共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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为探究不同类型重构土壤对水分再分布过程和土壤持水量的影响,该研究以砒砂岩、砂黄土和粗砂土为试验材料进行室内土柱试验,设置5种不同类型重构土壤(砒-粗、砂-粗、砒-砂-粗、砂-砒-粗、混-粗),测定各处理在入渗过程、排水过程以及蒸发过程中土壤水分的动态变化;同时利用Hydrus-1D模型对不同类型重构土壤的入渗和蒸发过程进行模拟分析。结果表明,有砒砂岩层存在的重构土体对入渗过程有明显阻滞作用,且砒砂岩层越厚、位置越靠上阻滞效果越明显,土柱达到稳渗时稳渗率越低;蒸发过程中,砒-砂-粗处理累积蒸发量为52 mm,显著高于其他重构土壤(P<0.05),而砂-砒-粗处理土柱累积蒸发量最小(32.1 mm),蒸发结束时相对蒸发速率低至0.07;在蒸发过程中,上细下粗型层状重构土壤水分损失来自表层土壤和下层粗砂土。利用优化后的土壤水力参数和Hydrus-1D模型可以较好地模拟重构土壤水分运动过程。较低的均方根误差和高的决定系数证明模型能准确模拟各类型土柱的累积排水量、累积蒸发量和蒸发过程剖面含水量的动态变化。混-粗土柱的持水能力高于其他土柱,说明该重构类型可作为晋陕蒙地区土壤复垦的重构方案。 相似文献
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砂性层状土柱蒸发过程实验与数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了了解不同类型层状土柱蒸发特性,利用砂土和砂黄土2种土壤,设置3种不同厚度分层土柱(11.25、22.5、45 cm)和2种均质对照土柱,测定了土柱蒸发过程中累积蒸发量、相对蒸发速率和剖面含水量的变化;同时利用2种均质土柱排水过程优化的土壤水力参数和Hydrus-1D模型对2种均质土柱和3种不同类型层状土柱蒸发过程进行模拟分析。结果表明,均质砂黄土蒸发第一阶段持续长达34 d,累积蒸发量显著高于均质砂土和其他3种不同类型分层土柱,土柱剖面含水量变化进一步证明表层覆盖砂土可显著抑制土壤蒸发。利用排水过程优化的水力参数,HYDRUS-1D可以较好地模拟层状土柱蒸发过程。研究结果对干旱半干旱区土壤水分管理具有指导意义。 相似文献
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干旱荒漠区排矸场不同覆盖类型对土壤水分蒸发的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的] 在水分匮乏的干旱荒漠区煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中，研究不同边坡覆盖模式对土壤水分蒸发的影响，为干旱荒漠区矿区废弃地生态恢复模式优化与完善植被恢复技术提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国西北干旱荒漠区煤炭基地废弃地——排矸场为研究对象，研究不同覆盖类型排矸场边坡土壤水分蒸发和表层土壤水分的变化。试验设置了草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型，以无覆盖为对照。[结果] 干旱荒漠区煤矿排矸场边坡表层土壤含水量基本呈随着坡位降低而增加的变化规律；蒸发试验进行初期各覆盖处理的土壤日蒸发量较大，随着时间推移日蒸发量逐渐降低，草帘覆盖下的平均土壤日蒸发量最低，与无覆盖处理之间的变化差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）；3种覆盖与无覆盖处理下的土壤水分累积蒸发量在排矸场边坡的不同坡位均表现出逐步上升的规律，无覆盖措施的土壤累积蒸发量增加较明显，草帘覆盖、液膜覆盖和生态毯覆盖措施下的土壤累积蒸发量分别比无覆盖措施减少了38.4%，24.2%和20.6%，坡面覆盖处理的土壤累积蒸发过程符合线性函数关系。[结论] 在草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型中，草帘覆盖下的土壤含水量较高，草帘是减少边坡表层土壤水分蒸发量最为适合的覆盖措施。 相似文献
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表层有效土壤水分参数化及冠层下土面蒸发模拟 总被引：1，自引：7，他引：1
通过观测田间微气象数据、土壤表层水分变化状况及荞麦作物冠层下土面蒸发等资料,引进一个表面体积含水率的函数,构建了基于表层有效土壤水分的土壤蒸发模型。该模型包含了土面蒸发的2个过程:水蒸气从土壤孔隙中扩散到地表面及水蒸气由地表面传输到大气中。模型中表层有效土壤水分参数不仅取决于表层土壤含水状况,而且受风速影响。采用波文比能量平衡法及微型蒸发器观测荞麦地实际蒸腾蒸发量及冠层下土面蒸发的变化规律,并验证模型精度。结果表明,所构建模型可以成功预测冠层下土面蒸发,其平均相对误差为13.5%。该研究对于实现土壤蒸发及作物蒸腾的分离估算,减少无效水分消耗具有重要意义。 相似文献
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黄土半干旱区刺槐林地土壤蒸发特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对黄土半干旱区刺槐林内的土壤蒸发状况,进行比较系统的试验研究。试验采用微型蒸发器（Micro-lysimeters,MLS）,人为控制土壤水分梯度,对不覆盖、枯枝落叶物覆盖和苔藓覆盖3种处理的林地土壤蒸发进行了分析。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,利用枯落物覆盖减小林地土壤蒸发效果晴天好于多云天,枯落物覆盖、苔藓覆盖与无覆盖相比,分别减少了20.15%～52.46%和11.11%～36.72%的土壤蒸发,枯落物覆盖效果好于苔藓;林地土壤蒸发量随土壤水分的增加呈上升趋势,当土壤含水量增加到一定临界值以后,林地土壤蒸发量由上升变为下降,表现出土壤水分对林地土壤蒸发具有明显的阈值反应,土壤含水量的临界值分别为14.2%（枯落物覆盖）和16.8%（不覆盖）;基于林地土壤蒸发量（E1）与水面蒸发量（E0）的观测数据,利用STATISTICA软件统计分析,建立林地土壤蒸发模型,可用于林地土壤蒸发量的估算,为林地土壤水分管理提供理论依据。 相似文献
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麦秸覆盖条件下土壤蒸发阻力及蒸发模拟 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8
模拟覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发对于农田水管理具有重要的作用。该文分析了留茬和秸秆覆盖模式下影响土面蒸发的因素,提出了留茬覆盖模式下蒸发阻力和土面蒸发模型,基于试验数据确定了公式中的参数。主要结果和结论:当表层2 cm土壤含水率高于0.23 cm3/cm3(约60%田持)时,土面相对蒸发量(土面蒸发量与20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量比值)基本保持稳定;当表层2 cm土壤含水率在0.05~0.23 cm3/cm3之间时,土面相对蒸发量随土壤含水率的降低而线性减小。覆盖会明显降低土壤蒸发,覆盖阻力随秸秆覆盖量增加呈指数增长。当表层2 cm土壤含水率在0.05~0.23 cm3/cm3之间时,土壤表面阻力随土壤体积含水率降低而线性增加。验证结果显示建立的土面蒸发模型及相应阻力参数能较好的模拟覆盖条件下的土面蒸发量。 相似文献
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棵间土壤蒸发是塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林耗水的重要组成部分。应用Micro-Lysimeters测定了1个灌溉周期内咸水滴灌下距林木不同位置处的土壤蒸发量。分析了土壤蒸发与水面蒸发的关系,通过一维平差处理对防护林土壤蒸发量进行了估算。结果表明,塔里木沙漠公路防护林棵间土壤蒸发具有明显的季节变化特征。试验初期棵间土壤蒸发量:根基部>距根基50cm处>距根基100cm处;第5d以后,根基50cm处>根基部>距根基100cm处。林地土壤蒸发随土壤含水量的减低呈整体下降趋势。通过估算,咸水滴灌下整个防护林年土壤蒸发总量为2.63×106 m3,占总灌水量的21.43%,生长季蒸发量占全年蒸发量的92.28%。 相似文献
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极端干旱区咸水滴灌林地盐结皮对土壤蒸发的影响 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
由于长期使用高矿化度咸水滴灌,土壤盐结皮在塔里木沙漠公路防护林带内广泛发育,它会对林带土壤蒸发过程产生重要影响。采用田间取样分析和微型蒸发器（MLS）人工控制试验相结合,分别研究了一个灌溉周期内盐结皮影响下林间裸地和防护林带内的土壤蒸发过程。结果表明,土壤水分蒸发量自表层向下层逐渐减少,且有盐结皮的土壤蒸发量小于无盐结皮土壤;土壤日蒸发量随着含水量的降低而逐渐减小,有盐结皮土壤前期高于对照,而后期低于对照;土壤累积蒸发量随着时间的变化逐渐增大,但增加量逐渐减小,有盐结皮土壤累积蒸发量小于对照;盐结皮对土壤蒸发的抑制效率随着时间的变化而不断降低,但裸地的降低速度高于林地;盐结皮抑制土壤水分蒸发的效果明显。 相似文献
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To reduce water loss from soil surface evaporation is important in agricultural and environmental practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Gravel mulch has long been practiced to reduce soil surface evaporation. In this study, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to study the effects of gravel mulches of different sizes on evaporation process from soil surface. Four mulch treatment levels were used: diameter 0.5 cm (A), diameter 2.5 cm (B), diameter 4.5 cm (C), and bare soil (CK), with three replicates. It was found that the gravel mulches dramatically reduced the evaporation from bare soil surface, particularly when soil water contents were at high levels. Under the same soil water content, the evaporation reduction rates under gravel mulches were negatively correlated with gravel sizes. The evaporation processes under gravel mulches were much more stable as compared with that from bare soil surface. The ratio of the soil surface evaporation to the atmospheric evaporation (Ess/Esa) and soil water contents with no mulch decreased rapidly with time. Soil water contents decreased slowly with time under mulches while the Ess/Esa values maintained at the more or less stable levels. During the successive evaporation process of 41 days, the cumulative soil surface evaporation under mulches was linearly correlated with time but that from bare soil surface was logarithmically correlated with time. 相似文献
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Yoshihiro Matsumoto Shuichiro Yoshida Akimasa Okabe Kazuhiro Nishida 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13420
Large clods (centimetres in size) can be formed by tillage in clayey paddy fields where upland crops are planted. These clods cause early water depletion near the soil surface, which decreases crop germination and emergence rates. Because of the difficulty in reducing clod size, desiccation damage to seeds can be avoided by adjusting the seeding depth based on the clod size-dependent soil moisture profile. This study aimed to clarify the effect of clod size on (1) the evaporation rate (E) and soil moisture profile and (2) the mobility of soil water during the drying process. Evaporation experiments were conducted in an air-conditioned greenhouse with natural light using cylindrical columns filled with artificially made clods 3 (L columns) and 1 cm (S columns) in diameter. We measured E, potential evaporation rate (PE), and total soil moisture content (wtot) throughout the experiment and the soil moisture profiles at the end of the experiment. The water diffusivity (Dw) and apparent vapour diffusion coefficient (dvap) were calculated as the mobility of soil water and water vapour, respectively. We found that wtot was lower in the L column than in the S column, although not at the onset of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the soil moisture content was lower in the L column than in the S column throughout the soil layer. In contrast, E/PE was higher in the L column than in the S column throughout the experiment and even at the same wtot. Regarding mobility, Dw was slightly greater in the L column than in the S column in the soil moisture content range, where vapour movement could be greater than liquid water movement. In addition, the ratio of dvap to the diffusion coefficient of water vapour in soil was higher than unity in both columns and was 2.4–3.2 times higher in the L column than in the S column. In summary, larger clods caused a higher evaporation rate and lower soil moisture content, owing to the increased enhancement of water vapour movement probably induced by wind. 相似文献
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Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (Eo) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two Eo's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (Eom) followed the soil-specific relation Eom/Eo= a e(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; Eo, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and Eo but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in Eo and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of Eo, and for all situations under small Eo. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under Eo of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit. 相似文献
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为解决区域土壤质地类型针对性氮肥施用问题,在轻壤土和黏壤土上分别设置不施氮肥,氮肥基追比3∶7,4∶6,5∶5,6∶4和7∶3处理,研究小麦产量、水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N动态变化规律。结果表明:轻壤质土壤氮肥基追比4∶6的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 265.3 kg/hm~2,27.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.4 kg/kg。黏壤质土壤氮肥基追比5∶5的处理小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高分别为8 363.2 kg/hm~2,28.3 kg/(hm~2·mm),34.8 kg/kg。小麦不同生育期各土层含水量垂直分布变化较大,轻壤质土壤含水量在9.3%～26.2%,而黏壤质为9.7%～27.6%;小麦全生育期内土壤贮水量呈先升高后降低趋势,黏壤质土壤贮水量高于轻壤质。氮素追施量越多土壤表层NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量越高,且随土层加深土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量降低,受降水影响轻壤质土壤NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N更易于向土层深处淋溶,成熟期黏壤质各土层的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均多于轻壤质。说明黏壤质土壤保水保氮肥能力强于轻壤质,氮肥基追比可以适当增加。 相似文献
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为探究不同生物炭混掺量对微咸水蒸发特性的影响,采用离心机试验和室内土柱模拟试验,设置3个生物炭质量添加比例(B0、B2、B4)和4个微咸水矿化度(W0、W1、W3、W5),分析不同处理对微咸水蒸发下的土壤水分特征曲线、孔隙分布、累积蒸发量、盐分运移、土壤温度日变幅的影响,并应用蒸发模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:生物炭和微咸水联合应用下能提高土壤持水能力,增加土壤中的较大孔隙和较小孔隙的比例;土壤累积蒸发量随着生物炭混掺量的增加先减少后增加,生物炭混掺量为2%时可以更好地抑制微咸水蒸发;Rose蒸发模型可以较好地拟合微咸水蒸发;土壤中混掺生物炭可以降低盐分表聚,使其在土壤中均匀分布;混掺生物炭可以有效降低土壤温度日变幅;相同生物炭施用量下,矿化度为3 g/L的微咸水,可以降低0—10 cm土层土壤平均温度,提高10—50 cm土层土壤平均温度。综合考虑各项指标,处理B2W3的生物炭和微咸水更适宜农田施用,为西北干旱地区更好地利用微咸水灌溉提供理论依据。 相似文献
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覆膜开孔土壤蒸发的水盐分布特征及运移规律研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在干旱半干旱的新疆地区,覆膜灌溉面积在逐年增加。但由于田间地膜覆盖率无法达到100%,同时出苗孔和灌水孔的存在使得研究覆膜灌后地表覆膜开孔率不同时蒸发的水盐运动很有必要。为获得覆膜开孔蒸发的土壤水盐分布特征,采用垂直一维入渗蒸发双层有机玻璃土柱实验系统进行蒸发试验。以概化的覆膜开孔率为上边界条件,针对初始水盐均匀和入渗结束后的蒸发两种处理,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下,蒸发土壤含盐量剖面和盐分浓度剖面的分布特征。结果表明,对水盐均匀处理,剖面盐分浓度可采用含水率及开孔率的函数关系表达;而对入渗蒸发处理,剖面盐分浓度随覆膜开孔率的范围不同可采用不同的指数形式表达。表土10cm返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加。单位膜孔面积的返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增加而减小,呈幂函数关系。此外,相同开孔率条件下,单位膜孔面积上蒸发量(ER)与土表10cm返盐量(Wsm,10)之间呈良好的线性关系。 相似文献
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Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A.H. de C. Teixeira W.G.M. Bastiaanssen M.S.B. Moura J.M. Soares M.D. Ahmad M.G. Bos 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(10):1524-1537
Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (Ea) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E0); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the Ea was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated Ea for the two seasons was 1419 mm year−1, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day−1. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (Kc) and based on transpiration (Kcb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer Kc was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (ra) was 37 s m−1 and the bulk surface resistance (rs) was 135 s m−1. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha−1 being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m−3 when based on Ea with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m−3. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users. 相似文献
19.
研究自然降雨对干化土壤水分恢复的有效性,有利于合理利用降水资源,加强干化土壤水分管理,促进土壤干层得到有效恢复。在陕北米脂试验站设置野外地下大型土柱,通过2014—2019年连续定位监测降雨、土壤含水率状况,分析自然降雨对干化土壤水分恢复的有效性。结果表明:(1)从深层干化土壤水分恢复角度考虑,黄土丘陵半干旱区降雨可以分为3种类型:表层入渗快速蒸发型、浅层入渗缓慢蒸发型和深层入渗补给型。其中深层入渗补给型降雨为有效降雨,该类型雨量>26 mm,能够对深层干化土壤产生有效水分补给。2014—2019年发生深层入渗补给型降雨仅16次,累积雨量791.8 mm,降雨次数、降雨量的有效率分别为4.64%和35.19%。(2)月尺度条件下,降雨量(P月)与逐月入渗深度(Z逐月)、月累积入渗深度(Z累积)均呈二次函数关系变化,Z逐月=-0.0102P月2+3.955P月-6.7335(R^2=0.9639),Z累积=-0.0003P月2-0.1331P月+191.71(R^2=0.9208)。(3)年尺度条件下,2014—2019年雨量分别为187.6,391.6,590.8,337.6,342.4,400.0 mm,降雨逐年引发的入渗深度依次为160,220,400,260,260,120 cm,累积入渗深度依次可达180,220,400,700,1000,1400 cm。研究结果对揭示自然降水恢复干化土壤机理,加强土壤干层人工蓄水保墒技术,合理选择保墒措施,以及促进当地生态环境建设具有积极的推动作用。 相似文献
20.
Understanding the effect of boron (B) on plant physiology will help to refine the diagnosis of B deficiency and improvement in B fertilizer recommendations for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing areas. This study shows the testing of hypotheses “that application of B-fertilizer improves net photosynthetic rate (PN) and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton plant on a B-deficient soil [< 0.50 mg B kg?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl)-extractable] in an arid environment”. Thus, a permanent layout [two-year field experiment (2004 and 2005)] was conducted to study the impact of B fertilizer at 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg ha?1 on gas exchange and electrolyte leakage (EL) characteristics of cotton crop (cv. ‘CIM-473’). The soil at experimental site was alkaline (pH 8.1), calcareous [calcium carbonate (CaCO3 5.6%)], and silt loam (Typic Haplocambid). Boron use decreased EL of plant membrane (P ≤ 0.05), and increased PN, transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs), while intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2; Ci) significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) during both experimental years. There was a positive, but non-significant effect of B concentration on chlorophyll content in plant leaves. Application of 3.0 kg B ha?1 improved WUE up to 9.7% [4.62 μmol (CO2) mmol?1 water (H2O)] compared to control plants (4.21 [μmol (CO2) mmol?1 (H2O)]. Principal component analysis (PCA) of data indicates positive correlations between leaf B concentration and PN, E, gs, and WUE, while a negative relationship existed between leaf B concentration and intercellular CO2 (Ci). This study showed that addition of B fertilizer in the B-deficient calcareous soil proved beneficial for growth and development for cotton crop by enhancing its WUE and gas exchange characteristics. 相似文献