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1.
Morphological Studies on the Peripheral Circulation of the Ovary in One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Histological examination of the peripheral circulation of the ovary of 18 females of the one‐humped camel revealed a series of blood vessels with special structures. Throttle or occlusive artery was recorded in the ovarian zona vasculosa and in the cortex, and it showed an intimal cushion‐like thickening made up of intimal bolsters that formed of smooth muscle fibres and glomus cells. The smooth muscle cells of the tunica media and the tunica adventitia of throttle artery pursued a circumferential pattern. Anastomosis arteriovenosa included simple bridge‐like anastomotic vessels between arteria and venae, and glomus vessels of typical structure were demonstrated. Glomus organs were recorded in the ovary and were comprised of the tortuous glomus vessels and the related afferent and efferent vessels. Glomus cell complexes also were commonly occur at the cortex ovarii that possessed an extremely convoluted course with a hyperplastic wall and a narrow lumen. Atypical glomus vessels were demonstrated within the ovarian zona vasculosa, and the wall of these vessels was relatively thick and consisted of double tunica media with an intimal bolster. Some vessels contained an intimal bolster device of exclusively glomus cell structure (glomus bolster) with a tunica elastic interna demarcated it from the glomus cell media. Some venae represented several layers of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibres in the tunica media. Other venae showed wall with variable thickness. Venae with double muscular tunica media were recorded in the medulla. Some venae showed double internal elastic lamina. Also, venae with thick adventitia contained dispersed smooth muscle fibres were determined. Spirally oriented arteriole and venule were demonstrated within the cortex and medulla ovarii. Gestation sclerosis was demonstrated in ovarian zona vasculosa of pregnant females. 相似文献
2.
In the literature reviewed, there are certain differences of opinion with regard tostructural details of the wall of the internal carotid artery in the cervical and petrosalportion. Therefore, histological material of human necropsies was processed in order toobtain 10pm. paraffin sections of the artery and surrounding tissues which were stainedwith orcein, resordn-fuchsine, Verhoeff and picrofuchsine. While in the cervical segment of theartery there is a neat predominance of muscle fibres over elastic ones in the media, the elasticelements can be found especially in the inner layers of the adventitia, and there exist aclearly defined elastica interna and externa. Therefore the authors consider this part ofthe artery as of the transitional type. On the other hand, the petrosal portion must be consideredas of the muscular type, with abundant muscle fibres in the media and a wellformed and even double elastica interna, while the externa is scarcely visible. In bothsegments, the artery is very well fixed with the surrounding connective sheath. 相似文献
3.
Orsi AM Stefanini MA Crocci AJ Simões K Ribeiro AA 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2004,33(3):131-134
Structural features of segmental parts of the aorta of the dog were studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The variability in the wall architecture composition and vascular thickness of the ascending (T2-3 level), thoracic (T7-8 level) and abdominal (L6-7 infrarenal level) segments of the aorta was analysed. Morphological features such as presence of intimal folds, pattern of the medial myoconnective components with segmental variations in the number of elastic lamellae, whose relative number was higher in the thoracic aorta (ascending and descending parts), compared with the abdominal aorta, and a network of connective (stromal) elements formed by elastic and collagen lamellae and fibres in the adventitia were observed. The results were discussed on a histophysiological basis, because small but significant segmental differences had been characterized in the aortic wall structure of the dog. 相似文献
4.
Susan M. Newell DVM MS John P. Graham MVB MSc Gregory D. Roberts DVM MS Pamela E. Ginn DVM Jay M. Harrison MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(1):40-43
The normal sonographic appearance of the stomach in various degrees of distension, the duodenum, the small intestine, and the large intestine was determined in awake and sedated cats. The mean stomach rugal fold thickness was 4.38 mm, and the interrugal thickness was 2.03 mm. No significant difference in stomach wall thickness was seen when the stomach was empty, half full, or full. The duodenal wall thickness was significantly greater than other parts of the small intestine, and this difference was accentuated by sedation (awake mean 2.4 mm; sedated mean 2.71 mm). The mean small intestinal wall thickness was 2.1 mm, and the mean colonic wall thickness was 1.67 mm. The five characteristic sonographic layers similar to that seen in the gastrointestinal tract of other species were routinely identified at all regions of the feline gastrointestinal tract. 相似文献
5.
Tunica adventitia or tunica externa is the outer layer of the blood vessel wall. It consists of connective tissue with vasa and nervi vasorum and plays a key role in vascular health. The aim of our study was to compare the wall layers beyond tunica media in arteries of different type and location. The following arteries of pig, dog and cat were processed histologically and analysed by light microscopy: aorta ascendens, arcus aortae, aorta thoracica, aorta abdominalis, arteria (a.) femoralis, a. tibialis cranialis, a. carotis communis, a. lingualis, a. basilaris, a. cerebralis media, a. testicularis and aa. jejunales. We found two layers of connective tissue outside the media: (1) a compact layer with many elastic fibres in muscular and few in elastic arteries and (2) an outer layer of loose connective tissue. The compact layer was missing in aorta ascendens, arcus aortae and intracranial vessels. Adventitial stripping removed only the loose connective tissue layer. In spite of the still present compact layer, stripped arteries were very flimsy. We suggest using the term ‘tunica externa’ for the compact connective tissue layer and ‘tunica adventitia’ for the outermost loose connective tissue layer as in other organs. The presence of the tunica externa differs between species, arteries and arterial side, as well as the removability of tunica adventitia and tunica externa by anatomical dissection. 相似文献
6.
Y Sasaki H Kitagawa K Ishihara T Masegi 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1990,52(4):743-752
Improvement of pulmonary arterial lesions after heartworm removal using flexible alligator forceps was investigated by measuring pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), and by angiographic and histopathological examinations in 11 dogs. PAP obtained immediately after worm removal corresponded well with angiographic abnormalities. In 2 dogs, high PAP immediately after worm removal fell gradually by 12 weeks, and obstructions on angiogram were resolved at 4 to 12 weeks. In 4 dogs, slightly high PAP fell to the normal range at 4 weeks, and angiographic abnormalities were considerably reduced at 4 to 12 weeks. In 5 dogs, PAP returned to normal range immediately after worm removal, and angiographic changes almost disappeared at 4 to 8 weeks. On biopsy immediately after worm removal, samples of the main pulmonary arteries showed severe intimal proliferations with villous or papillary protrusion into the lumen. Autopsy at 12 to 20 weeks indicated that the intimal protrusions were remarkably reduced as compared with the biopsy samples in all cases. However, villous intimal protrusions were seen in the caudal lobar arteries in cases with remaining alive worms. New vessels seemed to develop into thromboemboli with time. From these findings, it is clear that the pulmonary arterial lesions improved after heartworm removal, and the clinical signs disappeared following the improvement in hemodynamics. Aspirin therapy (5 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks after worm removal in 5 dogs did not improve the intimal lesions as compared to 3 control dogs. 相似文献
7.
H. Smodlaka W. Khamas S. Tkalcic T. Golub L. Palmer 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2010,39(3):178-185
Phocid seals exhibit vascular adaptations that allow them to undertake prolonged deep dives. These vascular adaptations are either unique to phocids, or are modified vascular equivalents to those present in terrestrial mammals. One such adaptation, the aortic bulb, is a spherical enlargement of the ascending aorta specific to phocid seals. Its histological make‐up consists of a reinforced tunica media with circular and longitudinal layers of elastic fibres. This reinforcement enables multi‐axial deformation of the aortic bulb, thus complementing its function as a prominent elastic reservoir or ‘windkessel’. A second adaptation, the hepatic sinus, is an asymmetrical dilation of the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava and accompanying hepatic veins. The hepatic sinus is comprised of a relatively thin tunica media, with a scant smooth muscle component. The bulk of the sinus wall is comprised of tunica adventitia. A third vascular adaptation distinctive to the phocids is the pericardial venous plexus, composed of convoluted veins circumnavigating the perimeter of the heart. Microscopically, these veins have a thick tunica media and also contain valves. Smaller arteries, venules and distinct capillary beds are observed interspersed in‐between these veins. It can be hypothesized, that in seals, certain vascular embryonic development may be arrested at an earlier embryonic stage, resulting in these unusual vascular formations. These modifications play a vital role in blood pressure regulation and distribution of oxygenated blood during prolonged deep diving. The purpose of this work was to elucidate the histological aspects of these unique vascular modifications and relate them to specific function. 相似文献
8.
The circulatory system of the large intestine of 27 pigs was examined by means of corrosion anatomy (vascular casts), histology and electron microscopy. The results were as follows: The Aa. et Vv. breves et longae leave the mesenteric vessels and reach the wall of the intestine at the mesenteric margin. The short vessels enter the deeper layers of the wall, whereas the Aa. et Vv. longae, by taking a variable subserous course, reach the submucosa af ter penetrating the muscular layers. The tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. Where the submucosa is larger, there is a three-dimensional vascular network, a deep and superficial vascular plexus that are closely interconnected. The deep plexus is applied to the inner circular muscles, whereas the superficial plexus is adjacent to the muscularis mucosae. The deep arterial plexus receives its af flux from the Aa. breves et longae and provides part of the circular muscle layers with recurrent muscle branches. The vascularization of the mucosa is derived from the (superficial) submucosal plexus. The arteries that ascend the tunica mucosa ramify, in the form of a brush, into some arterioles. In the basal part of the mucosa, they turn into a periglandular capillary system, i.e. a network around each Lieberkühn crypt. Close to the lumen, a polygonal subepithelial capillary system is formed. Below the epithelium of the mucosal surf ace, the capillaries turn into postcapillary venules. These are running vertically through the submucosa, with few infiowing side branches, and finally enter the submucosal plexus. An intermuscular plexus is formed by anastomoses between the circular and the longitudinal muscular layers from the branches of the subserous-submucosal connections. This intermuscular plexus provides the capillaries for the tunica muscularis. The subepithelial capillaries are, above all, furnished with a so-called fenestrated endothelium, whereas the capillaries of the pericryptal mucosa mainly show a continuous endothelium. The latter contains multiple vesicles that can fuse to form transcytoplasmic channels. In the wall of the large intestine of the pig, there are no sure indications as to the existence of either arterio-venous anastomoses or haemodynamic regulatory structures. 相似文献
9.
Cardiovascular changes associated with indwelling catheters were evaluated in 51 adult beagle dogs catheterized for 4 to 9 weeks. Pathologic changes consistent with traumatic injury were in the vena cava and endocardium of the right atrium of 88% of cannulated dogs. Lesions were characterized by surface denudation and diffuse intimal thickening due to myointimal hyperplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix. Affected intima was lined by hyperplastic, poorly differentiated endothelial cells and contained round to oval cells with characteristics of smooth muscle cells. After 9 weeks, thickened intima was vascularized and composed of spindle-shaped cells and fibrillar stroma. Intimal sclerosis and localized proliferative papillary projections in the vena cava cranial to areas of myointimal hyperplasia occurred infrequently. Traumatic lesions, regardless of location or severity, did not extend below the internal elastic membrane. Inflammatory cellular responses, when present, were minimal. The location, distribution, and morphogenesis of catheter-related cardiovascular lesions distinguishes them from those induced by chemical toxicity or pharmacotoxicity. 相似文献
10.
Changes in the common bile duct that contained adult Fasciola hepatica of sheep were evaluated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nine ewes were inoculated with F hepatica metacercariae and necropsied 18 weeks after inoculation. The proximal portion of the common bile duct (CBD) that contained adult flukes was recovered and examined by LM and SEM. The CBD from 2 noninoculated ewes were used for control. On gross examination, CBD were markedly large because of the adult flukes, which were free in the lumen of the ducts. Extensive hemorrhage was not found either in intrahepatic or in extrahepatic bile ducts of any sheep. Histologic examination revealed changes, such as villous hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelium; cell infiltration, predominantly with eosinophils or macrophages; and arterial intimal proliferation. By SEM, the epithelial surface of the CBD appeared intact. Villous hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelium observed by LM was clearly seen by SEM. Epithelial damage, seen as small areas of denuded surface by LM and SEM, was confined to a few areas of the mucosa. Lack of extensive hemorrhage and confined epithelial damage were evaluated relative to the mode of feeding of adult flukes. 相似文献
11.
Paraffin sections of the carotid rete-cavernous sinus complex of sheep were studied, using different stains. The carotid rete of sheep was composed of medium-sized arteries with smooth muscle layers that were oriented in different directions. The carotid body cells may have migrated proximally in the adventitia of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery as its extracranial portion degenerates early in life. The cavernous sinus shared a common tunica adventitia with surrounding rete branches. At places, the wall of the cavernous sinus had a distinct tunica media interposed between the endothelial cells and the tunica adventitia. Therefore, the name cavernous venous plexus has been proposed for the cavernous sinus in sheep. 相似文献
12.
The development of carboxylic esterases and alkaline phosphatase activity in the bovine forestomachs and esophagus The reticulum, the rumen, the omasum and the esophagus of 8 adult cattle, 6 veal calves, one four-day-old calf and 4 fetuses were examined for esterase and alkaline phosphatase activity. The localization and the intensity of these enzymes in the proventricular compartments are age-related. In the fetuses and the four-day-old calf the esterases are found only in the deeper epithelial cell layers, whereas in the veal calves and in the adults the horny and the transitional cell layer become strongly positive. Alkaline phosphatase is not present in the epithelium of the fetuses. A reaction band of this enzyme occurs at the level of the stratum transitionale in the four-day-old calf. In the adults the upper cells of the stratum spinosum and all the cells of the strata transitionale and corneum are positive. The enzyme activity in the esophagus is very slightly agerelated. The esterases are only found in the deeper epithelial layers, and alkaline phosphatase does not appear in the epithelium. The activity and the localization of these enzymes may be related to the keratinization and especially in the proventricular compartments of the adult, also to the absorption. 相似文献
13.
中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙适宜水平的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用 2 0周龄的商品代北京红鸡 1 5 0只 ,按完全随机设计以体重随机分为 5个处理组 ,分别喂以含钙水平为 2 .5 %、3.0 %、3.5 %、4.0 %和 4.5 %及非植酸磷水平均为 0 .2 5 %的玉米 豆粕型饲粮 2 0周 ,研究中型褐壳产蛋鸡在 2 0～ 40周龄产蛋阶段的饲粮钙适宜水平。饲粮钙水平对产蛋率、蛋重、产蛋量、耗料量、饲料效率、蛋形指数、哈夫单位、蛋壳百分率和血浆钙含量无明显影响 (P >0 .1 0 ) ,而显著影响了蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋壳重、骨灰及蛋壳钙含量 (P <0 .0 5 )。随着饲粮钙水平的增加 ,蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳重均呈曲线型增加 ,当饲粮钙水平升至 4.0 %时均增至最大。本次研究结果表明 ,蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳重是评价中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙营养需要量的敏感指标 ;北京红中型褐壳产蛋鸡在 2 0～ 40周龄产蛋阶段的玉米 -豆粕型饲粮中钙水平以 4.0 %(实测值为 3.94%,每日钙进食量为 4.1 8g)为宜 ,比美国现行NRC( 1 994)对中型褐壳产蛋鸡饲粮钙建议需要量 ( 3.2 7%钙 ,每日钙进食量为 3.60g)的高 相似文献
14.
Computer‐assisted analysis of tongue thickness of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) following topical chronic exposure to distilled alcoholic beverages 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Rafaela N. Moreira Sandra A. Marinho Flaviana D. Verli Dhelfeson W. Douglas‐de‐Oliveira Ana Terezinha Mesquita Nádia L. Lima 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2018,47(5):428-434
15.
1. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the relationship between the layers of the eggshell and egg viability. The relative thickness (absolute and %) of the mammillary, palisade, vertical crystal and cuticle layers relative to the total eggshell were measured over a 30-week laying period in 2 broiler breeder lines having different hatchability rates. 2. A significant difference in hatchability of 5.5% between the breeder lines was observed. However, there was no significant difference in either egg viability or fertility between lines. 3. The relative thickness of the individual calcified layers and the cuticle did not differ between lines. Therefore, variations in the thickness of the individual eggshell layers are unlikely to explain the 5.5% difference in hatchability rate between lines. 4. The thickness of the calcified region did not alter as the broiler hen aged. However, the percent contribution of each calcified layer significantly differed over the egg production period. 5. The cuticle was significantly thinner at the beginning and at the end of the laying period compared to 38 weeks of age. 6. No significant correlation was observed between egg viability and the relative thicknesses of the mamillary, palisade or cuticle layers. In contrast, there was a positive relationship between egg viability and the thickness of the vertical crystal layer. 7. The percent contribution of the mammillary and palisade layers was similar in the thinnest and thickest eggshells, suggesting conservation of the proportions of these layers independent of eggshell thickness. 相似文献
16.
T Landsverk 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1978,19(3):377-391
Fiftysix calves, in 2 similar experiments, were given 1 of 4 diets including a high lactose milk replacer: ground barley (GB), ground barley plus coarse hay (GB + GH), coarse hay (CH) and the liquid diet only (NS) ; the 2 last diets were held as controls. The calves were on the experimental diet from 1–2 weeks of age until slaughtered at 7-8 weeks of age. As observed by stereo-microscopy, the ruminai papillae in calves fed on GB were thickened, mostly finger- or club-shaped and sometimes nodular; nodular papillae were always arranged on prominent mucosal folds. Scattered nodular papillae had white coats. For calves fed on GB + CH the papillae were mostly finger- or tongue-shaped. Histologically papillae in calves fed on GB had hyperplasia of secondary papillae and epithelial layers. Microabscesses associated with penetrating hairs were frequent, and some calves had dyskeratosis with infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the apex of papillae, identified as the white coats. For calves given GB+CH, abscesses and apical dyskeratosis were absent and the hyperplasia of epithelial layers milder than in the case of the GB diet. An ameliorative effect of hay on papillary changes caused by barley is indicated. 相似文献
17.
以7~8周龄雄性SPF级ApoE-/-小鼠为研究对象,高脂饲料喂养12周,按照不同喂养时间分为6组,喂养结束对小鼠进行血脂(TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C)检测和动脉超声影像学(动脉内中膜厚度、心脏左室收缩末期/舒张末期内径、左室校正质量、射血分数和缩短分数等指标)检测及动脉脂质沉积油红O染色观察,综合评价ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型的建立。结果显示,与对照相比较,Apo E-/-小鼠心脏室间隔和左心室后壁增厚,左室质量增加,心脏功能降低。随着高脂饲料喂养周数的增加,ApoE-/-小鼠血脂升高,升主动脉内膜厚度随之增加,从0.137 mm增加到0.195 mm;结合不同阶段ApoE-/-小鼠动脉脂质沉积油红O染色结果,得出动脉脂质沉积不同程度的增加,与超声成像的结果保持一致。超高分辨率小动物超声系统在无创和活体情况下,监测ApoE-/-小鼠的动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展,可作为小鼠模型建立的重要辅助工具。 相似文献
18.
Pulmonary blood vessels account for the majority of radiographically visible structures in normal lung. The vascular pattern of pulmonary disease is characterized by changes in vessel size, shape, contour. Changes in size can be classified as hypo vasularity (decreased size) or hyper vascularity (increased size). The pulmonary arteries and veins may be affected separately or simultaneously. In normal lung, the bronchial structures peripheral to the hilar area are not seen clearly. The bronchial pattern of pulmonary disease is characterized by alteractions in bronchial wall thickness and dinsity, or in bronchial lumen diameter. Mixtures of the four lung patterns, i.e. , alveolar, interstitial, bronchial, and vascular, occur frequently. The lung radiographic pattern in an individual animal depends not only on the disease process present, but also on the stage of the disease during which they are radiographed. 相似文献
19.
Juliette G. Besso DEDV Amy S. Tidwell DVM John M. Gliatto VMD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2000,41(4):345-352
Clinical signs and follow-up information were recorded. Histopathologic diagnoses were obtained for 25 adrenal glands in 21 ferrets. Adrenal lesions included ten adenocarcinomas, nine adenomas, one hyperplasia and one cortical cyst. Four adrenal glands (all right-sided) were diagnosed as unspecified adrenal tumors but lacked a definite histopathologic diagnosis (adenoma vs. adenocarcinoma) due to incomplete surgical resection and consequent small sample sizes. Bilateral adrenal lesions were identified in 4 ferrets (19%). Adrenal shape, size, echogenicity, laterality, and the presence of vascular invasion were evaluated with ultrasound. Size and shape were variable and not specific to lesion type. Both benign and malignant adrenal tumors (adenomas, adenocarcinomas) appeared most often as masses with increased thickness and a normal length (11/23), less frequently as larger masses with increased thickness and length (4/23) or as nodules focally deforming the normal adrenal shape (6/23). The only cortical cyst appeared as a nodule. Three adrenal glands had a normal size and shape and were diagnosed as adenomas (2) or hyperplasia (1). Therefore treatment may be warranted based solely on clinical signs if adrenal glands are ultrasonographically normal. Vascular invasion was not identified ultrasonographically. However, focal absence of periglandular fat resulting in contact of 8 adrenal glands with either caudal vena cava (6), aorta (1) or liver (1) identified ultrasonographically, correlated with incomplete surgical resectability (6/8) and histopathologic diagnoses of carcinoma (4/8) or unspecified tumors (4/8). Therefore, a focal absence of periglandular fat between the adrenal gland and the large vessels or liver, deviation or compression of the large vessels by the adrenal lesion may indicate malignancy. Adrenal tumors (benign and malignant) were often associated with a prominent uterus, uterine stump or prostate with or without prostatic cysts. 相似文献
20.
JG Besso DEDV RH Wrigley BVSc MS DVR JM Gliatto VMD CRL Webster DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2000,41(3):261-271
Fourteen dogs with enlarged gallbladders and immobile stellate or finely striated bile patterns on ultrasound are described. Smaller breeds and older dogs were overrepresented, with 4/14 Cocker Spaniels. Most dogs presented for nonspecific clinical signs such as vomiting, anorexia and lethargy. Abdominal pain, icterus and hyperthermia were the most common findings on physical examination. All dogs except one had serum elevation of total bilirubin and/or alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase. All dogs were diagnosed with a gallbladder mucocele upon histologic and/or macroscopic evaluation. Ultrasonographically, mucoceles are characterized by the appearance of the stellate or finely striated bile patterns and differ from biliary sludge by the absence of gravity dependent bile movement. On ultrasound, gallbladder wall thickness and wall appearance were variable and nonspecific. The cystic or common bile duct were normal sized in 5 dogs although all 5 had evidence of biliary obstruction at surgery or necropsy. Loss of gallbladder wall integrity and/or gallbladder rupture were present in 50% of the dogs, all located in the fundus. Gallbladder wall discontinuity on ultrasound indicated rupture whereas neither bile patterns predicted the likelihood of gallbladder rupture. Pericholecystic hyperechoic fat or fluid were suggestive of but not diagnostic for a gallbladder rupture. Cholecystectomy appears to be an appropriate treatment for mucoceles, if not to treat a gallbladder rupture, at least in most dogs to prevent it since gallbladder wall necrosis was identified by histology in 9 of 10 dogs. Mucosal hyperplasia was present in all gallbladders examined histologically. Positive aerobic bacterial culture was obtained from bile in 6 of 9 dogs. Cholecystitis was diagnosed histologically in 5 dogs and 4 dogs had signs of gallbladder infection solely upon bacterial bile culture. Gallbladder infection was not present with all the mucoceles suggesting that biliary stasis and mucosal hyperplasia may be the primary factors involved in mucocele formation. Based on the results of our study, we suggest two alternate courses of action in the presence of a distended gallbladder with an immobile ultrasonographic stellate or finely striated bile pattern: a cholecystectomy when clinical or biochemical signs of hepatobiliary disease are present or a medical treatment (antibiotics and choleretics) and patient monitoring by follow-up ultrasound examinations when the patient does not have clinical or biochemical abnormalities. An aerobic bile culture should be obtained in all patients, by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirate or at surgery. 相似文献