共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 484 毫秒
1.
Hosono N Kajitani T Fukushima T Ito K Sasaki S Takata M Aida T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6005):808-811
Rational molecular design and processing, enabling large-area molecular ordering, are important for creating high-performance organic materials and devices. We show that, upon one-step hot-pressing with uniaxially stretched Teflon sheets, a polymer brush carrying azobenzene-containing mesogenic side chains self-assembles into a freestanding film, where the polymer backbone aligns homeotropically to the film plane and the side chains align horizontally. Such an ordered structure forms through translation of a one-dimensional molecular order of the Teflon sheet and propagates from the interface macroscopically on both sides of the film. The resultant wide-area bimorph configuration allows the polymer film to bend rapidly and reversibly when the azobenzene units are photoisomerized. The combination of polymer brushes with hot-pressing and Teflon sheets provides many possibilities in designing functional soft materials. 相似文献
2.
In situ atomic force microscopy reveals the morphology, surface topography, and growth and dissolution characteristics of microscopic single crystals of the low-dimensional organic conductor (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76)' which are grown by electrocrystallization on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode in an atomic force microscope liquid cell. The growth modes and the distribution and orientation of topographic features on specific crystal faces, whose identity was determined by "atomic force microscope goniometry," can be correlated with the strength and direction of anisotropic solid-state intermolecular bonding. Growth on the (011) face of (tetrathiafulvalene)Br(0.76) crystals involves the formation of oriented self-similar triangular islands ranging in size from 200 to 5000 angstroms along a side. These nuclei eventually transform into rectangular rafts at larger length scales, where bulk intermolecular bonding interactions and surface energies dominate over nuclei-substrate interactions. 相似文献
3.
Hydrogen sensors and hydrogen-activated switches were fabricated from arrays of mesoscopic palladium wires. These palladium "mesowire" arrays were prepared by electrodeposition onto graphite surfaces and were transferred onto a cyanoacrylate film. Exposure to hydrogen gas caused a rapid (less than 75 milliseconds) reversible decrease in the resistance of the array that correlated with the hydrogen concentration over a range from 2 to 10%. The sensor response appears to involve the closing of nanoscopic gaps or "break junctions" in wires caused by the dilation of palladium grains undergoing hydrogen absorption. Wire arrays in which all wires possessed nanoscopic gaps reverted to open circuits in the absence of hydrogen gas. 相似文献
4.
Cai W Piner RD Stadermann FJ Park S Shaibat MA Ishii Y Yang D Velamakanni A An SJ Stoller M An J Chen D Ruoff RS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5897):1815-1817
The detailed chemical structure of graphite oxide (GO), a layered material prepared from graphite almost 150 years ago and a precursor to chemically modified graphenes, has not been previously resolved because of the pseudo-random chemical functionalization of each layer, as well as variations in exact composition. Carbon-13 (13C) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectra of GO for natural abundance 13C have poor signal-to-noise ratios. Approximately 100% 13C-labeled graphite was made and converted to 13C-labeled GO, and 13C SSNMR was used to reveal details of the chemical bonding network, including the chemical groups and their connections. Carbon-13-labeled graphite can be used to prepare chemically modified graphenes for 13C SSNMR analysis with enhanced sensitivity and for fundamental studies of 13C-labeled graphite and graphene. 相似文献
5.
The synthesis of poly(phenylcarbyne), one of a class of carbon-based random network polymers, is reported. The network backbone of this polymer is composed of tetrahedrally hybridized carbon atoms, each bearing one phenyl substituent and linking, by means of three carbon-carbon single bonds, into a three-dimensional random network of fused rings. This atomic-level carbon network backbone confers unusual properties on the polymer, including facile thermal decomposition, which yields diamond or diamond-like carbon phases at atmospheric pressure. 相似文献
6.
Hinds BJ Chopra N Rantell T Andrews R Gavalas V Bachas LG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5654):62-65
An array of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was incorporated across a polymer film to form a well-ordered nanoporous membrane structure. This membrane structure was confirmed by electron microscopy, anisotropic electrical conductivity, gas flow, and ionic transport studies. The measured nitrogen permeance was consistent with the flux calculated by Knudsen diffusion through nanometer-scale tubes of the observed microstructure. Data on Ru(NH3)6(3+) transport across the membrane in aqueous solution also indicated transport through aligned CNT cores of the observed microstructure. The lengths of the nanotubes within the polymer film were reduced by selective electrochemical oxidation, allowing for tunable pore lengths. Oxidative trimming processes resulted in carboxylate end groups that were readily functionalized at the entrance to each CNT inner core. Membranes with CNT tips that were functionalized with biotin showed a reduction in Ru(NH3)6(3+) flux by a factor of 15 when bound with streptavidin, thereby demonstrating the ability to gate molecular transport through CNT cores for potential applications in chemical separations and sensing. 相似文献
7.
Water-inserted alpha-helical segments implicate reverse turns as folding intermediates 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Information relevant to the folding and unfolding of alpha helices has been extracted from an analysis of protein structures. The alpha helices in protein crystal structures have been found to be hydrated, either externally by a water molecule hydrogen bonding to the backbone carbonyl oxygen atom, or internally by inserting into the helix hydrogen bond and forming a hydrogen-bonded bridge between the backbone carbonyl oxygen and the amide nitrogen atoms. The water-inserted alpha-helical segments display a variety of reverse-turn conformations, such as type III, type II, type I, and opened out, that can be considered as folding intermediates that are trapped in the folding-unfolding process of alpha helices. Since the alpha helix, most turns, and the extended beta strand occupy contiguous regions in the conformational space of phi, psi dihedral angles, a plausible pathway can be proposed for the folding-unfolding process of alpha helices in aqueous solution. 相似文献
8.
半纤维素是木质纤维的主要组分之一,但其潜在应用价值远没有得到开发和利用。以毛竹季铵盐半纤维素为原料与羧甲基纤维素通过流延法制备复合膜材料。FT-IR、XRD结果表明,复合膜制备中无新键形成,QH与CMC主要通过氢键和静电吸引结合;由SEM及AFM可知,复合膜表面光滑、结构致密,说明这两种高分子通过这种物理方式结合紧密;复合膜抗拉强度随着CMC的比例增加而增加,且最大值可达65.2MPa。通过UV-vis测试,复合膜透光率均高于80%。由于复合膜具有良好的力学性能和透光率,制备过程工艺简单,并且两种生物质大分子具有生物相容性,因此,复合膜可用于食品包装领域,并为生物质木质纤维的利用开拓新的途径。 相似文献
9.
Results of studies on the interaction between the tip of an atomic force microscope and polystyrene molecules in a film spread on a surface are reported. The tip produces a persistent deformation on the film; some of the polymer molecules are eventually pulled up by the tip. Nanometer-size structures are induced, resulting in a pattern that is periodic and is oriented perpendicular to the scan direction. 相似文献
10.
阿拉伯胶中多糖占85%以上,蛋白质仅占2%～4%。多糖主要由半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成。根据其最新结构模型,阿拉伯胶中糖蛋白是一种缠绕的绳状结构。由于阿拉伯胶良好的理化特性,它们被广泛应用于食品、医药、造纸、纺织和印刷等行业。 相似文献
11.
We report an unexpected nonphotothermal material organization induced by continuous-wave visible laser light at low power levels. This effect is observed along the laser beam propagation direction in fully transparent entangled solutions of common homopolymers featuring sufficiently high molecular mass and optical anisotropy along the chain backbone. The resulting formation of long-lived stringlike or dotlike patterns on the micrometer scale, probed by dark-field coherent imaging, depends on the molecular mass, architecture, solvent nature, and polymer concentration. Electrostrictive and alignment forces as well as chain cooperativity are responsible for the osmotic compression of the polymer solute. Subsequent waveguiding effects induce autoamplification and "pattern writing" upon prolonged illumination. This wave-medium coupling could potentially lead to photorefractive, microoptics, and nanotechnology applications. 相似文献
12.
Bras W Derbyshire GE Bogg D Cooke J Elwell MJ Komanschek BU Naylor S Ryan AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5200):996-999
The simultaneous time-resolved study of structure development and reaction kinetics during polymer processing is an experimental method that has great potential in developing a deeper understanding of the parameters that govern the formation of structure and therefore polymer properties. A combination of synchrotron radiation small-angle x-ray scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy experiments have been performed on a series of model segmented block copolyurethanes. These studies confirm that the driving force for structure development in polyurethanes is the thermodynamics of phase separation rather than hydrogen bonding. 相似文献
13.
14.
The frequency-dependent shear response of an ultrathin polymer melt (polyphenylmethylsiloxane) confined between adsorbing surfaces (parallel plates of mica) is described. The sinusoidal deformations were sufficiently small to give linear response, implying that measurement did not perturb the film structure. A remarkable transition was observed with decreasing thickness. When the film thickness was less than five to six times the unperturbed radius of gyration, there emerged a strong rubber-like elasticity that was not characteristic of the bulk samples. This result indicates enhanced entanglement interactions in thin polymer films and offers a mechanism to explain the slow mobility of polymers at surfaces. 相似文献
15.
为解决传统塑料薄膜难降解、制备原料不可再生等问题,以毛竹采伐剩余物为原料,通过碱化、醚化以及羧甲基化反应制备可降解薄膜。利用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射仪等手段,分析、研究了竹粉碱化、醚化等反应后化学官能团、表面微观结构及结晶度的变化。通过增稠剂海藻酸钠与淀粉改性,对比分析不同工艺条件下毛竹采伐剩余物可降解膜力学性能。结果表明,经碱化和醚化后毛竹采伐剩余物中木质素被脱除。纤维素内部发生分子重排,晶体结构改变,氢键作用减弱,结晶度下降。通过增稠剂海藻酸钠与淀粉改性,薄膜的拉伸强度明显增加,但断裂伸长率有所下降。覆盖薄膜后的土壤湿度下降趋势较未覆盖薄膜的土壤明显变缓,保墒性良好。 相似文献
16.
Podsiadlo P Kaushik AK Arruda EM Waas AM Shim BS Xu J Nandivada H Pumplin BG Lahann J Ramamoorthy A Kotov NA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5847):80-83
Nanoscale building blocks are individually exceptionally strong because they are close to ideal, defect-free materials. It is, however, difficult to retain the ideal properties in macroscale composites. Bottom-up assembly of a clay/polymer nanocomposite allowed for the preparation of a homogeneous, optically transparent material with planar orientation of the alumosilicate nanosheets. The stiffness and tensile strength of these multilayer composites are one order of magnitude greater than those of analogous nanocomposites at a processing temperature that is much lower than those of ceramic or polymer materials with similar characteristics. A high level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks, combined with dense covalent and hydrogen bonding and stiffening of the polymer chains, leads to highly effective load transfer between nanosheets and the polymer. 相似文献
17.
为研究施用生物质炭后土壤对重金属-邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）复合污染物的吸附效果,选取猪炭和法国梧桐Platanus orientalis炭,采用批量吸附试验,并初步探究其动力学和热力学吸附机理。结果表明:猪炭（PB）和法国梧桐炭（POB）均可促进土壤对重金属-PAEs复合污染溶液中锌离子（Zn2+）的吸附,且随生物质炭施加量的增加更加明显,其中相较不加生物质炭的处理,施加质量分数为2% PB可使饱和吸附量提高31.61%,是施加质量分数为2% POB的5.90倍。动力学吸附行为可采用准二级动力模型较好描述,主要吸附过程包括液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散。热力学吸附过程为自发的吸热反应,并以氢键作用力为主。此外,DEP为典型的PAEs,其添加可促进土壤对溶液中Zn2+的吸附。 相似文献
18.
Molybdenum nanowires by electrodeposition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Metallic molybdenum (Mo(o)) wires with diameters ranging from 15 nanometers to 1.0 micrometers and lengths of up to 500 micrometers (0.5 millimeters) were prepared in a two-step procedure. Molybdenum oxide wires were electrodeposited selectively at step edges and then reduced in hydrogen gas at 500 degrees C to yield Mo(o). The hemicylindrical wires prepared by this technique were self-uniform, and the wires prepared in a particular electrodeposition (in batches of 10(5) to 10(7)) were narrowly distributed in diameter. Wires were obtained size selectively because the mean wire diameter was directly proportional to the square root of the electrolysis time. The metal nanowires could be embedded in a polystyrene film and lifted off the graphite electrode surface. The conductivity and mechanical resiliency of individual embedded wires were similar to those of bulk molybdenum. 相似文献
19.
聚合物复合材料界面粘合理论研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章对聚合物复合材料界面粘合理论的研究进展进行了综述,认为各种理论均有一定的合理性及局限性,而在实际的复合材料中,其界面情况要比理论复杂得多,只有灵活运用各种粘接理论,才可加深对界面的理解.同时,文章对粘合理论的研究前景和发展方向进行了展望. 相似文献
20.
Sailor MJ Ginsburg EJ Gorman CB Kumar A Grubbs RH Lewis NS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,249(4973):1146-1149
The optical and electronic properties of thin films of the solution-processible polymer poly-(CH(3))(3)Si-cyclooctatetraene are presented. This conjugated polymer is based on a polyacetylene backbone with (CH(3))(3)Si side groups. Thin transparent films have been cast onto n-doped silicon (n-Si) substrates and doped with iodine to form surfacebarrier solar cells. The devices produce photovoltages that are at the theoretical limit and that are much greater than can be obtained from n-Si contacts with conventional metals. Two methods for forming layered polymeric materials, one involving the spincoating of preformed polymers and the other comprising the sequential polymerization of different monomers, are also described. An organic polymer analog of a metal/insulator/metal capacitor has been constructed with the latter method. 相似文献