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猴痘是一种由猴痘病毒(MPXV)引起的症状和体征类似天花的人兽共患传染病。MPXV于1958年在实验室中的动物身上首次被发现，1970年在刚果民主共和国发现了第1例人感染MPXV,过去主要流行于中非和西非，但传染性和致病力均较弱。2022年以来，世界多国出现猴痘疫情，并呈现快速扩散态势。2022年7月23日，世界卫生组织(WHO)表示，猴痘疫情在70多个国家的蔓延是一种“非同寻常”的情况，将其列为全球紧急状态事件。论文围绕MPXV病原学(包括基因组特征、病毒复制、致病机理、分离培养和理化特性)、流行病学、致病性及实验室诊断方法等方面进行综述，以期为该病的科学预防和控制提供借鉴。 相似文献
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狂犬病(rabies),又称疯狗病,是由狂犬病病毒(rabies virus)感染温血动物(犬、猫等)和人以后引起的,导致急性致死性脑脊髓炎,并以狂躁不安、行为反常或攻击行为、进行性麻痹和最终死亡为主要临床特征的一种人兽共患传染病。人一旦被含有狂犬病病毒的犬、猫抓伤或咬伤,具有30%-70%的概率感染,发病死亡率达100%。狂犬病病毒主要在动物间传播,其传染源主要为带狂犬病病毒的犬、猫等。 相似文献
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猪流行性感冒以发生突然、潜伏期短、感染率高和死亡率低为主要特征。猪流感是一种人畜共患传染病,该病毒在全世界各国的猪群中普遍存在,近几年也有报道猪流感病毒感染人的病例。猪感染流感病毒后很容易与其他细菌病发生继发感染,造成严重的经济损失。因此,加强对该病的病原学、流行病学特征的认识、加快实验室诊断方法的研究对其综合防控工作具有十分重要的意义。主要介绍了目前国内外对猪流感病毒的流行病学特征及综合性防控措施的研究进展,以期为其防控提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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狂犬病是由狂犬病毒感染引起的一种严重侵害中枢神经系统的致死性人畜共患传染病,呈世界性分布,我国属于疫病高发区.基于病毒N基因结构和变异特征,将狂犬病毒分为2个进化组群、7个基因型[1].国内外已研究建立了一批狂犬病诊断方法[2-4],开展病毒基因结构特征及分子流行病学研究[5-7].至今未见对近年云南狂犬病研究报道.本文在云南省4个地区开展狂犬病病原学监测,并对病毒N基因进行克隆测序,以期认识狂犬病分布状况、病毒特征及与已知毒株的遗传相关性. 相似文献
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狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种急性致死性人兽共患病,危害极大。因此,对狂犬病病毒的研究已成为一大热点。目前各国研究的重点主要集中在其病毒的分子生物学、细胞生物学、免疫学、流行病学等方面,以便更有效地防治本病。文章从病毒结构、基因组及其编码的蛋白、致病机理、预防及治疗等方面系统综述了狂犬病病毒的研究进展,为该病的早期诊断、有效预防和控制该病提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Rajendra Singh Karam Pal Singh Susan Cherian Mani Saminathan Sanjay Kapoor G.B. Manjunatha Reddy 《The Veterinary quarterly》2017,37(1):212-251
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2–3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies. 相似文献
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狂犬病实验室诊断研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
狂犬病是世界上最可怕的人兽共患传染病,所有温血动物对狂犬病均易感,狂犬病已成为世界严重的公共卫生问题。暴露后疫苗接种可以达到有效的预防,狂犬病的预防和暴露后处理措施的有效实施均有赖于实验室的安全、准确、快速诊断。另外,免疫后及时对血清中和抗体效价进行监测,也是防控狂犬病的关键措施。文章从狂犬病实验室诊断的安全问题、实验室检测样本的选择、组织学检查、病毒抗原检测、生物学鉴定、核酸检测及血清抗体检测等方面对狂犬病实验室诊断方法及研究进展等进行综述和评价。 相似文献
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Woldehiwet Z 《Research in veterinary science》2002,73(1):17-25
Rabies remains as one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. The control of rabies largely depends on the prevention of infection of dogs and cats by vaccination in endemic areas and the control of their movement, including measures of quarantine and vaccination, in rabies-free countries. This paper provides an overview on recent developments in rabies, with particular emphasis on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control. 相似文献
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Rabies is an enzootic viral disease widespread throughout the world. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, the annual number of human deaths caused by rabies is estimated to be 32,000 in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the partial N gene of rabies viruses in Asia has shown that the viruses are divided into five genogroups, distributed in Middle East, South Asia, South East Asia, Malay, and Arctic regions. The genetic relationships among these rabies viruses agree basically with the results of previous studies. Meanwhile, new types of vaccines are being developed by applying gene manipulation techniques to rabies virus in order to overcome the disadvantages of current vaccines. This article reviews the molecular epidemiology of rabies in Asia and progress made in the development of new-generation rabies vaccines with the goal of elimination or control of rabies in Asia. 相似文献
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狂犬病病毒的分子生物学研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种急性致死性人兽共患病,危害极大,因此,对狂犬病病毒的研究已成为一大热点。目前各国研究的重点主要集中在其病毒的分子生物学方面,以便更有效地防制本病。文章从病毒基因组及其编码的蛋白、致病机理等方面系统综述了狂犬病病毒分子生物学方面的研究进展,为该病的早期诊断、有效预防和控制该病提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Rabies seems to persist throughout most arctic regions, and the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, is the only part of the Arctic where rabies has not been diagnosed in recent time. The arctic fox is the main host, and the same arctic virus variant seems to infect the arctic fox throughout the range of this species. The epidemiology of rabies seems to have certain common characteristics in arctic regions, but main questions such as the maintenance and spread of the disease remains largely unknown. The virus has spread and initiated new epidemics also in other species such as the red fox and the racoon dog. Large land areas and cold climate complicate the control of the disease, but experimental oral vaccination of arctic foxes has been successful. This article summarises the current knowledge and the typical characteristics of arctic rabies including its distribution and epidemiology. 相似文献
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Hermann JR Fry AM Siev D Slate D Lewis C Gatewood DM 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2011,75(4):278-284
Rabies is an incurable zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus, a member of the rhabdovirus family. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. Control methods, including oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs, have led to a reduction in the spread and prevalence of the disease in wildlife. This study evaluated the stability of RABORAL, a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine that is used in oral rabies vaccination programs. The vaccine was studied in various field microenvironments in order to describe its viability and facilitate effective baiting strategies. Field microenvironments influenced the stability of this vaccine in this study. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding how vaccines perform under varying field conditions in order to plan effective baiting strategies. 相似文献