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1.
《中国植保导刊》2021,(9)
为明确花生褐斑病和网斑病的空间分布格局,采用聚集度指数法、Iwao回归法和Taylor幂法则测定了花生褐斑病和网斑病不同流行时期的空间分布型,分析了病害聚集的原因。结果表明,花生褐斑病在始发期和盛发期的空间分布型为聚集分布,在衰退期转为均匀分布;花生网斑病在整个生长季内空间分布型均为聚集分布。Iwao回归分析显示,花生褐斑病和网斑病分布的基本成分是个体间相互吸引的个体群。Taylor幂法则分析表明,花生褐斑病个体的空间分布格局随着单株病斑密度的提高趋于均匀分布,而花生网斑病的空间分布型不受单株病斑密度和取样时间的影响而发生变化。花生褐斑病和网斑病的聚集原因是由病原菌本身的生物学特性和环境因素共同作用引起的。利用Iwao回归分析法,分别建立了花生褐斑病和网斑病的最适理论抽样模型和序贯抽样模型,确定了不同精度下的最适抽样数及序贯抽样。 相似文献
2.
为明确桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis幼虫在腾冲红花油茶Camellia reticulata果实上的为害、空间分布和理论抽样技术,对云南省腾冲市9块不同腾冲红花油茶林的桃蛀螟幼虫发生量进行标准地调查,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析法和Taylor幂法则,分析桃蛀螟幼虫的空间分布型,应用Iwao理论抽样和序贯抽样技术,建立最适腾冲红花油茶桃蛀螟幼虫田间调查的抽样模型和抽样数。结果表明,桃蛀螟对腾冲红花油茶果实的为害率为3.07%～99.27%,适生栽培区植株平均受害率达34.74%,林间平均虫口密度0.07～2.49头/果。桃蛀螟幼虫在腾冲红花油茶林内总体呈均匀分布,虫口密度越高分布越均匀,分布的基本成分是个体群,且个体间相互吸引;而虫口密度相对较低时呈聚集分布,聚集原因主要是某些环境因素。进一步分析提出了不同种群密度下桃蛀螟幼虫的理论抽样模型和基于防治指标的序贯抽样技术,可为科学开展林间桃蛀螟虫口调查和防治工作提供技术支撑。 相似文献
3.
为有效防控食芽象甲Scythropus yasumatsui K8no et Morimoto在陕西榆林地区枣园的危害,在田间调查的基础上,使用Iwao回归分析法、Taylor幂法则和5种常用指标参数,探明了成虫在不同枣园样地中的分布格局、理论抽样数及成虫的序贯抽样方法。食芽象甲成虫在枣树上的空间格局为聚集型,个体间相互吸引,其聚集性随密度的增大而增加。对成虫进行序贯抽样,当每株成虫达到30头,置信水平为1.96时,序贯抽样进行抽样的防治下限与上限方程分别为:d_0=30n-34.33n~(1/2)和d1=30n+34.33 n~(1/2),当调查10株枣树上的虫数超过409头时,需要进行防治。食芽象甲成虫空间分布型及抽样方法的确定,对于揭示该虫的种群空间结构动态,提高田间测报准确率及防治效果都具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
4.
本文应用聚集度指标检验法,以及Iwao的回归模型分析法、Taylor幂法则,对玉米三点斑叶蝉成虫、若虫的空间分布型进行了测定分析,结果表明:成虫、若虫空间分布型均为聚集分布,基本成分为个体群,个体间相互吸引,聚集程度随着密度增大而增高。成虫的聚集是由环境条件所引起;若虫单株密度低于5.08头时聚集是由环境条件引起,单株密度高于5.08头聚集是由昆虫行为和环境共同作用引起的。建立了玉米三点斑叶蝉成虫、若虫田间调查理论抽样数模型。调查期间,玉米三点斑叶蝉成、若虫在玉米植株下部数量多于中部,中部数量又多于上部。 相似文献
5.
探讨稻飞虱迁入初期成虫空间分布格局和抽样技术,为该害虫的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供依据.选取11块稻田逐丛调查资料,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Talyor幂法则,研究了广东西南部稻飞虱迁入初期成虫空间分布格局和抽样技术.结果表明,稻飞虱迁入初期成虫在田间分布呈聚集分布为主,其聚集强度随虫口密度增加而增强.m*-m回归分析表明,稻飞虱成虫个体间相互排斥,分布的基本成分是个体群.Taylor幂法则分析表明,稻飞虱成虫个体的空间格局随着种群密度的提高越趋聚集分布.在此基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型:n=(1.96/D)2(0.965 1/x-+0.619 7)和Tn=0.965 1/(D02-0.619 7/n). 相似文献
6.
为明确新疆棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(Linnaeus)的空间分布型,于2012-2014年对新疆喀什地区棉田牧草盲蝽种群数量进行了系统调查,应用5种聚集度指数、Iwao m*-m回归方程和Taylor幂法则分析判定牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫及整个种群(成虫和若虫)在棉田的空间分布型,并利用种群聚集均数分析聚集原因。结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫及整个种群的久野指数C_A0、负二项分布参数k0、丛生指数I0、聚块指数m*/~-1,表明三者在新疆棉田均呈聚集分布。且牧草盲蝽成虫和若虫的Blackith聚集均数λ2,说明二者在棉田的聚集是由环境因素引起的。Iwao m*-m回归分析结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成分为个体群(α0、β1);Taylor幂法则分析结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群在棉田更趋向于聚集分布,聚集度依赖于密度。 相似文献
7.
本文对草间小黑蛛在棉花蕾一铃期的空间格局及抽样技术进行了研究。空间格局的聚集度指标分析结果表明:棉花蕾、花、铃期草间小黑蛛空间格局的基本成分均是单个个体,个体间相互排斥;种群均呈聚集格局,聚集度随种群密度的增大而不断增强。聚集系由环境因素(如猎物的聚集行为等)所致。根据空间格局的分析结果,计算出其序贯抽样模型为:最适抽样数模型为:种群平果,计算出其序贯抽样模型为:最适抽样数模型为:种群平均密度零频率估计模型为: 相似文献
8.
本文应用聚集度指标研究了矢尖蚧蚜小蜂成虫的空间格局,结果表明,矢尖蚧蚜小蜂成虫在柑桔树内呈聚集分布,聚集的原因是由环境因素引起的。同时还利用Iwao公式的α、β参数确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样方案。 相似文献
9.
为科学测报番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta并对其精准防控，2022年采用Z形抽样法对宁夏回族自治区（简称宁夏）银川市西夏区设施番茄基地内番茄潜叶蛾虫口密度进行调查，通过适合度检验、聚集指标和Iwao回归分析等方法分析番茄潜叶蛾的空间分布型，并建立理论抽样模型和基于幼虫密度防治指标的序贯抽样技术模型。结果显示，西夏区番茄上番茄潜叶蛾的虫口密度为0~4头/叶，其中虫口密度为0和1头/叶的频次较多，且频次与虫口密度负相关；经空间分布型适合度检验，西夏区番茄上番茄潜叶蛾的空间分布型符合奈曼分布和负二项分布；经聚集度指标检验，西夏区番茄上番茄潜叶蛾呈聚集分布；经m*-m回归分析，西夏区番茄上番茄潜叶蛾个体间相互吸引，分布的个体成分为个体群；根据建立的番茄潜叶蛾田间理论抽样数模型和序贯抽样模型可为该害虫的防控提供指导。 相似文献
10.
两种育秧方式下稻水象甲幼虫的空间分布型及其抽样技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨稻水象甲幼虫在贵州高原山地环境下空间分布结构,应用6种聚集度指标法和2种回归模型法,研究了旱育秧和两段式育秧方式对其空间分布型的影响.2种育秧方式稻田中稻水象甲幼虫均呈密度依赖性负二项聚集分布,基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引.旱育秧稻田稻水象甲幼虫聚集的原因是由环境因素所致,而两段式育秧稻田幼虫聚集的原因是由环境因素与昆虫本身聚集习性共同引发.当防治阈值为12头/丛、置信水平为1.96时,旱育秧稻田幼虫序贯抽样公式为:T1(n),T0(n)=12n±15.2943√n;两段式育秧稻田为T1(n),T0(n)=12n±17.7580√n,两类稻田中百丛虫量分别达到1 353头和1 378头以上时需要进行防治.旱育秧稻田稻水象甲幼虫最适宜的抽样方法为平行线取样法,而两段式育秧稻田则为棋盘式取样法. 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
13.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
14.
Sergio Ovruski Martín Aluja John Sivinski Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):81-107
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids. 相似文献
15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
17.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad 相似文献
18.
W. Gams Willeke Van Laar 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1982,88(2):39-45
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen. 相似文献
19.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
20.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献