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1.
不同氮源与钾水平对杂交组合及常规稻生长和养分吸收的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
采用营养液培养法研究了不同氮源和钾水平对杂交稻及其亲本和常规稻生长、叶绿素含量、养分吸收的影响。结果表明 ,水稻生长、叶绿素的含量及养分吸收与氮源供应密切相关。在供钾充足的条件下 ,杂交稻上位叶的干物质产量以硝态氮营养的最高 ,其次为硝态氮与铵态氮混合营养 ;保持系与杂交稻的趋势一致。杂交稻下位叶和根系干物质积累量受 3种氮源的影响与恢复系相一致 ,即 :硝 +铵混合 硝态氮 铵态氮。硝态氮营养比硝 +铵混合及铵态氮更有效地提高杂交稻功能叶片中的叶绿素含量。杂交稻与其亲本植株地上部全氮含量受 3种氮源的影响为 :硝 +铵混合 硝态氮 铵态氮 ;然而杂交稻地上部的吸氮量受氮源的影响为硝态氮硝 +铵混合 铵态氮 ,与保持系的规律一致。杂交稻地上部钾含量及吸收量在 3种氮源处理间有差异 ,表现为硝态氮 硝 +铵混合 铵态氮 ,保持系的趋势一致 ,但与恢复系不同。研究结果还表明 ,杂交稻对硝态氮的营养特性具有明显杂种优势。 3种氮源对水稻生长、营养吸收的影响程度与钾营养状况及水稻品种有关 ;杂交水稻及其亲本较常规稻受影响更大。在高钾供应时 ,各项指标受到氮源影响的程度都明显高于低钾处理 ,其中以硝态氮为氮源更有利于杂交水稻生理及营养优势特性的发挥。 相似文献
2.
氮素形态对小麦生长中后期保护酶等生理特性的影响 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：26
在水培条件下,探究了氮素形态对小麦营养生殖并进生长时期保护酶的影响。结果表明:铵、硝态氮单供和混合供应对小麦保护酶活性影响不同。在铵、硝态氮混合供应下,叶片SOD、CAT,根系SOD活性最高,同时叶片、根系可溶性蛋白含量最大,根系活力和根系表面K3Fe(CN)6还原活性最高,但MDA含量最高;单供硝态氮时叶片POD活性最高,根系MDA含量最高;单供铵态氮时根系POD、CAT活性最高。单供尿素时叶片仅CAT活性高于铵和硝态氮混合供给,但同时叶片MDA含量也高于铵和硝态氮混合供给。叶片以SOD、CAT和POD为主清除自由基,而根系以SOD和POD为主清除自由基。铵和硝态氮混合供给下,小麦成熟后,地上部干重,籽粒产量最大,根冠比最小。 相似文献
3.
盐胁迫下氮素形态对油菜和水稻幼苗离子运输和分布的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
【目的】土壤盐碱化是制约农作物产量的主要因素之一,盐胁迫影响养分运输和分布,造成植物营养失衡,导致作物发育迟缓,植株矮小,严重威胁着我国的粮食生产。在必需营养元素中,氮素是需求量最大的元素,NO-3和NH+4是植物吸收氮素的两种离子形态。植物对盐胁迫的响应受到不同形态氮素的调控,研究不同形态氮素营养下植物的耐盐机制对提高植物耐盐性及产量具有重要的意义。【方法】本文以喜硝植物油菜(Brassica napus L.)和喜铵植物水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为试验材料,采用室内营养液培养方法,研究了NO-3和NH+4对Na Cl胁迫下油菜及水稻苗期生长状况、对Na+运输和积累的影响,以对照与盐胁迫植株生物量之差与Na+积累量之差的比值,评估Na+对植株的伤害程度。【结果】1)在非盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养显著促进油菜和水稻根系的生长;盐胁迫条件下,油菜和水稻生物量均显著受到抑制,Na Cl对供应铵态氮营养植株的抑制更为显著。2)盐胁迫条件下,两种供氮形态下,油菜和水稻植株Na+含量均显著增加,硝态氮营养油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮营养,叶柄Na+含量/叶片Na+含量大于铵营养油菜,硝态氮营养水稻根系Na+含量显著低于铵营养,地上部则相反。3)铵营养油菜和水稻Na+伤害度显著高于硝营养植株。4)盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮营养油菜地上部和水稻根系K+含量均显著高于铵态氮营养。5)盐胁迫条件下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株。【结论】与铵营养相比,硝营养油菜和水稻具有更好的耐盐性。硝态氮处理油菜叶柄Na+显著高于铵态氮处理,能够截留Na+向叶片运输。同时,供应硝态氮营养更有利于油菜和水稻吸收K+,有助于维持植物体内离子平衡。盐胁迫下,硝营养油菜和水稻木质部Na+浓度,韧皮部Na+和K+浓度及水稻木质部K+浓度均高于铵营养植株,表明硝态氮营养油菜和水稻木质部-韧皮部对离子有较好的调控能力,是其耐盐性高于铵营养的原因之一。 相似文献
4.
不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。 相似文献
5.
氮素形态和光照强度对烟草生长和H2O2清除酶活性的影响 总被引：46，自引：3，他引：43
氮素形态和光照强度对烟草植株生长和H2O2清除酶活性影响的研究结果表明,在弱光下,氮素形态不影响植株生长,但在强光下,铵态氮明显抑制植株的生长。弱光下供应按态氮叶片叶绿素含量显著地高于供应硝态氮的叶片;而强光下供应铵态氮叶片单位鲜重叶绿素含量反而显著地低于供应硝态氮的叶片。强光下供应按态氮的叶片中MDA含量明显高于供应硝酸盐的叶片,但在弱光下则无明显的差异。供应硝态氮叶片中AsA含量高于供应铵态氮的叶片;但供应铵态氮叶片中DAsA含量高于供应硝态氮叶片,尤其是强光下其差异更大。光照强度的增加明显提高AsA-POD、MDAsA还原酶、DAsA还原酶和GSSG还原酶活性。强光下供应镀态氮叶片中AsA-POD和GSSG还原酶活性明显地高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而MDAsA还原酶活性则相反。弱光下供应铵态氮叶片AsA-POD和MDAsA还原酶活性明显高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而GSSG还原酶活性的差异则不显著。铵态氮不显著提高DAsA还原酶的活性。SOD和CAT活性在各处理之间差异不明显。增加光照强度和供应铵态氮都明显地提高AsA氧化酶活性。 相似文献
6.
硝/铵营养对香蕉生长及其枯萎病发生的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
通过水培试验,研究了不同硝/铵配比对香蕉生长及其根际尖孢镰刀菌侵染的影响。结果表明, 1）铵硝混合营养对香蕉生长的效果优于单一营养,尤其是在75%硝态氮+25%铵态氮处理下香蕉生长最好,叶片中氮、磷、钾含量也最高; 2）香蕉根际pH在100%铵态氮处理时最低,随着硝态氮比例的增加,pH逐渐上升; 3）接种尖孢镰刀菌后,根际病原菌数量在100% 铵态氮处理时最多,但是在根系细胞内却没有检测到,相反,随着硝态氮比例的增加,虽然在根际中检测到的病菌数量有所降低,但是在根系内均发现存在病原菌。本研究结果说明,相对于铵硝混合营养,全铵营养会导致香蕉生长受到一定的影响,但是却能够防止香蕉尖孢镰刀菌侵染进植物根系。由于在离体培养时,全铵可以抑制尖孢镰刀菌穿透植物细胞壁的过程,因此全铵培养植物时,其根部质外体及细胞中铵态氮浓度高很可能是抑制病原菌侵染的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
根系高效铵吸收系统是玉米获取氮素的重要补充机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
8.
作物对氮素形态有不同程度的偏好,一直以来研究者认为水稻是典型的喜铵作物,也有研究指出增加硝 态氮能促进水稻根系的发育和产量的提升,但尚未明确协同多指标增效的最适铵硝配比。有机无机配合施用也是 有效增加稻米品质的重要营养调控手段,但有机养分占比过高会降低水稻产量。整合现有的研究结果,定量分析 铵硝态氮的配合和有机无机氮的配合对水稻生长发育及产量、品质的影响,以明确水稻最佳铵硝配比和有机替代 方案。采用 Meta 分析方法,收集了 2000—2021 年间发表的 48 篇文章,将养分形态配比分类,研究不同分类条 件下水稻生长发育、产量和品质的差异。与纯铵态氮供应相比,适宜配比的铵硝混合营养显著改善水稻干物质 累积、生长发育和光合特性,其中最佳配比为 75∶25,可分别增加水稻地上部、地下部干物质量和总干物质量 36.2%、19.5% 和 26.0%,分别增加生长发育指标叶面积、分蘖数、根长、根体积、根表面积、氮素积累量 17.9%、 28.8%、209.5%、60.5%、139.5%、30.6%,分别显著提高硝酸还原酶活性、净光合速率、叶绿素 56.5%、16.3%、 21.9%。但当硝态氮比例增加到 50% 时,上述指标无法得到显著提升甚至下降。与纯无机氮供应相比,<40% 的有 机氮替代下水稻产量、整精米率、直链淀粉含量分别提升 8.9%、4.5%、1.4%,稻米垩白度和蛋白质含量分别下降 19.7%、0.7%,但有机替代比例超过 40% 则无显著改善效果。合理铵硝配比和有机肥替代比例可进一步实现水稻 增产、提质、增效。 相似文献
9.
硝态氮抑制尖孢镰刀菌侵染促进黄瓜生长的内在生理机制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
10.
不同形态氮对掌叶半夏生长及块茎主要化学成分影响研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
【目的】本文利用盆栽试验,探讨了不同铵态氮、 硝态氮供应比例对掌叶半夏生长、 相关生理指标及块茎中主要活性成分含量的影响,以期为掌叶半夏的合理施肥、 科学种植提供技术依据。【方法】盆栽试验以蛭石为栽培基质,以掌叶半夏为试验材料,采用不同铵态氮、 硝态氮比例处理,分析不同铵硝比例处理下掌叶半夏叶片中抗氧化保护酶（SOD、 CAT）, 叶片、 块茎中氮代谢关键酶（NR）的活性及块茎中次生代谢产物（MDA、 硝酸盐及主要活性成分）的含量变化。【结果】 1）叶片鲜重、 块茎鲜重及总叶绿素含量总体均随铵态氮比例的升高而呈逐渐增加趋势,其中在全铵营养下,块茎鲜重和总叶绿素含量均达到最高值。2）随着铵态氮比例的升高,植株叶片中SOD、 CAT酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,SOD、 CAT酶活性最高,此时,叶片中NO-3-N含量也达到最高。3）在全铵营养或全硝营养下,MDA含量均高于其他处理; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,MDA累积量最低。4）在全硝营养下,叶片、 块茎中的NR活性均达到最高值,同处理水平下叶片中NR活性要高于块茎; 并且随着铵态氮比例的增加叶片中NR活性呈逐渐降低的趋势,而块茎中的NR活性则呈逐渐增加的趋势。5）块茎中主要活性成分的累积更依赖于两种氮素的配施作用,在较高的铵态氮配施处理下（75∶25时）,总生物碱、 总有机酸及腺苷的积累量均取得最高值。【结论】适宜比例的铵硝配比可以促进掌叶半夏生长及产量的形成,其促进效果也显著高于全硝营养; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,其植物体内的相关酶活性也达到最高,说明适宜的铵硝配比能减轻膜质过氧化对植株细胞膜造成的损伤; 同时,较高的NH+4-N也有利于块茎中主要活性成分的积累,尤以铵硝比为75∶25时,累积效果最显著。 相似文献
11.
M. N. Gheibi M. J. Malakouti B. Kholdebarin F. Ghanati S. Teimouri R. Sayadi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1440-1450
ABSTRACT Nickel (Ni) is an essential element for activation of urease in higher plants. The effects of Ni as an essential micronutrient on growth and chlorophyll content of wheat plants grew in nutrient solutions supplied either with ammonium nitrate or urea as two different nitrogen (N) sources were investigated. Plants were allowed to grow for six weeks, then leaf chlorophyll content, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and Ni concentration in shoots and roots were determined. Shoot and root Ni concentration in both urea and ammonium nitrate-fed plants increased significantly with the increase in Ni concentration. Growth and chlorophyll content in leaves of the urea-fed plants increased when Ni concentration in the solution was as high as 0.05 mg L?1 and decreased at 0.1 mg Ni L?1. In ammonium nitrate-fed plants, these parameters increased up to 0.01 mg Ni L?1 and started to decrease with further increase in Ni concentration. Plants that grew in nutrient solutions containing urea had more shoots and roots fresh and dry weight at third and fourth Ni levels (0.05 and 0.1 mg L?1) than those that grew in media containing ammonium nitrate with similar Ni levels. Total chlorophyll content was also higher in plants supplied with urea plus Ni. The amount of Ni required for optimum wheat growth was dependent on the forms of N used. When supplied with ammonium nitrate or urea, the amount of Ni needed was 0.01 and 0.05 mgL?1 of nutrient solutions, respectively. 相似文献
12.
Zhen-Hua Zhang Hai-Xing Song Qiang Liu Xiang-Min Rong Chun-Yun Guan Jian-Wei Peng 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1448-1459
Differences of nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and their physiological properties were studied in a pot experiment, and the ratio of seed yield with no nitrogen supplied to that with normal nitrogen supply was adopted as a nitrogen efficiency coefficient. Results showed that the nitrogen efficiency coefficient determined for eight oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.37 to 0.69, the ratio of nitrogen uptake amounts per plant, nitrogen transfer velocity from stems and leaves to seeds, and nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape cultivars under nitrogen stressed condition differed from with normal nitrogen supply. The higher the nitrogen efficiency of a cultivar, the higher the ratio of N uptake in no nitrogen to with N supplied. Under low nitrogen-supplying conditions, high nitrogen efficiency cultivars had longer roots, more lateral roots, higher amounts of reuse of nitrate from stem and leaves, and higher nitrate reductase activities in leaves. 相似文献
13.
水稻根际的硝化作用与水稻的硝态氮营养 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：30
由于淹水条件下土壤硝化作用被强烈抑制 ,人们对水稻氮素 (N)营养的研究主要侧重在铵(NH 4 )营养而忽略了对硝 (NO-3 )营养的研究。但值得注意的是 ,水稻根系能分泌氧气 (O2 ) ,这些O2 能被硝化微生物利用 ,从而将NH 4 氧化成NO-3 ,在根表形成的NO-3 立即被水稻吸收。但通常情况下从水稻土中采集的土样中较难测到NO-3 或数量极微。事实上 ,即便是完全淹水 ,水稻根系也是处于铵、硝混合营养中。本文首先论述了水稻根际通过硝化作用产生NO-3 的过程 ,然后从吸收速率和根系生物量两方面提出了NO-3 对水稻NH 4 吸收和同化的促进机理 ,并比较了NO-3 对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用和系统抑制作用 ,其中对于NO3 -对侧根生长发育的局部刺激作用是由于NO3 -的营养作用 (NO-3 对植物体内糖类、氨基酸和内源激素的影响 )还是信号物质作用进行了详细阐述 ,最后提出了今后在水稻硝酸盐营养方面的研究方向。 相似文献
14.
Decreasing fresh water availability has intensified the search for alternative rice cultivation systems with reduced water input, but most evidence suggests negative effects on growth of lowland (LL) rice cultivars. Yield in such production systems may be improved by selection of adapted aerobic ‘Han Dao’ (HD) rice cultivars. Lowland and HD rice were compared under sole nitrate or ammonium supply as well as under mixed supply of both nitrogen (N) forms during the seedling and tillering stage; pronounced differences were found in response to the supplied N form. Shoot dry mass (DM) of HD was significantly lower than that of LL under sole and predominant ammonium supply, whereas LL showed the opposite trend, with significantly lower shoot DM under sole-nitrate supply. Nitrogen concentration of LL rice under sole-nitrate supply was significantly lower compared with other treatments at tillering stage. Han Dao rice had a significantly higher potassium (K) concentration than LL rice under sole-nitrate supply, while the opposite result was observed under sole-ammonium supply. At seedling stage, the portion of N that was taken up from nitrate-N varied from 30% to 40% in HD and LL rice in treatments 75N/25A and 50N/50A, while at both growth stages, predominant ammonium supply resulted in a lower portion (20%) of nitrate-derived N in LL than in HD rice. The portion of nitrate-derived N increased at tillering stage (from 40% to 70%). These results further illustrate a synergistic effect of co-provision of nitrate and ammonium on total N fluxes compared with supply of sole nitrate or sole ammonium. It was concluded that the interaction between N form and tiller formation during early growth stages deserves strong attention for the identification of aerobic rice cultivars. 相似文献
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Shiwei Guo Ralf Kaldenhoff Norbert Uehlein Burkhard Sattelmacher Holger Brueck 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(1):73-80
Sole ammonium supply provokes negative effects on dry‐mass formation, leaf growth, and water uptake of ammonium‐sensitive plants. To study the effects of N form on nutrient and water uptake and aquaporin expression, French bean plants were grown in a split‐root system. Five treatments were compared: homogeneous nitrate (NN) and ammonium (AA) supply; spatially separated supply of nitrate and ammonium (NA); and half of the root system supplied with N‐free nutrient solution, the other half with either nitrate (N0) or ammonium (A0). Ten days after onset of treatments, root dry mass (DM) and water‐uptake rate (WUR) were significantly reduced under ammonium compared to nitrate supply. WUR from nitrate‐supplied vessels was 80% higher than that from N‐free nutrient solution, while WUR from N‐free nutrient solution was 130% higher than that from ammonium‐supplied vessels. Potassium uptake was lower under ammonium supply and the ratio of N : K uptake of treatment AA was significantly higher compared to others. High K uptake from N‐free nutrient solution of A0 plants resulted in a ratio of N : K uptake comparable to nitrate‐supplied plants, but shoot growth resembled that to plants under sole ammonium supply. Within 24 h after onset of treatments, expression of aquaporin was lower under ammonium compared to nitrate supply. From these data, it can be concluded that reduced root water transport under ammonium supply is directly related to aquaporin activity. 相似文献
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增硝营养对不同基因型水稻苗期硝酸还原酶活性及其表达量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用控制条件下的溶液培养方法,研究了增硝营养(NH4+∶NO3-比例为100∶0和50∶50)对两种不同的基因型水稻南光和云粳苗期生长和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及基因表达量的影响。结果表明,不同基因型水稻在增NO3-营养下生物量、氮素含量、氮积累量的增幅南光大于云粳。NO3-的存在增强了水稻硝酸还原酶的活力和NR基因OsNia1、OsNia2的表达。不同基因在水稻幼苗中,两个品种OsNia2的相对表达量均高于OsNia1。就品种而言,无论叶片还是根系,增硝后南光OsNia2mRNA表达量都高于云粳;南光叶片OsNia1mRNA表达量也较云粳叶片高。增硝营养提高了水稻NR基因的表达,增加了NR活性,促进了水稻NO3-的同化利用,从而增加了氮素在植株地上部的积累同化。南光和云粳相比,前者对NO3-的响应更为强烈。 相似文献
17.
Many plant species are characterized by pronounced sensitivity to sole ammonium supply and exhibit growth depression and particularly reduced leaf growth rates. Stress symptoms under sole ammonium supply may be related to perturbation of photosynthetic processes, e.g., low rates of net CO2 assimilation, low quantum yield, reduced stomatal conductance, and carboxylation capacity. The results of three experiments with French bean plants supplied with an N concentration of 5 mM illustrate significantly lower dry mass and specific leaf area, reduced leaf expansion, and higher chlorophyll and N content of ammonium‐ compared to nitrate‐supplied plants. Light‐saturated rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax) per unit leaf area were higher under ammonium compared to nitrate supply while no significant effects of N form on quantum yield and Amax per unit leaf weight and chlorophyll were found. Maximal carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron‐transport (JMax) rates were significantly higher under ammonium supply only in one of three experiments. Vcmax was linearly related to total leaf N, the slope of the regression was similar with both N forms, the x‐axis intercept was significantly higher for ammonium‐ compared to nitrate‐supplied plants. The ratio Vcmax : JMax was not affected by N form. It is concluded that ammonium supply had no negative effects on the operation of photosynthetic protein‐enzyme complexes. 相似文献
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氮水平和形态配比对巴西橡胶树花药苗生长及氮代谢、光合作用的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用砂培方法研究了不同供氮水平及NH4+/NO3-配比对巴西橡胶树花药苗生长、氮代谢及光合作用相关指标的影响。结果表明,随供氮水平的提高,橡胶花药苗茎秆、叶、地上部及单株总干重、植株各部位氮含量和氮积累量、叶绿素含量均相应升高,其中粗根、茎秆、叶片含氮量、单株吸氮量及叶绿素含量各处理间差异均达显著水平;株高、茎粗、细根干重、叶片光合速率先增后减,且以8 mmol/L氮水平时最大;低氮水平下细根硝酸还原酶（NR）活性较高。不同NH4+/NO3-配比试验中,纯NH4+营养下小苗各部位氮含量、氮积累量最高（除细根和叶柄氮积累量）;NH4+/NO3-为75/25时,小苗株高、茎粗、叶柄、叶片、植株地上部及株干重最大,NH4+/NO3-为50/50时,小苗细根干重、茎秆干重、叶绿素含量、光合速率最大,且显著大于纯NO3-营养处理;而NH4+/NO3- 50/50时,处理间差异不显著（除细根和茎秆N含量）;纯NO3-营养下小苗细根NR活性最高,但生长最弱。结果说明橡胶花药苗不适宜于纯NO3-环境,而适宜于纯NH4+及NH4+/NO3-混合营养,其适宜水平为8 mmol/L和NH4+/NO3-50/50。 相似文献