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1.
硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
李平  郎漫 《中国农业科学》2013,46(22):4726-4732
【目的】明确好气条件下硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献,比较温度变化对两个过程排放贡献的影响。【方法】通过室内好气培养试验(60%WHC),采用15N同位素标记技术测定林地和草地土壤在10℃和15℃下铵态氮、硝态氮和N2O的15N丰度,计算硝化和反硝化过程对N2O排放的贡献。【结果】好气培养条件下,林地和草地土壤中的硝化作用和反硝化作用同时发生,硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献为53.1%―72.0%,是N2O排放的主要过程。培养期间林地土壤中反硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为44.9%,显著大于草地土壤(28.9%),而硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为55.1%,显著小于草地土壤(71.1%)。温度增加显著促进了土壤中N2O的排放,但是对硝化和反硝化过程的N2O排放贡献没有影响。【结论】好气条件下硝化作用是土壤中N2O排放的主要过程,但反硝化作用仍占有很大比例。  相似文献   

2.
Laboratory studies show that the reaction of short-lived O2(B3Sigmau) molecules (lifetime approximately 10 picoseconds) with N2 and the photodissociation of the N2:O2 dimer produce NOx in the stratosphere at a rate comparable to the oxidation of N2O by O(1D). This finding implies the existence of unidentified NOX sinks in the stratosphere. The NO2 observed in this experiment is isotopically heavy with a large 15N/14N enhancement. However, photodissociation of this NO2 unexpectedly produced NO molecules with a low 15N/14N ratio. The diurnal odd-nitrogen cycle in the stratosphere will be marked by a complex isotope signature that will be imprinted on the halogen and HOX catalytic cycles.  相似文献   

3.
YL Yung  CE Miller 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5344):1778-1780
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion.  相似文献   

4.
Measurement from Christmas Island (2 degrees N, 157 degrees W) of long-term mean vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere using very-high-frequency wind-profiling Doppler radar show that there is a transition from downward motion in the free troposphere to upward motion in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The observations in the free troposphere are consistent with a balance between adiabatic and diabatic heating and cooling rates in a clear atmosphere. Comparison of the results at Christmas Island during El Ni?o and non-El Ni?o conditions with earlier results obtained for stratiform rain conditions over Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, show that cirrus clouds in the vicinity of the tropopause likely play an important role in determining the sense and magnitude of vertical motions in this region. These results have implications for the exchange of mass between the troposphere and stratosphere over the tropics.  相似文献   

5.
[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2 206~552 mg/(m2.h)和N2O 51~295μg/(m2.h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00~8:00或16:00~21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00~10:00或16:00~21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00~18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00~12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

6.
栗忠飞  郑征 《安徽农业科学》2012,(19):10193-10195,10219
[目的]了解热带季节雨林幼树个体光合光响应的生物学特性,为全球气候变化下热带雨林保护提供科学依据。[方法]在西双版纳热带季节雨林中选择林下云南玉蕊幼树,分别于雾凉季、干热季、雨季,测定其光合光响应特征的季节变化动态。[结果]云南玉蕊幼树林下Pnmax为雨季最大,干热季和雾凉季次之,分别为4.08、2.89和1.81μmol/(m2.s),季节间具显著差异;Gs和Tr以雨季相对最高,WUE以干热季为最高,Ci以雾凉季为最高,它们在人工光源下的最大值分别为0.18 mmol/(m2.s)、1.59 mmol/(m2.s)、7.35μmol/mmol和455μmol/(m2.s);Ci随光强及季节的变化与WUE呈相反趋势,而Gs与Tr变化趋势基本一致。[结论]热带季节雨林云南玉蕊幼树林下光合光响应特征具明显季节性,雨季中有比其他季节更为旺盛的光合特征,且幼树具有耐荫的特性。  相似文献   

7.
氮素化学形态及添加剂量对温带森林土壤N2O排放的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土壤中氮形态和氮剂量的有效性是影响土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的重要因子。为了提高氮素化学形态及添加剂量对温带森林土壤N2O排放的影响,本研究在北京林业大学实验林场,以温带油松林土壤为研究对象,通过野外氮添加控制实验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法分析不同水平(对照,CK:0 kg/(hm2·a); 低氮,LN:50 kg/(hm2·a); 中氮,MN:100 kg/(hm2·a); 高氮,HN:150 kg/(hm2·a))和不同形态(混合态氮,AN:NH4NO3; 铵态氮,As:(NH4)2SO4; 硝态氮,Na:NaNO3)的氮添加对温带油松林土壤N2O排放通量的影响。结果表明:氮添加处理样地N2O排放表现出明显的季节性变化特征,排放高峰出现在6—8月,其他季节土壤N2O排放通量相对较低,最小值出现在1月。不同氮添加处理均促进了土壤N2O的排放:在不同水平的氮添加下,随着氮添加水平的增加,土壤N2O排放通量也升高,表现为HN>MN>LN>CK。不同形态的氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用表现为:AN>As>Na,As添加与AN和Na添加没有显著差异(P>0.05),但AN添加与Na添加之间差异显著(P<0.05)。此外,空气温度、土壤温度和土壤孔隙含水量也可以影响土壤N2O的排放。年度土壤N2O排放系数范围是0.34%~0.94%,年均排放系数为0.364%,低于联合国政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)推荐的默认值。   相似文献   

8.
[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2206~552mg(/m·2h)和N2O51~295μg(/m2·h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00~8:00或16:00~21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00~10:00或16:00~21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00~18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00~12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
栗忠飞  郑征 《农业科学与技术》2012,(6):1251-1253,1259
[目的]了解热带季节雨林幼树个体光合光响应的生物学特性,为全球气候变化下热带雨林保护提供科学依据。[方法]在西双版纳热带季节雨林中选择林下云南玉蕊幼树,分别于雾凉季、干热季、雨季,测定其光合光响应特征的季节变化动态。[结果]云南玉蕊幼树林下Pnmax为雨季最大,干热季和雾凉季次之,分别为4.08、2.89和1.81μmol/(m·s),季节间具显著差异;Gs和Tr以雨季相对最高,WUE以干热季为最高,Ci以雾凉季为最高,它们在人工光源下的最大值分别为0.18mmol/(m2·s)、1.59mmol/(m2·s)、7.35μmol/mmol和455μmol/(m2·s);Ci随光强及季节的变化与WUE呈相反趋势,而Gs与Tr变化趋势基本一致。[结论]热带季节雨林云南玉蕊幼树林下光合光响应特征有明显季节性,雨季中有比其他季节更为旺盛的光合特征,且幼树具有耐荫的特性。  相似文献   

10.
二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)是3种主要的温室气体,温带森林土壤是CO_2、N_2O重要的源,是CH_4重要的汇,以前的研究大部分都关注这3种温室气体在时间上的变化,而很少开展在空间变化上的研究。2014年10月至2015年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对秦岭南坡火地塘林区不同海拔(海拔1 560、1 585、1 963、2 040、2 160m,分别为落叶阔叶林、温性针叶林、温性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、落叶阔叶林)森林土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量进行了为期1a的监测。结果表明,CO_2全年都为排放,季节波动较大,总体上随海拔增加排放量减少,海拔由低到高(包括3种林型)年排放量依次为:19.12、12.53、11.78、16.95、14.87t·hm-2;CH_4全年主要为吸收,在非生长季出现排放,季节波动幅度较大,总体上随海拔增加吸收量增加,海拔由低到高年通量依次为:-2.57、-3.60、-5.94、-5.59、-3.92kg·hm-2;N_2O全年以排放过程为主,存在吸收现象,季节波动幅度不大,海拔对其通量影响不明显,海拔由低到高年排放量依次为:0.23、0.62、0.63、0.60、0.95kg·hm-2。土壤温度是影响CO_2、N_2O通量的关键因子。5个样地森林土壤CO_2通量与土壤铵态氮含量(20~40cm)显著相关(P<0.05)。高的土壤NH_4^+含量对CH_4的吸收有抑制作用。在冻融交替期,降雨对N_2O的通量有明显影响。海拔由低到高5个样地的GWP(全球增温潜势)分别为:119.13、12.65、11.85、17.02t·hm-2和15.07t·hm-2。  相似文献   

11.
Atmospheric gases trapped in polar ice at the firn to ice transition layer are enriched in heavy isotopes (nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18) and in heavy gases (O(2)/N(2) and Ar/N(2) ratios) relative to the free atmosphere. The maximum enrichments observed follow patterns predicted for gravitational equilibrium at the base of the firn layer, as calculated from the depth to the transition layer and the temperature in the firn. Gas ratios exhibit both positive and negative enrichments relative to air: the negative enrichments of heavy gases are consistent with observed artifacts of vacuum stripping of gases from fractured ice and with the relative values of molecular diameters that govern capillary transport. These two models for isotopic and elemental fractionation provide a basis for understanding the initial enrichments of carbon-13 and oxygen-18 in trapped CO(2), CH(4), and O(2) in ice cores, which must be known in order to decipher ancient atmospheric isotopic ratios.  相似文献   

12.
蔡巧妹  余雪标  李意德  王旭 《安徽农业科学》2012,40(28):13971-13972,14011
[目的]研究海南尖峰岭热带雨林区降雨和径流特征。[方法]根据2007~2008年在海南尖峰岭热带雨林定位观测的降雨和径流数据,分析原始热带山地雨林、次生热带山地雨林和低地雨林等集水区的径流特征。[结果]林区在雨季能够有效削减洪峰,在旱季能够有效调节径流,表明具有较好的调洪补枯功能。林区雨季每公顷蓄水11 660~18 031 m3,从高到低分别为热带山地雨林次生林原始山地雨林低地雨林。旱季,热带山地雨林次生林和原始山地雨林每公顷补枯量分别为976.6和946.8 m3,低地雨林补枯功能不明显。[结论]该研究验证了热带雨林具有调洪补枯的功能假说。  相似文献   

13.
【目的】揭示热带季节雨林中幼树个体的生物学特性及林下更新的适应机制,为全球气候变化下山地森林资源的开发与保护提供科学依据。【方法】选择西双版纳热带季节雨林中生长于林下的网脉核实幼树,分别在雾凉季(1月)、干热季(4月)和雨季(7月),利用Li-6400 光合作用测定仪,测定其光合光响应特征及光合速率日变化的季节动态特征。【结果】林下网脉核实幼树叶片的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)为雨季>干热季>雾凉季,分别为4.105,3.021和2.125 μmol/(m2·s),季节间存在显著差异;在人工光源下,雨季的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)均相对更高,最大值分别达到0.149,1.733 mmol/(m2·s)和7.632 mmol/mol。网脉核实幼树在林下自然光照环境中,雾凉季、干热季、雨季一天中净光合速率(Pn)最大值分别为0.652,1.192和1.975 μmol/(m2·s);各季节中,PnGsWUE等的日变化进程均表现为双峰型特征,但峰值出现的时间存在差异。【结论】热带季节雨林网脉核实幼树在林下的光合作用受季节变化的影响较大,PnGsTrWUE等总体上呈现出雨季最大、雾凉季最小的特征。  相似文献   

14.
Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were analyzed to investigate stratospheric transport rates. Temporal variations in tropospheric CO2 were observed to propagate into the stratosphere, showing that tropospheric air enters the lower tropical stratosphere continuously, ascends, and is transported rapidly (in less than 1 month) to both hemispheres. The mean age A of stratospheric air determined from CO2 data is approximately 5 years in the mid-stratosphere. The mean age is mathematically equivalent to a conserved tracer analogous to exhaust from stratospheric aircraft. Comparison of values for A from models and observations indicates that current model simulations likely underestimate pollutant concentrations from proposed stratospheric aircraft by 25 to 100 percent.  相似文献   

15.
The ocean is an important global source of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone destruction. Bacterial nitrification and denitrification are thought to be the primary sources of marine N(2)O, but the isotopic signatures of N(2)O produced by these processes are not consistent with the marine contribution to the global N(2)O budget. Based on enrichment cultures, we report that archaeal ammonia oxidation also produces N(2)O. Natural-abundance stable isotope measurements indicate that the produced N(2)O had bulk δ(15)N and δ(18)O values higher than observed for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but similar to the δ(15)N and δ(18)O values attributed to the oceanic N(2)O source to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ammonia-oxidizing archaea may be largely responsible for the oceanic N(2)O source.  相似文献   

16.
Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The late Pleistocene history of seawater temperature and salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific warm pool is reconstructed from oxygen isotope (delta18O) and magnesium/calcium composition of planktonic foraminifera. Differentiating the calcite delta18O record into components of temperature and local water delta18O reveals a dominant salinity signal that varied in accord with Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles over Greenland. Salinities were higher at times of high-latitude cooling and were lower during interstadials. The pattern and magnitude of the salinity variations imply shifts in the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system analogous to modern El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Ni?o conditions correlate with stadials at high latitudes, whereas La Ni?a conditions correlate with interstadials. Millennial-scale shifts in atmospheric convection away from the western tropical Pacific may explain many paleo-observations, including lower atmospheric CO2, N2O, and CH4 during stadials and patterns of extratropical ocean variability that have tropical source functions that are negatively correlated with El Ni?o.  相似文献   

17.
[目的]探讨热带雨林土壤真菌群落结构,阐释微生物与植物之间的互作关系,以期为开发利用热带雨林这一特殊生态环境中丰富的微生物基因资源提供理论依据。[方法]运用扩增18S rDNA限制性分析(Amplified 18S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis,ARDRA)和18S rRNA基因序列分析技术,分析了热带雨林土壤真菌物种丰度、优势种群和进化关系等群落结构特征。试验采用PVPP洗涤-CTAB-溶菌酶-蛋白酶K-SDS热处理等方法,提纯微生物总DNA,构建真菌18S rRNA基因克隆文库,对阳性克隆进行ARDRA分析,选取有代表性的克隆测序,利用DOTUR软件将真菌序列按照97%相似性的标准分成若干个可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic u-nit,OTU)。[结果]构建的克隆文库包含21个OTU,其中以子囊菌和担子菌为主,各占克隆文库的64.7%和15.5%。子囊菌中以盘菌为主,占到整个克隆文库的47.4%;担子菌中以伞菌为主,占到整个克隆文库的10.4%。接合菌和壶菌均有少量克隆出现在文库中。首次从海南岛热带雨林土壤中发现牛肝菌。研究显示该环境真菌多样性极其丰富,涵盖了真菌主要门的绝大多数。[结论]该研究结果为揭示热带雨林土壤真菌群落结构多样性、挖掘该环境样品的真菌基因资源提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

18.
山地及丘陵地带的坡位变化对温室气体的排放具有重要影响且存在很大的不确定性,选取华北石质山区不同坡位栓皮栎人工林下土壤为对象,采用室内培养法将不同坡位过筛土壤含水率调至60%的田间持水量(WHC)并培养256h,测定分析了土壤温室气体累积排放/吸收量、土壤理化性质及其相关性。结果表明,该地区不同坡位土壤整体表现为CO2、N2O的源,CH4的汇。坡位变化通过改变栓皮栎人工林植被的生长状况以及林下土壤的物理结构、速效养分和矿质氮含量的分布,间接影响了土壤温室气体的排放与吸收。受土壤矿质氮和速效养分含量等影响,土壤累积CO2排放量呈坡上>坡下>坡中的趋势,累积N2O排放量与累积CH4吸收量均呈坡上>坡中>坡下的趋势,坡上土壤温室气体增温潜势显著高于坡下与坡中土壤(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤累积CO2排放量与土壤硝态氮(NO3^--N)含量显著正相关(P<0.05),累积N2O排放量与土壤容重(BD)显著正相关,累积CH4吸收量与土壤pH、铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、全氮(TN)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)显著相关,且累积CO2排放量与累积N2O排放量呈显著正相关。因此,在该地区山地及丘陵地带进行人工林种植并评估土壤固碳效应时,应当高度重视坡上土壤温室气体累积排放与吸收的变化。  相似文献   

19.
思茅菜阳河自然保护区热带季节雨林及其生物地理意义   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
详细报道了云南思茅菜阳河自然保护区的热带雨林植被。探讨了它的植物种类组成、群落结构和生物地理特点。菜阳河自然保护区的热带雨林具有与赤道地区的典型热带雨林类似的群落结构、生态外貌特征和植物区系组成,仍应是真正热带雨林的一个类型,是西双版沟谷季节雨林向北延伸、嵌入的部分,亦是滇南热带季节雨林群落的最北缘和海拔极限的类型。该热带季节雨林在性质上属于印度-马来西亚热带雨林的北缘部分。在发生和分布上受局部地形的影响和制约。菜阳河热带季节雨林的植物区系作为西双版纳热带雨林植物区系的北延部分,以热带成分占优势,带有明显印度-马来西亚植物区系特点,同时又具有明显热带边缘性质和植物地理过渡与交汇带特点。与西双版纳热带季节雨林相比,在菜阳河自然保护区的热带季节雨林中,典型热带雨林的一些成分已不存在或很少见,构成其热带雨林的上层树种  相似文献   

20.
Tritiated water applied to the surface of soil in a tropical rain forest was found in free water of the litter and top 18 centimeters of soil as long as 7 months after the application. Plant roots, even in the high-rainfall environment of a tropical rain forest, therefore are exposed to tritiated water for considerable periods of time after release.  相似文献   

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