulation and real data. The method‐of‐moments and maximum likelihood were used to estimate the variograms of data simulated from stationary Gaussian processes. In one example, where the simulated field was sampled at different intensities, maximum likelihood estimation was consistently more efficient than the method‐of‐moments, but this result was not general and the relative performance of the methods depends on the form of the variogram. Where the nugget variance was relatively small and the correlation range of the data was large the method‐of‐moments was at an advantage and likewise in the presence of data from a contaminating distribution. When fields were simulated with positive skew this affected the results of both the method‐of‐moments and maximum likelihood. The two methods were used to estimate variograms from actual metal concentrations in topsoil in the Swiss Jura, and the variograms were used for kriging. Both estimators were susceptible to sampling problems which resulted in over‐ or underestimation of the variance of three of the metals by kriging. For four other metals the results for kriging using the variogram obtained by maximum likelihood were consistently closer to the theoretical expectation than the results for kriging with the variogram obtained by the method‐of‐moments, although the differences between the results using the two approaches were not significantly different from each other or from expectation. Soil scientists should use both procedures in their analysis and compare the results. 相似文献
17.
Weixia Sun Yongcun Zhao Biao Huang Xuezheng Shi Jeremy Landon Darilek Jinsong Yang Zhigang Wang Beier Zhang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2012,175(5):671-680
An extensive knowledge of how sampling density affects soil organic C (SOC) estimation at regional scale is imperative to reduce uncertainty to a meaningful confidence level and aid in the development of sampling schemes that are both rational and economical. Using kriging prediction, this paper examined the effect of sampling density on regional SOC‐concentration estimations in cultivated topsoils at six scales in a 990 km2 area of Yucheng County, a typical region in the N China Plain. Except the original data set (n = 394), five other sampling densities were recalculated using grids of 8 km × 8 km (n = 28), 8 km × 4 km (n = 44), 4 km × 4 km (n = 82), 4 km × 2 km (n = 142), and 2 km × 2 km (n = 257), respectively. Experimental SOC semivariances and kriging interpolations at six sampling density scales were calculated and modeled to estimate regional SOC variability. Accuracy of the effects of the five sampling densities on regional SOC estimations was assessed using the indices of mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) with 100 independent validation samples. By comparison with the kriged grid map derived from the 394 samples data set, the relative error (RE,%) was spatially calculated to highlight the spatial variability of prediction errors at five sampling‐density scales due to the intrinsic limitations of ME and RMSE in accuracy assessment. The results indicated that sampling density significantly affected the estimation of regional SOC concentration. Particularly when the sampling density was < 4 km × 4 km, the large spatial variation of SOC was concealed. Semivariance analysis indicated that different sampling density had significant effect on reasonable detection of the dominant factors which influenced SOC spatial variation. Greater sampling density could more exactly reveal regional SOC variation caused by human management. The prediction accuracy for regional SOC estimation increased with the increasing of sampling density. The critical areas with larger RE values should be intensified in the future sampling scheme, and the areas of lower RE values should be decreased relatively. A specific sampling scheme should be considered in accordance with the demand to the estimation accuracy of regional SOC stock at a certain confidence level. Our results will facilitate a better understanding of the effect of sampling density on regional SOC estimation for future sampling schemes by providing meaningful confidence levels. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):1024-1041
Mapping of phosphorus (P) is based on sampling and laboratory analysis. Although laboratory analysis is costly, the number of samples is restricted in practice. In zone sampling, areas of the field are used to composite samples from sets of sampling points to reduce efforts. This study introduces area-to-point (ATP) kriging for downscaling composite samples with different sizes and shapes of the sampling areas. ATP kriging makes use of the coordinates of the sampling points of the composite samples. The applicability was tested on a simulated data set as well as on a spatially dense sample set of P measurements. Validation shows that ATP kriging outperforms point kriging with centroid interpolation. The root mean square error (RMSE) is reduced from 39.5 to 33.5 mg kg?1. ATP kriging predictions were better at retaining the P value of the sampling area. The smoothing effect of interpolation and the aggregation effect of compositing the samples were reduced. 相似文献
19.
模糊c-均值算法在区域土壤预测制图中的应用 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
基于模糊c-均值算法和地统计学空间插值,在面积约为1km2的研究区内进行区域土壤预测制图。研究结果表明:根据研究区123个剖面和土钻样点,通过分析它们在形态学上的特征和定量属性,建立了9类诊断特征土层。通过FCM算法模型,获得4类最佳分类数,模糊指数为1.7。类别数目与研究区受地形、母质和土地利用方式影响的主要成土过程决定的土纲下土壤类型数目一致。将经过对称对数比转换的隶属度成分数据进行单一模糊类别隶属度土壤预测制图,4种类别土壤在空间上具有明显的渐变过渡特征,制图结果较理想。在单一类别隶属度土壤图的基础上生成最大隶属度土壤图,与常规土壤调查土壤图具有共同参比的基础。 相似文献
20.
Soil testing is used to help make fertilizer recommendations for greater yields and profits. But the increase of soil‐sampling density raises costs of sample collection and analyses. The aim of this study was to compare grid‐cell sampling densities (1, 2, and 4 ha) in terms of the estimation accuracy of macronutrients (P, K, Mg) availability and pH and to investigate how sampling density affects the amount of fertilizers and lime recommended and correctly applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The distribution of liming requirements and available nutrients were quite similar for the 1‐ and 2‐ha grids but notably different for the 4‐ha grid. However, the whole‐field average values of pH and P, K, and Mg concentrations in soil obtained for different sampling densities were very similar, thus placing, respectively, the soil of the studied area in the same class of liming needs and nutrient availability. The range and estimation errors of these parameters decreased with sampling‐grid size increase. The amount of lime and fertilizers to be applied on the field and the portion of a field correctly limed or fertilized depended on the soil chemical property considered. If one treats the 1‐ha grid as the reference and the most correct soil‐sampling approach, 2‐ha grid offered the greatest part of the field to be adequately fertilized with lime, P, and K. However, fertilization with Mg was much more appropriate if the recommendation was based on 4‐ha, than on a 2‐ha soil‐sampling grid. To gain an insight into soil variation and soil process occurring at small scale, laboratory and geostatistical analyses on individual soil samples may be necessary in some cases. Possibly, such costly research can deliver relevant information which could be then applied into farmer's practice. 相似文献