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1.
The rectal temperature obtained using a standard electronic thermometer was compared with ear, back skin, tail skin, and sole skin temperatures obtained using an infrared thermometer in B6C3F1 mice. Using both methods, we investigated baseline temperatures, diurnal and 2-week variations in temperatures, and ethanol-induced hypothermia in these body locations. Ear and back temperatures were shown to be close to and consistent with rectal temperatures in various situations, and measured temperatures at these sites were almost constant, with very similar diurnal variation. Conversely, tail and sole temperatures were lower and much more variable. These results indicate that ear and back skin temperatures obtained using a convenient and non-invasive infrared thermometer are as reliable, and should be safer and less stressful to animal subjects, compared to standard rectal temperature measurements.  相似文献   

2.
The mucosal immune response serves as the first line of defence against many bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, measurement of mucosal immune responses is important in evaluating mucosal immunisation protocols and understanding initial host/pathogen interactions. In this study we compare two methods for repeated sampling of bovine rectal mucosal secretions, namely rectal swabbing and rectal biopsies, and evaluate a simple swabbing method for sampling bovine nasal secretions. Both rectal swabs and rectal biopsies yielded similar quantities of total IgA (TIgA)/ml. However, rectal biopsies yielded five times more total IgG (TIgG)/ml than rectal swabs. Blood contamination was estimated to contribute approximately 7% of TIgG and <0.05% TIgA in rectal swab samples compared to 40% of TIgG and 4.5% of TIgA in rectal biopsy samples, indicating that rectal swabbing was more effective at sampling rectal mucosal secretions. Nasal swabs were effective at obtaining nasal secretion samples with only 1% of TIgG and <0.05% TIgA estimated to be blood derived. Furthermore, H7 flagellin-specific antibodies were detected in both nasal and rectal swab samples following either rectal immunisation with purified H7 flagellin or oral challenge with live E. coli O157:H7, indicating that both techniques are effective methods for monitoring mucosal antibody responses in cattle.  相似文献   

3.
A group of 48 crossbred steers (approx 250 kg each) were used to determine the effects of various diets and treatments on serum prolactin concentrations and rectal temperatures. The steers were randomly assigned to groups fed the following: (1) endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay; (2) ammoniated endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay; (3) endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay plus 1 g of thiabendazole (TBZ)/9.1 kg of body weight at 7-day intervals; (4) ammoniated endophyte fungus-infested fescue hay plus 1 g of TBZ/9.1 kg at 7-day intervals; (5) ground Bermuda grass hay; and (6) endophyte-fungus-free fescue hay. Blood samples for prolactin determinations and rectal temperatures were obtained biweekly beginning on week 3 and continuing through week 9. A significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between low prolactin concentrations and high rectal temperatures in cattle eating endophyte-infested fescue hay was determined; however, as the prolactin concentrations approached normal (control animal) concentrations, this relationship between serum prolactin and rectal temperatures was not observed. Two antifungal agents used in this experiment (thiabendazole and ammonia) appeared to have different effects on the variables measured. Thiabendazole had no significant effect on prolactin concentrations or rectal temperatures of cattle ingesting endophyte-infested fescue hay, whereas ammoniation of this hay induced significantly higher (P less than 0.05) prolactin concentrations and lower rectal temperatures than in steers receiving only endophyte-infested fescue hay. Therefore, ammonia may be valuable not only as an aid in determining the cause of the fescue problem but also as a practical solution to some of the fescue-related economic problems in the cattle industry. Also, prolactin concentrations may be valuable in diagnosing fescue-related problems.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and accuracy of a predictive rectal thermometer, an infrared auricular thermometer designed for veterinary use, and a subcutaneous temperature-sensing microchip for measurement of core body temperature over various temperature conditions in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 8 purpose-bred dogs. PROCEDURES: A minimum of 7 days prior to study commencement, a subcutaneous temperature-sensing microchip was implanted in 1 of 3 locations (interscapular, lateral aspect of shoulder, or sacral region) in each dog. For comparison with temperatures measured via rectal thermometer, infrared auricular thermometer, and microchip, core body temperature was measured via a thermistor-tipped pulmonary artery (TTPA) catheter. Hypothermia was induced during anesthesia at the time of TTPA catheter placement; on 3 occasions after placement of the catheter, hyperthermia was induced via administration of a low dose of endotoxin. Near-simultaneous duplicate temperature measurements were recorded from the TTPA catheter, the rectal thermometer, auricular thermometer, and subcutaneous microchips during hypothermia, euthermia, and hyperthermia. Reliability (variability) of temperature measurement for each device and agreement between each device measurement and core body temperature were assessed. RESULTS: Variability between duplicate near-simultaneous temperature measurements was greatest for the auricular thermometer and least for the TTPA catheter. Measurements obtained by use of the rectal thermometer were in closest agreement with core body temperature; for all other devices, temperature readings typically underestimated core body temperature. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Among the 3 methods of temperature measurement, rectal thermometry provided the most accurate estimation of core body temperature in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
A variety of rectal, perirectal, and coccygeal surgeries can be performed in the standing equine patient if appropriate chemical and physical restraints are available and adequate regional anesthesia can be achieved. Some rectal tears and most rectal prolapses, mass lesions, perirectal abscesses, rectal biopsies, and selected injuries of the tail can be managed without prohibitive difficulty. Severe injuries that compromise the small colon cranial to the peritoneal reflection may require flank laparotomy, midline celiotomy, or humane euthanasia to manage the disease process effectively and appropriately. The foremost perioperative consideration beyond the use of effective restraint is the management of tenesmus in horses with rectal tears or prolapses. Medications to control bowel motility, epidural anesthesia, antiinflammatory analgesics, and topical compounds adequate to soothe and lubricate inflamed rectal tissues are an important adjunctive therapy in the aftercare of these surgical patients. Of nearly equal importance is the requirement that a loose fecal consistency be maintained with laxative diets, psyllium, and mineral oil. Failure to maintain a loose consistency of stool after treatment of these conditions may lead to rectal impaction or incisional dehiscence and surgical failure.  相似文献   

6.
Rectal tears are a relatively rare complication of rectal palpation, mating, or dystocia, and idiopathic rectal perforation is an incidental finding. Rectal tears can be classified according to a 3 or a 4-grade system. This article describes medical and surgical treatment for rectal tears.  相似文献   

7.
Rectal tears are a relatively rare complication of rectal palpation, mating or dystocia, and idiopathic spontaneous occurrence of rectal perforation has also been described. Rectal tears have been classified in a three or a four-grade system. Immediate recognition of the fact that a tear has been made and prompt action will improve the horses chance of survival, and is the best defence of the veterinarian against legislation. There is no clear explanation why rectal tears sometimes occur. A questionnaire of the Netherlands Equine Veterinary Association revealed that rectal tears occurred both to inexperienced veterinarians and to very experienced colleagues, working with or without a probe for ultrasonography. In the opinion of the authors, the approach in the legislation of rectal tears should be that a rectal tear is only considered 'malpractice' if the veterinarian obviously acted carelessly. However, this would create the ridiculous situation that it seems better for the veterinarian-client relationship when the veterinarian confesses to 'careless' rectal palpation. This point needs further clarification, and perhaps an 'insurance of the horse for rectal palpation' will be the solution. Further, retrospectively over the last ten years, the problem is often not 'making a rectal tear', but 'lacking recognition of making a tear'. Whenever a rectal tear is suspected, the veterinarian must assess its severity, discuss the problem openly with the owner and apply appropriate treatment including referral.  相似文献   

8.
Rectal prolapse is rarely reported in rabbits and it has been historically described in association with infectious conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Two adult pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were independently presented for rectal prolapse. The rabbits appeared healthy, with no medical history of consequence, and were still able to feed and defecate. Clinical examination revealed a firm and apparently non-painful rectal mass in both rabbits. Abdominal ultrasound and whole-body radiographs revealed no abnormality. Complete blood count and serum chemistry panels were within the normal range. Surgery was performed in both cases which involved resection of the mass for the first rabbit, and mass excision with partial rectal resection for the second. Postoperatively, the rabbits defecated normally and showed no complications. The histopathological conclusions were an inflammatory rectal polyp for the first rabbit and a rectal leiomyosarcoma for the second. Two and three years after initial presentation, both rabbits are alive, in good health with no signs of tumor recurrence. Neoplasia of the digestive tract should be considered as a differential for rabbits presenting with rectal prolapse.  相似文献   

9.
A 14-year-old female cougar died from gastroduodenal adenocarcinomas and rectal adenoma. At necropsy, polypoid tumor masses of various sizes were scattered on the mucosal surfaces of the stomach, duodenum, and rectum. Histologically, the gastric tumor was diagnosed as an intestinal type adenocarcinoma and the tumor cells metastasized to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and lung. Helicobacter-like organisms were detected in the lumina lined by foveolar epithelium. In the duodenum, the carcinoma cells were localized in the limina propria and many of them were intensely positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In contrast, the rectal adenoma had a lower number of PCNA-positive cells. In the rectum, chronic inflammation with numerous spirochetes was also noted. These results indicated that the occurrence of the gastrointestinal tumors might be associated with the bacterial infection described above.  相似文献   

10.
Body temperature was measured at five different body sites (retroperitoneum, groin, semimembranosus muscle, flank and shoulder) using temperature-sensitive microchips implanted in five female goats, and compared with the core body and rectal temperatures. Body temperature was measured while the goats were kept in different ambient temperatures, with and without radiant heat, as well as during a fever induced experimentally by injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Bland-Altman limit of agreement analysis was used to compare the temperature measurements at the different body sites during the different interventions. Temperatures measured by the microchip implanted in the retroperitoneum showed the closest agreement (mean 0.2 °C lower) with core and rectal temperatures during all interventions, whereas temperatures measured by the microchips implanted in the groin, muscle, flank and shoulder differed from core body temperature by up to 3.5 °C during the various interventions.  相似文献   

11.
Rectal tears are a risk of rectal palpation during equine clinical examination and can be life‐threatening; prompt medical and surgical intervention is required to improve patient outcome. Depending on the degree of the tear, conservative treatment or surgical management may be warranted. Surgical management involves either direct suturing or faecal diversion techniques, such as colostomy or a temporary indwelling rectal liner. The prognosis for a horse with a rectal tear depends on size of the tear, grade and location of the tear, and time between occurrence and first aid measures.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To compare measurements of body temperature obtained with auricular thermometers versus rectal thermometers in dogs with otitis externa. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 100 client-owned dogs: 50 with and 50 without clinical evidence of otitis externa. PROCEDURE: Dogs were evaluated for the presence of otitis externa on the basis of clinical signs, otoscopic examination, and cytologic evaluation of ear exudate. Auricular and rectal temperatures were obtained simultaneously in all dogs prior to and following ear examination. RESULTS: There was a high correlation between auricular and rectal temperatures in dogs with otitis externa both prior to and after ear manipulation. Significant differences were not detected in temperature measurements among dogs with different degrees of otitis externa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Auricular temperature readings obtained by use of an auricular thermometer in dogs with otitis externa are accurate measurements of body temperature, compared with rectal temperature measurements. Temperature measurements are reliable before and after examination of the ear canal.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate transanal endoscopic treatment in the management of benign canine rectal neoplasia. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the response to transanal endoscopic treatment in 13 dogs with extensive rectal neoplasia that was considered inoperable by conventional surgical techniques but was indicated as benign by previous biopsy. RESULTS: Tumours affected the lengths of rectal mucosa varying from 2 to 13 cm. Between 25 and 100 per cent of the rectal circumference was affected in each case. Transanal endoscopic treatment of canine rectal neoplasia was curative in five dogs, palliative in three and associated with a poor result in the remaining five. Complications of the technique included rectal perforation, leading to peritonitis and death. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Transanal endoscopic treatment can be recommended as an alternative to radical, full-thickness rectal excision for the management of extensive but benign canine rectal neoplasia. Owners should be informed that the treatment may be palliative rather than curative and that complications, if they occur, can be fatal. Dogs should be hospitalised for at least five days after treatment and observed for signs of potentially fatal complications such as rectal perforation.  相似文献   

14.
Assessment of heat stress in dairy cattle in papua new guinea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The effects of breed (Friesian, AIS, Sindi-Sahiwal and Jersey), time of day (am v pm) and season of the year (hot or cool) on rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate were examined in the Highlands and Lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Two types of variation were investigated. Between-cow variation was the basis for the comparison of sites, seasons and breeds. Between-day variation was used to assess the effect of environmental temperatures on the animal parameters. Respiration rate and rectal temperature appeared more sensitive as indicators of heat stress than pulse rate and using these criteria the highlands climate was suitable for dairy cattle. Jerseys and Sahiwals showed lower respiratory rates compared with Friesians and AIS and their increase in rectal temperature during the day was less than the other two breeds but was not significantly so. The relationships between respiration rate and rectal temperature are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Focal intramural nodules were palpated in the rectal wall of a 12-year-old pony mare presented for rectal prolapse. Eosinophilic proctitis was diagnosed by examination of fine needle aspirates and biopsy of the largest rectal nodule. After treatment with a course of corticosteroids, the rectal nodule and accompanying peripheral eosinophilia resolved. There was no recurrence of the condition during the follow-up period of 20 months. Focal eosinophilic proctitis appeared to be an unusual cause of tenesmus and rectal prolapse in this case.  相似文献   

16.
In its FDA approved formulation, N-butylscopolammonium bromide (Buscopan Injectable Solution, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) is an anticholinergic spasmolytic agent indicated for management of abdominal pain associated with spasmodic colic, flatulent colic, and simple impactions in horses. Use of this drug ablates gastrointestinal peristalsis and rectal pressure. It ahs been suggested that N-butylscopolammonium bromide could be used to facilitate rectal examinations in horses. This study compared the effects of N-butylscopolammonium bromide versus lidocaine and a saline control on rectal pressure and the number of rectal strains during rectal examination. The results of this study indicate that this drug increases the quality and, presumably, the safety of rectal examinations in horses.  相似文献   

17.
Forty-two dogs bearing tumours of the rectum or the pararectal tissues were examined over a 3 year period. The presenting clinical signs, diagnostic techniques and management are described. The prognosis was found to be guarded irrespective of the histological type. The mean survival times for malignant epithelial tumours of the rectal wall was 6–9 months, for rectal lymphomas 6-5 months and for pararectal tumours 10-6 months. The major limiting factor was found to be local recurrence after surgery for rectal epithelial tumours, resistance to chemotherapy and local recurrence for rectal lymphomas and metastatic disease for pararectal tumours.  相似文献   

18.
Bacteriologic cultures of 65 rectal mucosal samples and 335 fecal samples from 53 horses and 5 cattle shedding Salmonella were performed. Salmonella spp were isolated from 34 (52%) rectal mucosal samples, 21 (32%) concurrent fecal samples, and 150 (45%) total fecal samples. The use of rectal mucosal samples when compared with concurrently obtained fecal samples significantly (P less than 0.025) improved the ability to isolate Salmonella spp. Concurrent bacteriologic culture of rectal mucosal samples and fecal samples resulted in 39 (60%) isolations. Compared with a series of fecal samples, Salmonella was isolated significantly more often when rectal mucosa and feces were cultured concurrently. Salmonella was isolated from rectal mucosal samples when it was not isolated from feces.  相似文献   

19.
Veterinarians and farmers employing multivalent killed vaccines in lactating dairy cows have reported transient losses in milk production. Few studies have quantified this loss. In this report, effects of 2 commercially available 9-way vaccines on milk production and rectal temperature are examined. Repeated measures analyses of variance were used to compare changes in milk production and rectal temperature over time between treatment groups. There was a significant (P < 0.01) interaction among treatment and time when comparing vaccine- and placebo-treated animals. When pretreatment milk production (or days in milk) and pretreatment rectal temperature were considered, respectively, as covariates, a significant (P < 0.05) depression of milk production and a significant (P < 0.05) increase in rectal temperature were observed one day following injection. These effects were small and short-lived. The stage of lactation, level of milk production, and choice of product may be used as decision-making tools to decrease milk production losses in vaccine-candidate cows.  相似文献   

20.
There are problems associated with teaching bovine rectal palpation to undergraduate veterinary students. The students need opportunities to examine enough cows to develop the required skills, but increasing student numbers and limitations on access to cows have made this more and more difficult to achieve. A virtual reality-based teaching tool, the Bovine Rectal Palpation Simulator, has been developed as a supplement to existing training methods. The student palpates computer generated virtual models of the bovine reproductive tract while interacting with a haptic (touch feedback) device. During training sessions, the instructor follows the student's actions inside the virtual cow on the computer screen and gives instruction. A trial integration of the simulator into the fourth-year bovine reproduction course was undertaken at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School during the 2003/2004 academic year. Students were offered two training sessions, and feedback was gathered using questionnaires. In the first session, all students were taught a range of basic skills using a standardized teaching protocol. The second training session was customized to each student's learning needs and included practice in dealing with a range of on-farm scenarios. Student feedback indicated that the training had been useful for learning various aspects of bovine rectal palpation and provided information that helped in the further development of the simulator as a teaching tool.  相似文献   

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