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缺素培养对大豆营养生长和根系形态的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过营养液栽培试验,探讨了巴西10号和本地2号两个大豆基因型在氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、铁缺乏条件下的缺素症状和植株生物量变化,以及根系形态指标的改变。结果表明,缺素处理对大豆植株生长影响显著,在各种缺素条件下大豆植株生物量均明显降低,地上部与根部均表现出各种营养元素缺乏时的特有症状;缺氮、缺钾、缺钙、缺镁和缺铁处理时大豆总根长和根表面积也均显著降低。大豆对不同缺素处理的反应存在基因型差异。 相似文献
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溶液培养条件下研究氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫缺乏对苗期紫云英外部形态、生长发育、养分吸收的影响。结果表明,养分供应不足均不同程度地抑制了苗期紫云英生长,表现出特定的缺素症状。氮、磷、钙、镁缺乏显著降低紫云英株高16.4%～54.0%,而钾和硫缺乏无显著影响。氮和钙缺乏使根长分别减少31.9%和22.5%,其他养分缺乏对根长无显著影响。大量矿质元素(硫除外)缺乏使紫云英地上部干重显著降低22.0%～60.7%。根部干重受不同养分缺乏影响不同,氮、钙和镁缺乏后显著降低23.4%～51.6%,磷和硫缺乏后分别增加40.6%和18.8%,而缺钾对根干重无显著影响。单株干重随养分缺乏的变化趋势与地上部类似,除镁外其他元素缺乏均显著增加根冠比。紫云英苗期叶绿素含量在氮、钙、镁和硫缺乏时显著降低,缺钾和磷时无显著变化。受养分缺乏胁迫时,紫云英苗期地上部氮、钾含量(除了钾、硫缺乏时的氮含量及磷、镁缺乏时的钾含量)通常显著降低,紫云英磷含量仅在缺磷时显著降低。6种大量矿质养分缺乏一般导致紫云英氮、磷、钾累积量显著降低。聚类分析表明,溶液培养条件下钙和氮缺乏对苗期紫云英伤害程度最大,其次为磷,再次为钾,镁和硫缺乏的影响程度相对较轻。综上所述,矿质养分缺乏均不同程度地抑制紫云英生长和养分积累,生产中应结合实际开展养分管理,以提高绿肥生产利用效益。 相似文献
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缺镁对菜豆幼苗膜脂过氧化及体内活性氧清除酶系统的影响 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
营养液中培养菜豆幼苗,缺镁菜豆植株生长受抑,生物量显著低于正常供应镁的植株,体内镁浓度和镁的积累总量均较低。严重缺镁黄化叶片中叶绿素含量下降。完整叶绿体的希尔反应值在缺镁与正常植株间无差别。缺镁菜豆植株的根和叶膜造性（以相对电导率表示）增加,叶片中丙二醛含量升高。活性氧清除酶系统:SOD、POD、CAT活性在缺镁菜豆真叶中高于正常植株,老叶中抗坏血醒过氧化物酶（AsA-POD）活性增加程度也较大。 相似文献
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钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响 总被引：59，自引：1，他引：59
采用溶液培养试验 ,研究不同的钙和镉处理对玉米植株生长、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和ATPase酶活性以及叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统活性的影响。结果表明 ,根部未供钙或叶面喷施CaCl2时 ,加镉处理玉米根、地上部生物量降低 ,根冠比加大 ;而根部供钙 ,植株生长较好 ,生物量较高 ,根冠比相对较小。营养液中加镉 ,玉米植株中镉浓度显著增加 ,根部镉浓度明显比地上部高 ,根中镉约占 65%～ 78% ,地上部镉占到 22%～35%左右。根部供钙比未供钙处理 ,根中镉含量虽没有显著性差别 ,但地上部镉浓度明显较低。叶片喷施CaCl2 4次比喷施 2次处理 ,地上部镉浓度增加。供钙明显增加了玉米植株中钙浓度。未供钙的玉米叶片叶绿素含量下降 ,但叶绿素a/叶绿素b比基本不变 ;加镉处理 ,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量下降更甚 ,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比升高 ;叶面喷施CaCl2 ,叶绿素含量也较低。前期和后期根部供钙处理 ,叶绿素下降程度有所缓解。而根部一直供钙 ,玉米叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量明显提高。镉抑制了玉米植株叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性 ;根中ATPase活性以及活性氧清除酶系统超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶 (Gua POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (AsA POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)受镉的诱导而增加，叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高。与未供应钙加镉处理相比，根部供钙加镉处理的玉米叶片硝酸还原酶活性、ATPase活性显著增加，也明显减轻了镉对根中ATPase活性、叶片中丙二醛含量、活性氧清除酶系统SOD，POD，CAT 活性的诱导效应。间隔供钙，在一定程度上缓解了镉的毒害，但是叶片喷施CaCl2，对减轻镉毒害无明显效果。因此在本试验条件下，根部供钙对缓解玉米镉毒害有重要作用。关键词:钙；镉；玉米；生理特性 相似文献
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聚合物类保水剂对山杏水肥利用效应的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
研究了不同用量保水剂处理对干旱胁迫下山杏(Armenia casibirica)叶水势、根部氮磷钾及生物量(地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量、总生物量)、根冠比的影响。结果表明,不同处理下叶水势受到不同程度促进,且促进程度随保水剂用量增大而增大。山杏根部氮磷钾含量,因不同处理均有所变化,其中,氮含量变化最显著,随保水剂用量增大而增大。保水剂20g下氮含量是对照的1.66倍,钾含量基本无变化,而磷含量随保水剂用量增大而降低。处理可使山杏总生物量和地上部分生物量增大,而对照组的地下部分生物量和根冠比最大。山杏叶水势和根部氮含量相关性显著。研究结果表明,保水剂和复合肥的混施显著促进了山杏生长,其原因可能是其保水保肥及缓释的作用。 相似文献
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在大田条件下,对缺镁的葡萄园进行了土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁肥的试验,探讨缺镁条件下,施镁对葡萄叶片和果实矿质营养吸收的影响,为葡萄施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0.2%、0.4%。结果表明:土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁在增加缺镁葡萄镁含量的同时,促进了钾、钙和锰的吸收,但降低了叶片和果实中锌含量,对铁和铜的影响不显著。土施镁肥极显著增加了叶片和果实中镁含量,叶面喷施极显著增加了叶片镁含量,但对果实镁含量影响不显著;土施150 kg/hm2同时叶面喷施0.4%硫酸镁肥,可提高叶片和果实中镁及其它矿质元素的含量。 相似文献
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土壤缺镁日益成为制约我国柑橘生产的重要因素,土壤中过量的钾可通过钾镁拮抗作用进一步降低根系镁素吸收和转运,进而导致柑橘地上部镁素不足而影响生长。为此,在盆栽模拟条件下设置了高钾(300 mg·kg-1)、适宜钾(150 mg·kg-1)2个施钾水平及5个施肥钾镁比(K/Mg,4∶0,4∶1,4∶2,4∶3,4∶4),并研究了两种典型柑橘砧木——香橙(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)和枳[Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]在上述条件下的生长及养分吸收差异,为明确适宜的土壤K/Mg和平衡施肥提供依据。与适宜钾处理相比,高钾处理的香橙、枳株高分别降低7.7和11.7 cm,地上部和根系生物量及钾、镁累积量均显著降低。当施肥K/Mg从4∶0减少到4∶4,土壤交换性镁含量从61增加至166 mg·kg-1,叶片镁含量从1.09增加至4.14 g·kg-1,生物量先增加后减少。回归方程表明,施肥的K/Mg介于4∶1～4∶2时,两种砧木的生物量和各部位干重最大。镁过量导致土壤K/Mg和地上部K/Mg降低,进而抑制柑橘砧木的生长。高钾和适宜钾处理下,枳根中镁含量/地上部镁含量均显著低于香橙。在酸性缺镁土壤上施用过量钾肥会加剧柑橘缺镁症状,将土壤K/Mg维持在1.5～2.0之间有利于柑橘生长;相比香橙,枳对缺镁的耐受性更强,能把更多的镁转运到地上部。综上,在合理施用钾肥的基础上,注重钾镁平衡施用和选择合适的砧木品种可以缓解柑橘生产中镁缺乏的问题。 相似文献
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不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞的硼钙营养效应 总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5
采用细胞培养的方法 ,研究了培养基中硼钙营养水平变化对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞生长及硼、钙和镁含量的影响。结果表明 ,增加硼营养显著促进了悬浮细胞的生长 ,钙对悬浮细胞生长的影响因硼供应状况和品种而异。两品种间差异表现为 ,低硼的抑制效应、高硼的促进效应以及较高钙的抑制效应都是硼低效 (对缺硼敏感 )品种Bakow(原代号 9141,曾用代号 01)比硼高效 (对缺硼不敏感 )品种特早 16 (原代号 9118,曾用代号 03)明显。增硼显著降低悬浮细胞的钙含量 ;镁含量因增硼先上升而后下降。增钙对悬浮细胞中硼含量无显著影响 ,硼钙镁之间存在着复杂的关系。 相似文献
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绿洲盐化潮土施镁对玉米幼苗生长、活性氧自由基代谢和锌营养的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】甘肃河西走廊绿洲盐化潮土地玉米缺锌现象非常普遍,土壤镁含量高通常被认为是造成土壤和作物缺锌的重要因素之一,本文探讨了绿洲盐化潮土锌、镁之间的关系。【方法】采用盆栽模拟试验方法,以硫酸镁为原料,设加入Mg2+0、74、147、221、515 mg/kg,形成交换性Mg含量分别为287.3、349.2、411.6、487.9、755.2 mg/kg的混合土壤,来模拟绿洲盐化潮土含镁量低、较低、中等、较高、极高5种类型。在玉米生长期间浇灌去离子水,用重量法控制水分的供应。玉米生长45 d收获,测定株高后,采集心叶下第二个叶片鲜样用于测定叶绿素含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。植株分地上部和根系,烘干粉碎后用于测定锌的含量。【结果】1)较高和极高的土壤交换性镁抑制玉米幼苗的生长。镁加入量为22l mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到487.9 mg/kg时,玉米植株矮小,生长已受到胁迫,加入量为515 mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到755.2 mg/kg时,玉米株高显著降低了14.5%,植株叶缘焦枯,个别植株叶片出现白色条纹,表现出明显的镁中毒症状和典型缺锌症状。2)随施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,玉米地上部和地下部的干重分别降低了11.9%~38.3%和4.6%~23.0%,茎叶干重的降低幅度明显高于根系。3)随施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,玉米叶片叶绿素含量降低了9.4%~45.9%,用量达到515 mg/kg时几乎降低了一半,导致地上部叶片出现枯黄。叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性都是先升高再迅速降低,峰值分别出现在147 mg/kg、74 mg/kg和147 mg/kg,用量达到515 mg/kg时分别降低了49.75%、48.06%和32.21%;MDA含量始终呈增加趋势,增幅在20.39%~183.58%。4)施镁显著降低了玉米幼苗的锌含量和吸收量,但对茎叶和根系的抑制程度不同。与不施镁处理相比,茎叶锌含量降低了4.05%~57.09%,吸收量降低了15.41%~73.55%;根系锌含量降低了7.55%~18.99%,吸收量降低了11.62%~37.40%,不管是锌含量还是吸收量,根系的降低幅度都明显低于茎叶。这也导致锌从根系向地上部的转运显著降低,施镁147 mg/kg时锌的转运率还有46.60%,施镁515 mg/kg时只有34.55%,仅达到不施镁水平的62%。5)随着施镁量的增加或土壤含镁量水平的提高,土壤有效锌含量也显著降低,降幅在11.4%~46.6%,特别是施镁515 mg/kg,土壤交换性镁含量达到755.2 mg/kg时,土壤有效锌含量已降至0.47 mg/kg,超过了土壤缺锌临界值(DTPA-Zn0.5 mg/kg)。【结论】绿洲盐化潮土上的玉米缺锌问题与土壤含镁量水平密切相关,随着施镁量的增加,玉米幼苗的生长受到抑制,株高、干重、叶片中的叶绿素含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性都显著降低,MDA含量显著增加。施镁抑制了玉米幼苗对锌的吸收,对茎叶的抑制程度明显高于根系,导致锌从根系向地上部的转运率显著降低。施镁降低了土壤有效锌含量,用量达到515 mg/kg时,土壤有效锌含量已低于缺锌临界值。 相似文献
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Yiling Song Jing Kong Xianyi Tian Xiaoying Bai Linlin Xu 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(1):63-81
Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA) are two important signaling molecules, which could alleviate chlorosis of peanut under iron (Fe) deficiency. Here, we further investigated the mechanism of different combinations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor) and SA supplying in alleviation Fe deficiency symptoms and selected which is the best combination. Thus, peanut was cultivated in hydroponic culture under iron limiting condition with different combinations of SNP and SA application. After 21 days, Fe deficiency significantly inhibited peanut growth, decreased soluble Fe concentration and chlorophyll contents, and disturbed ionic homeostasis. In addition, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased, which led the lipid peroxidation. Application of SNP and SA significantly changed Fe trafficking in cells and organs, which increased Fe uptake from nutrient solution, and transport from root to shoot, enhanced the activity of ferric-chelate reductase (FCR), that increased the available Fe in cell organelles, and the active Fe, chlorophyll contents in leaves. Furthermore, ameliorated the inhibition of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) uptake and promoted plant growth in Fe deficiency. At the same time, it increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) to protect the plasmolemma from peroxidation. Results demonstrated that different combinations of SNP and SA application could alleviate the chlorosis of peanut in Fe deficiency by various mechanisms. Such as increased the available Fe and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and modulated the mineral elements balance and so on. Foliar application of SNP and SA is the best to protect leaves while directly adding them into nutrient solution is the best to protect roots. These results also indicated that the effects of SNP and SA supplying together to leaves or roots are better than respectively adding to roots and spraying to leaves. The best combination is foliar application of SNP and SA. 相似文献
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Rilner Alves Flores Bernardo Melo Montes Nogueira Borges Hilário Júnior Almeida Renato De Mello Prado 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(7):1097-1109
The objective was to evaluate the effects of omitting macronutrients in the nutrients solution on growth characteristics and nutritional status of eggplants. The treatments were complete nutrients solution and solutions with nutrient omission: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with three replicates in a completely random design. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, dry matter, concentration levels of macronutrients in plant aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were evaluated. Omitting elements interfered in the concentration of elements in the various plant tissues and this had as consequences limited vegetative growth, reduced dry matter and led to the development of the typical deficiency symptoms of each element. Although potassium was the most demanded of all elements, nitrogen and calcium were the most growth limiting ones. 相似文献
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Strawberry plants, cv. Cambridge Favourite were grown at osmotic potentials of ‐0.2 and ‐0.8 bars in nutrient solutions with magnesium : calcium ratios ranging from 0.3 to 5.6: 1. When the OP was ‐0.8 bars, all plants showed leaf tipburn, guttated little, yielded small volumes of exudate overnight from cut stolons and had small calcium concentrations and contents in their emergent leaves, regardless of the Mg: Ca ratio of the nutrient. No symptoms were seen in plants grown at an OP of ‐0.2 bars, although the calcium concentration in the emergent leaves was smaller when the Mg: Ca ratio of the nutrient exceeded 0.8: 1. The overall salt concentration, which reduced the water potential gradient through the root and prevented development of root pressure at night, was more important than the magnesium to calcium balance of the nutrient solution in causing a local calcium deficiency in emergent leaves of the strawberry plant. 相似文献
15.
采用水培试验,研究了在两种供钾水平(K,0.5mmolL-1和5.0mmolL-1)条件下4个不同籽粒苋品种植株体内矿质营养元素的含量及其变化。同时,还在低钾条件下,测定了不同籽粒苋品种根、茎、叶中矿质营养成分的含量和构成情况,结果表明:(1)籽粒苋各品种氮、钾含量随着供钾水平降低而减少,一般基因型氮钾含量降幅大于富钾基因型;在相同供钾水平条件下,富钾基因型的氮钾含量均高于一般基因型,而相同基因型的不同品种间氮钾含量则相近。籽粒苋各品种氮主要分布在根和叶中,其次是茎;磷大量分布在根,其次是叶,再次是茎;钾主要存在于茎中,根和叶次之。(2)籽粒苋钙、镁、硫含量随着供钾水平的升高而降低,富钾基因型镁、硫含量低于一般基因型。籽粒苋不同品种的钙、镁主要分布在叶片中,其次是茎和根;硫在根中的分布最少,叶中最多。(3)不同品种B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素含量随着供钾水平的降低而升高,灰分含量则降低。富钾基因型B、Fe、Zn及灰分含量都高于一般基因型,而Cu的含量则是一般基因型高于富钾基因型。4个籽粒苋品种的硼、铜主要存在于叶片中,其次是根,茎含量相对前两者要小;铁、锰、锌在根的含量最高,叶片次之,茎最低,根系中铁的含量分别是叶和茎的7倍左右和10倍以上。 相似文献
16.
Mohamed Moustafa-Farag Fang Bingsheng Kateta Malangisha Guy Zhongyuan Hu Jinghua Yang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(14):1989-2001
Although boron deficiency (BD) is a drastic disorder to the agriculture crops, its effects on watermelon still unknown. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of BD (0 and 0.5 mg L?1) on different morphological, physiological and biochemical traits, and mineral uptake during early seedlings stage of watermelon. B-deficiency induced leaf chlorosis in watermelon initiated from the leaf margins and tips. Despite that, BD increased shoot length, and root and shoot dry weight of BD-watermelon seedlings. BD decreased leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and photosynthetic parameters without affecting quantum yield of PSII. BD significantly inhibited total soluble protein accumulation, while leaf proline content was unaffected. A significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in response to higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation could possibly reduced lipid peroxidation and promoted BD-watermelon plant growth. BD influenced mineral uptake variously: the induction of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), and the preservation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and molybdenum (Mo) levels in the leaves could maintain watermelon growth; while, the inhibition of magnesium (Mg) uptake seemed to be responsible for suppressed leaf chlorophyll and photosynthesis. These results would further help in understanding the physiological pathways and mechanisms associated with BD especially in watermelon, and provide database for fertilizer recommendations in B-deficient areas. 相似文献
17.
缺铁胁迫对草莓幼苗光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探讨缺铁胁迫对草莓（Fragaria ananassa Duch.）幼苗的光合特性及细胞器铁含量的影响,本研究选取4个草莓品种（红颜、 章姬、 甜查理、 童子一号）幼苗,采用溶液培养方法,设置Fe（Ⅱ）-EDTA浓度为0 mol/L、 110-4 mol/L两组处理,分别于处理后0、 4、 8、 12、 16 d对其叶绿素含量（SPAD）、 光合速率（Pn）、 叶绿体铁含量、 根系线粒体铁含量以及叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量进行分析。结果表明,缺铁胁迫显著降低草莓幼苗叶绿素含量、 光合速率、 叶绿体铁含量、 叶片铁含量、 根系铁含量、 生物量,并且不同品种间差异达显著水平（P0.05）;缺铁胁迫对根系细胞线粒体铁含量影响较小。草莓的叶绿体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关（r=0.93**, r=0.87**, r= 0.72**）, 根系线粒体铁含量与叶片铁含量、 叶片净光合速率和生物量呈极显著正相关或显著正相关（r= 0.83**, r= 0.72**, r= 0.52*）。本试验条件下,供试草莓品种红颜受缺铁胁迫的影响大于其他3个品种。 相似文献
18.
探讨大田条件下,补镁对缺镁葡萄叶片活性氧含量、保护酶活性和产量的影响,为葡萄科学施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112. 5、150、187. 5 kg/hm~2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0. 2%、0. 4%。结果发现:葡萄缺镁时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率加快,过氧化氢含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高,生物膜受到伤害。通过土施和叶面喷施的方式适量补镁,葡萄叶片活性氧产生速率降低,同时保护酶过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量降低,生物膜的受伤程度得到缓解,叶片衰老速率降低,葡萄产量提高,但当施入量过大对生物膜受伤程度的缓解效果降低,葡萄产量降低。土施150 kg/hm~2同时叶面喷施0. 4%硫酸镁肥时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率低,过氧化氢含量少,膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量低,葡萄产量高,是该土壤环境下的最佳补镁措施。 相似文献
19.
Field studies were conducted over three years on Podzol soils in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) on the effect of sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and boron (B) fertilization on tissue nutrient concentration and potato yield. Leaf tissues were sampled at 10% bloom and again two weeks later for S, Ca, and B analysis. In the absence of S fertilization, S deficiency symptoms, as evidenced by lighter green foliage were found. The mean tuber yield response due to S addition was 1.1 (SE = 0.40) t/ha. Addition of S either as gypsum or magnesium sulfate was effective in overcoming the S deficiency symptoms and in increasing the S concentration in the leaves. Calcium and B additions did not affect the tuber yields. While Ca applications were ineffective in increasing the Ca concentration in the leaf tissue, B applications significantly increased the leaf tissue B concentration in both samplings. The interaction effects between S, Ca, and B were not significant on any of the components tested. Data indicated that 0.25 to 0.27 and 0.28 to 0.32% S in potato leaves were in the S deficiency and sufficiency range, respectively. This is the first documented case of S deficiency in the field in P.E.I. Potatoes and possibly other crops should be monitored for S‐deficiency symptoms and S levels in plant tissues should be recorded to detect any trends. 相似文献