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1.
为了解不同集约经营历史板栗林土壤活性有机碳的演变规律,在浙江省安吉县采集了集约经营历史分别为5、10和20 a的板栗林土壤样品,并与灌木林进行比较.结果表明:集约经营5、10和20 a的板栗林表层土壤微生物量碳平均含量分别下降了15.89%、49.16%和55.31%,并均具有显著差异.与灌木林相比,集约经营5、10和20 a的板栗林表层土壤水溶性有机碳含量分别下降了14.79%、32.18%和49.31%.板栗林集约经营初期(5 a),土壤微生物量碳占总有机碳比率与灌木林无显著差异,到集约经营10 a后,比率显著下降.水溶性碳占总有机碳比率灌木林和集约经营板栗林间无显著差异,随着集约经营历史延长,比率也无明显变化.  相似文献   

2.
毛竹林集约经营过程中土壤活性有机碳库的演变   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
为了探讨不同集约经营历史毛竹林的土壤有机碳库演变规律,在浙江省安吉县分别采集了集约经营5、10、20和40年的毛竹林土壤样品,与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较.结果表明:毛竹林集约经营的前5年里,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳含量均明显下降(P＜0.05);土壤总有机碳持续下降至20年后趋于稳定,土壤水溶碳、矿化态碳含量集约经营5年后一直到第40年无明显变化;随着集约经营措施的实施,土壤活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例变化不大(除矿化态碳在0～5年以及微生物量碳在10～20年明显下降外).集约经营20年后,土壤总有机碳下降了34.70%,微生物量碳下降了49.35%.相关分析表明,各活性碳之间显著或极显著相关.比较不同经营类型的毛竹林发现,集约经营并未改变土壤各类碳含量的剖面特征.集约经营会导致土壤碳的大量损失,并使土壤生物学性质明显下降.  相似文献   

3.
大兴安岭林区的山地草原化是森林退化的主要标志,研究山地草原化土壤微生物功能的演替对其植被恢复具有重要意义。为此,本试验利用Biolog方法,以大兴安岭加格达奇林区3种山地植被退化类型(蒙古栎林、灌草丛和草地植被群落)为研究对象,探讨山地草原化土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。结果表明:3种植被退化类型的土壤微生物利用多种碳源的能力明显不同,其中,代表微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)在0.25~0.39之间,其大小为灌草丛>蒙古栎林>草地,灌草丛和草地的AWCD达到显著差异水平(P<0.05)。物种多样性指数和碳源丰富度指数的变化规律与AWCD相似。3种植被退化类型的土壤微生物利用碳源存在较大差异,对氨基酸类碳源的利用表现为蒙古栎林>灌草丛>草地,而对氨/胺类碳源的利用呈现相反趋势。说明大兴安岭林区的山地草原化引起土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降,有关碳源底物利用的微生物数量及活性明显降低,并且微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力也呈降低趋势。  相似文献   

4.
生草对桃园土壤有机碳及微生物多样性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探讨生草栽培对桃园土壤有机碳及微生物功能多样性的影响,在浙江省嘉兴市水蜜桃园设置栽培黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿及清耕试验。结果表明,与清耕相比,种植黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿后土壤有机碳含量分别提高21.1%、31.6%、25.0%(P<0.05),增加的部分以羰基碳为主;园地土壤微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳含量提高53.7%~130.4%、59.27%~80.3%(P<0.05);3种生草的土壤微生物活性(SMA)显著高于清耕,微生物Shannon指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)也表现为白三叶和紫花苜蓿处理显著高于清耕。综上,生草栽培可增加桃园土壤有机碳含量,提升土壤微生物功能多样性,其中以栽植白三叶效果为佳。  相似文献   

5.
不同林分下土壤活性有机碳库研究   总被引：57，自引：1，他引：57  
姜培坤 《林业科学》2005,41(1):10-13
采样分析常绿阔叶林、马尾松林和人工杉木林不同层次土壤的活性有机碳含量。结果表明 :常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量高于马尾松与杉木林土壤 ,杉木林土壤水溶性碳含量相对较低。从不同层次看 ,土壤微生物量碳、易氧化态碳含量均随着土层深度加深而递减。水溶性碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳占总有机碳的比率分别波动在 0 31%～ 1 18%、0 90 %～ 2 5 1%和 7 0 3%～ 2 9 5 2 %之间 ,其中 ,土壤水溶性碳占总有机碳比率为马尾松林 >常绿阔叶林 >人工杉木林 ,易氧化态碳占总有机碳比率常绿阔叶林明显高于马尾松林和杉木林。不同土壤水溶性有机碳占总有机碳比率随剖面从上到下均表明出上升趋势 ,而易氧化态碳占总有机碳比率随剖面加深有规律地下降。土壤有机碳总量与各活性碳之间以及各类活性碳之间相关性均达到极显著水平。  相似文献   

6.
通过对干旱阳坡蒙古栎林、灌丛、草丛等3种群落类型的微生物群落功能多样性分析,结果表明:3种不同退化阶段的根际土微生物碳代谢活性差异均达显著水平。其中,灌草丛根际土微生物碳代谢强度最强;蒙古栎林根际土次之;而草丛的根际土微生物代谢强度最低,土壤微生物碳代谢活性最弱。三者之间均匀度指数差异不明显,说明土壤微生物均匀度未随植被的退化而发生改变。灌丛和蒙古栎林土壤微生物的碳利用模式相近。灌丛及蒙古栎林土壤微生物对31种碳源代谢能力大于草丛,差异显著。  相似文献   

7.
赣西油茶人工林土壤微生物群落的多样性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解油茶林土壤微生物群落结构特征,揭示油茶林土壤微生物群落结构多样性变化特征对林龄和季节等环境因素的响应机制,为油茶林合理经营管理提供理论依据,以赣西地区新余市渝水区不同林龄油茶林24个土壤样品为研究对象,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术分析油茶林土壤细菌群落多样性。DGGE指纹图谱分析结果表明,油茶林土壤微生物类群的细菌多样性较丰富,各个样品的条带数目稳定分布在13~36条。10年龄油茶人工林细菌基因多样性较为丰富,集约经营10年龄油茶林的细菌物种数量多。细菌丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在林龄变化上均表现为中龄林(2个10年龄)成熟林(30年龄、50年龄)幼龄林(1年龄、6年龄);其在季节变化上均呈一致的变化规律,为夏季秋、冬季春季。细菌16S rDNA的系统发育分析结果表明,大多数序列与未培养细菌的同源性较高,所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在84%~99%。遗传关系研究得到主要的优势菌为泛菌属Pantoea sp.、肠杆菌属Enterobacter sp.。  相似文献   

8.
采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法比较了松树—樟树混交林与两种纯林(樟树林、松树林)土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量。应用Biolog技术,比较了混交林与纯林之间土壤微生物对不同碳源类型的利用情况。结果表明:松树—樟树混交林土壤微生物量碳和氮均高于两种纯林;混交林土壤微生物量碳含量占总有机碳含量的2.36%,土壤微生物生物量氮含量占全氮含量3.77%,均高于两种纯林;混交林土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于两种纯林,且除碳水化合物之外,混交林对其他5类碳源的利用强度均高于两种纯林,这可能是导致混交林AWCD高于两种纯林的原因;混交林的Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数均高于两种纯林。土壤理化性质与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的相关性分析,结果表明:3种森林与环境因子长期的共同作用导致土壤有机碳与土壤全氮含量的差异和土壤结构的差异分别是影响不同森林土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物群落多样性差异的的主要原因。综上所述,松树—樟树混交林比松树纯林以及樟树纯林更有利于提高微生物的量及代谢活性。  相似文献   

9.
为探讨不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物多样性及土壤质量的影响,采集了毛竹林与马尾松林土壤进行分析。结果表明,马尾松林土壤有机质（TOC）、全氮（T-N）和水解氮（H-N）含量明显高于毛竹林（P〈0．05）;而土壤有效磷（A-P）和有效钾（A-K）则两者没有差异。马尾松林土壤微生物量碳（MBC）含量明显高于毛竹林（P〈0．05）。反映土壤微生物活性的平均吸光值（AWCD）和土壤微生物功能多样性Shannon指数和McIntosh指数,马尾松林土壤同样显著高于毛竹林土壤。以上结果说明,天然马尾松林相比毛竹林具有土壤养分丰富,微生物含量高、活性大,且多样性丰富等特点,是较稳定的生态系统。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】土壤微生物量碳、氮是植被所需碳、氮的重要“源”或“库”,是公认的综合评价土壤质量或肥力的重要指标,也是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,研究其动态变化,可为退耕还林及后期管理决策提供科学依据,并为深入研究林地碳氮循环及温室气体排放提供参考。【方法】以农田( FL)为对照,研究华北土石山区10年生刺槐林、43年生刺槐林、自然恢复植被( NRV)土壤微生物量碳、氮的四季动态变化,并对各样地微生物量碳、氮对土壤营养库的贡献率进行对比研究。【结果】各样地微生物量碳、氮随土层加深而逐渐下降,其季节动态变化差异显著;农田、自然恢复植被、10和43年生刺槐林地0～20 cm 土层微生物量碳、氮含量四季均值分别为251.94,290.68,150.66,197.34 mg·kg －1和30.95,46.46,36.55,45.27 mg·kg －1。其中：自然恢复植被的微生物量碳、氮含量四季均值最高,其微生物量碳含量分别是农田、10和43年生刺槐林的1.15,1.93和1.47倍,微生物量氮含量分别是它们的1.50,1.27和1.03倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮含量随刺槐树龄增大而升高,43年生刺槐林0～20 cm 土层的微生物量碳、氮含量是10年生刺槐林的1.31和1.24倍。各植被样地不同层次土壤微生物量碳氮比季节差异明显,农田、自然恢复植被、10年和43年生刺槐林 0～20 cm 土层碳氮比四季均值分别为8.64,6.26,4.12 和4.36;10,43年生刺槐林碳氮比分别是农田的0.48和0.50倍,是自然恢复植被的0.66和0.70倍。在 0～20 cm 土层中,农田、自然恢复植被、10和43年生刺槐林地微生物量碳对土壤有机碳平均贡献率分别为1.88%,2.00%,1.54%和1.24%,土壤微生物量氮对土壤全氮的平均贡献率分别为1.21%,5.44%,3.55%和2.26%。【结论】各样地土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著相关,它们与土壤全氮、有机质和速效钾含量均显著相关;除此之外,土壤微生物量碳还与土壤硝态氮含量显著相关。随着树龄的增加刺槐林土壤微生物量尤其是微生物量氮含量显著提高,因而土壤的生物肥力也显著提高;由土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及其对土壤营养库的贡献率可知,自然恢复植被更利于土壤微生物结构、功能的恢复和生物活性的改善。  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

14.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

16.

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.  相似文献   

17.
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18.

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.  相似文献   

19.
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.  相似文献   

20.
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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