2. The RQ, data from the gravimetric and the combined gravimetric‐volumetric systems were essentially the same, while differences in O2 and CO2 between the systems were primarily due to variations in environmental temperature.
3. Fasting RQ, was never less than 0.70 in these systems.
4. In the volumetric system the O2, CO2 and RQ, data from the diaferometer were significantly different from the infra‐red and paramagnetic analyses.
5. The CO2 values from the diaferometer were correct, but the O2 values were too low. In the specific analysers the reverse was seen, the paramagnetically‐determined O2 values being correct and the CO2 values from infra‐red analysis being too low.
6. Thus the fasting RQ values from the diaferometer were too high (0.762) and from the specific analysers too low (0.683). 相似文献
2. Both the time of external pipping (ep) and hatching of embryos from the ascites‐resistant (AR) broiler line was earlier compared to the ascites‐sensitive line (AS). The interval between internal pipping (ip) and ep was the same between the lines, but the interval between ep and hatching was shorter in the resistant line.
3. The T3 and T4 concentrations in plasma of the AS line were lower compared to the AR line.
4. Analyses of partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the air cell of the egg revealed that at day 18 the AS embryos had lower pO2 and higher pCO2 concentrations compared to the AR embryos.
5. The delay in hatching of the AS embryos might induce a more pronounced and/or extended hypoxic environment, thereby creating an environment that evokes ascites. 相似文献
2. Broilers were fed on diets either with a low-oxidised oil (peroxide 23 mEq O2/kg) or with a high-oxidised oil (peroxide 121 mEq O2/kg), with or without an algae-based antioxidant and organic mineral antioxidant supplement for 42 d.
3. Fatty acids and radical scavenging activities of the diets were estimated. Meat colour, pH, myofibrillar protein profile and textural traits were measured.
4. Diets with high-oxidised oil reduced stearic, linoleic and linolenic acid content compared to low-oxidised oil samples, regardless of antioxidant supplementation. Meat colour and pH varied among dietary treatments throughout storage. Meat samples from the antioxidant dietary group, irrespective of oil oxidation level, had lower amounts of purge and cooking losses compared to the unsupplemented diets. For all packaging systems, meat shear force was significantly higher for broilers fed on high-oxidised diets.
5. The results demonstrate that dietary antioxidant supplementation can minimise the negative impact of oxidised oil on the quality of broiler meat packaged in different atmospheric environments. 相似文献
2. Replacing groundnut oil cake (GNC) by Niger oil cake (NC) on an isonitrogenous basis, did not affect egg production, egg weight or the amount of food required per dozen eggs.
3. The percentage retention of nitrogen from diets containing 30% GNC or 30% NC was similar.
4. The ME value of NC used was 3025 kcal/kg.
5. It is concluded that NC can replace GNC in layers’ diets. 相似文献
2. Mass specific eggshell water vapour conductance, Gsp, increased by approximately 50% over about 13 weeks during the winter breeding cycle. A similar increase occurred over 8 weeks during summer.
3. Constant setting of humidity in goose incubators and changes in mean Gsp may cause sub‐optimal egg water loss which increases late mortality.
4. Mean Gsp was measured for every batch from each flock. Humidity was changed accordingly in order to reach optimal water loss. A significant improvement of 6% in hatchability and of 8% in Class‐A goslings was noted during 14 successive weeks compared with the previous 11 weeks.
5. Dynamic humidity control for optimising water loss according to mean batch Gsp thus increases hatchability. 相似文献
2.?We obtained the largest (F1) follicle from Tsaiya duck, the granulosa layer was separated and the cells were isolated according to their proximity to the germinal disc.
3.?The granulosa cells were cultured in vitro, the culture media and the cells were used to determine P4 and steroidogenic enzyme concentrations, respectively.
4.?P4 concentrations were decreased in cultured granulosa cells taken proximal to the germinal disc (GD) compared to those distal to the germinal disc (NGD).
5.?EGF inhibited both basal and ovine luteinising hormone (oLH)-induced P4 concentrations. It also inhibited the P4 secretion via protein kinase A (PKA) pathway when cultured with GD and NGD granulose cells (mixed together) in vitro.
6.?Western blot results showed decreased concentrations of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) enzyme and steroid acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression, when the cells were co-treated with EGF and oLH.
7.?The inhibitory effect of oLH-induced P4 production was attenuated by EGF by the addition of MAP-erk kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059) suggests EGF may inhibit P4 production by affecting via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. 相似文献
2. No significant differences were found between genetic groups in hatchability.
3. Groups containing the fast‐hatching line genotypes were significantly smaller in egg weight than those not containing this line.
4. Significant differences in hatching time existed between male lines and between female lines within pure and cross‐line parent types while no differences were observed between the female parent types and no interactions of male by female lines occurred.
5. It was concluded that inbreeding in the pure lines (10%) did not affect any of the variables measured.
6. The results on hatching time support the conclusion that little genetic variance other than additive variance is involved for this trait. 相似文献
2. The shells of such eggs were thinner than those of intact eggs in seven of the populations.
3. The number of defective eggs, the specific gravity of the eggs, and the percentage hen‐day egg production of normal eggs were significantly correlated within populations with the incidence of broken eggs.
4. No significant correlations were found within populations between the incidence of egg breakage and either egg weight, body weight, or shank length. 相似文献
2. During the last 7 years a random breeding sample of the production flock served as a genetic control.
3. Regressions of deviations of the production flock from the control flock on years, were highly significant for age at sexual maturity (‐2.18 d), egg production up to 275 d old (3.04 eggs), egg production to 500 d old (5.04 eggs) and egg weight at 14 months old (October) ( — 0.79 g).
4. The heritability of egg production up to 275 d old declined significantly from 0.35 to 0.19.
5. The realised heritability of egg production up to 275 d old was estimated to be 0.14.
6. The genetic correlation between egg production up to 275 d old and production in the residual part of the year was 0.48.
7. The rate of inbreeding in the production flock was 0.515% per generation and the expected rate of inbreeding in the control flock 0.21% per generation. 相似文献
2. Tissue residue profiles (liver, kidney, lung and muscle) and plasma were also studied after multiple intramuscular and oral administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
3. Following intravenous injection, plasma concentration–time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model.
4. After intramuscular and oral administration of moxifloxacin, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 2.14 and 1.94 μg/ml and were obtained at 1.40 and 1.87 h (Tmax), post administration, respectively.
5. The systemic bioavailabilities following intramuscular and oral administration, respectively, of moxifloxacin were 92.48 and 87.94%.
6. Tissue concentrations following i.m. and p.o. administration were highest in liver and kidney, respectively, and decreased in the following order: plasma, lung and muscle. No moxifloxacin residues were detected in tissues and plasma after 120 h after i.m. or oral administration. 相似文献
2. The shell thickness increased and the area density of pores decreased from the blunt to the pointed end of the egg. During incubation, shell thickness decreased, but the shell diffusive conductance to water vapour (GH2O) remained constant.
3. Fresh egg mass (m0), length and breadth of the egg, GH2O and specific water vapour conductance, spGH2O (GH2O per g of m0 ), were affected by the age of the laying flock.
4. Eggs of the domestic guinea fowl were bigger and heavier than eggs of the wild one.
5. Allometry showed that guinea fowl eggs differ from those of the other birds by their greater shell thickness and density of pores. However spGH2O was normal, the thickness of the shell being compensated for by a greater density of pores for gas exchanges. 相似文献
2. In experiment 1 with hens caged individually, treatment groups comprised relocated hens given 5 new neighbours and hens not relocated but given 0, 2 or 4 new neighbours.
3. In experiment 2 with hens housed two per cage, treatment groups comprised relocation with or without that hen which shared the cage before the move.
4. In both experiments relocated hens laid fewer eggs in the week following social reorganisation.
5. Relocated hens in experiment 1 ate less food in the week following the shift at 42 weeks of age than did hens not moved. In experiment 2 in which all hens were moved, food consumption was not affected. 相似文献
2. The least floor area (0.035 m2/bird) depressed production in two‐bird cages. Floor area had little effect on the performance of larger colonies.
3. Birds in colonies of three, four or six laid and survived equally well when feeding space/bird and floor area/bird were constant.
4. Production per hen d and food intake were higher, but return on estimated capital outlay was lower, with 102 mm than with 76 mm feeding space/bird when colony size and floor area/bird were constant.
5. Production and food intake of birds which were not treated to prevent cannibalism declined, and mortality increased, as cage depth increased from 385 to 915 mm concomitantly with increasing colony size from 2 to 7 birds and decreasing feeding space from 152 to 43 mm/bird.
6. Increasing cage depth did not increase the proportion of cracked eggs.
7. Mortality was higher among birds fitted with plastic spectacles than among debeaked birds. 相似文献
2. Single sub‐acute oral and intraperitoneal doses of EDB (1/2 LD50) and chronic oral doses of EDB (J LC50) were administered to quail in order to characterise the sub‐lethal effects of EDB residues.
3. At 24 h after sub‐acute dosing, relative liver weight, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AT) [EC 2.6.1.1] and L‐iditol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase (SDH) [EG 1.1.1.14] were elevated and decreases were found in hepatic total lipid, total protein, AT and glutamic dehydrogenase (NAD (P)+) (GDH) and plasma cholinesterase (GhE) [EG 3.1.1.8] and total lipid.
4. Following chronic administration, elevations in relative liver weight, plasma ChE and total lipid, haemoglobin and haematocrit were found and hepatic AT, GDH and total lipid were decreased.
5. The changes in hepatic and plasma enzymes and constituents are discussed in relation to possible biphasic effects resulting from EDB exposure. 相似文献
2. The production of double‐yolked eggs/100 hen d, high during the initial weeks of lay, rapidly declined and disappeared by 30 weeks of age.
3. The frequencies of broken, membranous and soft‐shelled eggs were significantly correlated with each other and with the frequency of multiple daily ovulations indicating a common aetiology for these defective egg types.
4. Double‐yolked eggs were produced by the heavier, earlier‐maturing pullets in the population.
5. Normal egg production in dwarf White Leghorns may be enhanced by reducing the incidence of defective eggs. 相似文献
2. This not only requires compensation for the reduced O2 partial pressure but, and of equal importance, recognition of the increased diffusivity of gases at altitude.
3. Equations are developed for predicting the required changes in O2, CO2 and water vapour composition of incubator gas at any altitude. 相似文献
2. Increases in food consumption were accompanied by increases in egg production.
3. The food required per dozen eggs was improved by up to 100 g dietary DPM/kg and variation in the sizes of eggs laid depended on the hybrid.
4. Concentrations of DPM up to 100 g/kg did not affect the water‐soluble nitrogen content of the egg but the crude albumen nitrogen content was depressed at concentrations of 80 g/kg or above.
5. Feeding DPM to laying pullets depressed body weight. 相似文献
2. Microbial strains for the efficient elimination of uric acid were isolated.
3. Suitable, cheap carbon sources (methanol, glycerol, glucose) were tested in attempts to increase cell yield.
4. These criteria were used to study the 41 bacterial and 8 yeast strains which were the most prolific on slants and which were isolated from experiments with a shaker. A strain was selected for experimentation with a fermentor.
5. Fermentor experiments were done on a laboratory scale (101) and in a non‐sterile semicontinuous system (150 1), cell mass production being similar in both systems. 相似文献
2. Half the hens had undergone beak trimming at 18 weeks, but in many cases regrowth had occurred.
3. Plumage damage and loss was significantly reduced in beak‐trimmed birds compared with birds with normal beaks. Tier and cage design had no effect.
4. This finding supports the idea that feather pecking is the important factor in causing plumage damage, rather than abrasion.
5. A comparison between 64 birds in which beak regrowth had occurred, and 64 in which it remained truncated, showed that both groups had similar plumage scores.
6. It appears to be the beak‐trimming procedure which is important; subsequent regrowth being irrelevant. 相似文献