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1.
对牛体细胞核移植的有关影响因素进行了系统研究,结果表明,电场强度为100v／mm,电脉冲2次,脉冲时间为10μs的融合率显著高于30μs的融合率,囊胚发育率差异不显著;在耳部成纤维细胞的注核微滴中添加7％乙醇可提高重组胚的卵裂率,供体细胞的预激活可提高核移植效果;TⅠ期(第二次减数分裂末期)去核卵母细胞核移植总囊胚率低于MⅠ期(第二次减数分裂中期)去核卵母细胞的,TⅠ期去核卵母细胞的核移植效果不如MⅠ期去核卵母细胞的;成纤维细胞直接注射后3h用离子霉素(5μmol／L,5min)和6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP,2mmol／L,3h)激活处理的重组胚发育率显著高于注核后0h和6h激活的重组胚,供体细胞核与受体卵母细胞激活前的胞质因子互作一段时间,有利于核移植胚胎的早期发育。 相似文献
2.
水牛卵母细胞成熟时间对核移植效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
主要探讨水牛卵母细胞的成熟时间对其体细胞核移植效果的影响,结果表明,在体外成熟(IVM16～24h)期间,不同的去核时间对水牛卵母细胞核移植后的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率都没有显著影响(P>0.05),但卵母细胞去核后的注核存活率,IVM16～18h组与IVM22～24h组有极显著差别(P<0.01)。经6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)抑制成熟培养的卵母细胞,再成熟培养16～18h后,与直接在体外成熟培养16～18h的卵母细胞的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率相比,均无显著影响(P>0.05)。水牛卵母细胞的成熟时间对其核移植效果无明显影响,6-DMAP可用于调整水牛卵母细胞的去核操作时间。 相似文献
3.
丁内酯-Ⅰ影响猪卵母细胞的体外成熟和发育能力 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
体外成熟的卵母细胞存在核成熟与胞质成熟不一致的情况,从而使得体外成熟的卵母细胞质量不高.本实验采用cdc2激酶抑制剂丁内酯-Ⅰ (butyrolactone Ⅰ,BL-Ⅰ)抑制猪卵母细胞核体外成熟,期望解决卵母细胞体外培养过程中细胞核与细胞质发育的不同步问题.结果表明,分别用0、10、20、40和80 μmol/LBL-Ⅰ处理猪卵母细胞44 h后,对卵母细胞成熟的抑制程度与BL-Ⅰ浓度的升高成正比.用20、40和80μmol/L处理时,处于生发泡(GV)期的卵母细胞分别为25％、47％和67％,与对照组(5％)相比差异极显著(P＜0.01);而到达MⅡ期的卵母细胞分别为38％、9％和0,与对照组(67％)相比差异极显著(P＜0.01).将20、40和80 μmol/L处理44 h后的卵母细胞,再在不含BL-Ⅰ的卵母细胞体外成熟培养液中培养44 h后,到达MⅡ期的卵母细胞为57％、41％和5％,与抑制44 h时相比均有显著差异,表明BL-Ⅰ对卵母细胞成熟的抑制作用是可逆的.20 μmol/L BL-Ⅰ抑制培养20 h再正常培养24 h(20 h++24 h-处理组)后卵母细胞的成熟率显著低于对照组(正常培养44 h)(65.6％vs 70.1％,P＜0.05).对20 h++24 h-处理组成熟的卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,其卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚总细胞数均好于对照组,但无显著差异;对20 h++24 h-处理组成熟的卵母细胞进行核移植(NT),获得重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚总细胞数均优于对照组,并且卵裂率有显著差异(68.9％vs 62.4％,P＜0.05).结果提示BL-Ⅰ处理对猪卵母细胞的核成熟有明显抑制作用,这种抑制作用是可逆的,对猪卵母细胞孤雌胚胎发育能力和核移植胚胎的发育能力有一定的提高. 相似文献
4.
OPS法玻璃化冷冻牛卵母细胞和囊胚 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13
本文报道了利用拉细开口型细管 (Open Pulled Straw,OPS)方法进行玻璃化冷冻保存体外成熟(IVM)的牛卵母细胞及体外生产 (IVP)的牛囊胚的实验结果。实验 1的牛卵母细胞冷冻处理分 2组 ,组 1(G1 )是将卵母细胞在 IVM2 1 h时去除部分卵丘细胞后马上进行冷冻处理。组 2 (G2 )卵母细胞在 IVM6h时去除部分卵丘细胞 ,然后继续培养至 2 2 h冷冻 ;冷冻后的卵母细胞在液氮中保存 0 .5～ 2 h后解冻再继续 IVM1 h后与正常 IVM2 4h的对照组卵母细胞一起进行体外受精 (IVF)处理。实验 2则冷冻了来自IVP的 6、 7日龄的牛囊胚。结果显示 ,G1的卵母细胞 IVF后 8d的囊胚率 (2 2 .8% ,2 6/1 1 4)和孵化囊胚率 (1 4.9% ,1 7/1 1 4)都极显著地高于 G2 (分别为 2 .9% ,5 /1 71和 0 .5 % ,1 /1 71 ,P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;但两处理组的受精卵裂率差别不大 (分别为 48.2 %和 41 .5 % ,P>0 .3 )。冷冻第 6d和第 7d的体外囊胚 ,其冻后存活率和囊胚孵化率分别为 92 .7%、 89.2 %和 83 .6%、 66.7%。结果表明 ,利用 OPS法玻璃化冷冻经体外培养成熟的牛卵母细胞及体外生产的牛囊胚均能获得良好的效果 相似文献
5.
为优化山羊核移植方案，实验研究了细胞松弛素B(cytochalasin-B，CB)处理和胞质去除对山羊孤雌胚体外发育的影响。将山羊MⅡ期卵母细胞用7.5 μg/mL CB分别处理5、10、15、20和30 min(实验Ⅰ)，处理后分别去除1/4～1/2的细胞质(实验Ⅱ)，并在每个实验中设对照组(不做任何处理)，孤雌激活后，用碘化丙啶和Hoechst 33258 对囊胚ICM细胞及TE细胞进行双染色，分别记录内细胞团(ICM)和滋养层(TE)细胞数。结果表明, 实验组Ⅰ及对照组均获得了较高的卵裂率(分别为76.83%～85.50%和86.50%)及较高的囊胚期发育率(分别为57.40%～62.20%和59.80%)，囊胚细胞数及ICM细胞数在各组间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)；实验Ⅱ，随着去除胞质比例的1增大孤雌胚的卵裂率(75.76%～16.07%)、囊胚率(38.67%～6.67%)、囊胚细胞总数(107.15～63.67)及ICM百分率(26.32%～19.37%)呈下降趋势，超过1/3时孤雌胚的发育力显著降低(P <0.05)。实验结果指出，(1)7.5 μg/mL CB在30 min以内对山羊孤雌胚体外发育力无不利影响；(2)胞质去除量控制在1/3以下对孤雌胚的发育影响不大。 相似文献
6.
卵母细胞的化学去核是采用干扰染色体分离或纺锤体正常功能的化学试剂,使其所有染色质通过纺锤丝牢固结合,并借助极体排出的惯性将所有染色质全部带出胞外,达到去核目的。目前以化学去核处理的MⅡ期卵母细胞为受体,已获得克隆小鼠。然而,第一次减数分裂期的小鼠卵母细胞经化学去核后,进行核移植还未见报道。与传统的机械去核相比,该方法对卵母细胞无机械损伤,完全是极体的自然排放;同时细胞质及其中核重编程相关因子损失量小;而且高效、省时,程序简单,所得的卵胞质或许更适合于供体细胞核的重编程。剪取超排小鼠的卵巢,以注射器刺破有腔卵泡后获得卵母细胞和卵丘细胞复合体,进行体外成熟培养。成熟培养5 h后去除卵丘细胞,挑选生发泡破裂的细胞顺序移入含脱羰秋水仙碱(DC,0.4μg/mL,2 h)和DC(0.4μg/L) 放线菌酮(CHX,50μg/mL)的M16培养液中继续培养,直到第一极体排出。去核卵胞质与胎儿成纤维细胞用植物凝集素(PHA,200μg/mL)粘合后,转入电击槽;施加1个5 V/mm、3μs交流电脉冲和2个92 V/mm、70μs直流电脉冲进行电融合。3 h后,以SrCl2激活6h,于四孔培养皿中制作的“孔中孔”(well of well)体外培养重构胚。试验重复3次,共计698个卵母细胞,获得的重构胚融合率和激活率分别为84.8%和93.6%;胚胎2-细胞发育率为24.7%,4-细胞率为6.74%;2-细胞期克隆胚移植假孕受体后,没有获得怀孕受体。试验分别以“血清饥饿”胎儿成纤维细胞、新鲜细胞和冷冻保存细胞为供体作核移植,结果表明,冷冻保存细胞的融合率(69.3%)与其余两组(80.6%和84.8%)呈显著差异(P<0.05);激活率、2-细胞和4-细胞发育率,则三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究将化学去核与无透明带技术相结合,完全丢弃了传统核移植的显微操作及其繁琐程序,属手工克隆,它的成功将会大大简化核移植程序,同时提高了核移植的生产力,最终提高核移植总效率。 相似文献
7.
本实验探讨了将体外培养成熟的水牛卵母细胞去核后 ,作为体外受精生产的黄牛胚胎细胞核移植的受体进行种间核移植的可能性。结果表明 ,黄牛与水牛进行种间核移植的重组卵有 54.2 %的融合率 ,显著地低于黄牛种内核移植的结果 ( 75.0 % ,P<0 .0 5) ;而卵裂率两者之间差别不大 (分别为 65.4 %和 71 .2 % ,P>0 .0 5)。但来自种间核移植的早期胚胎体外发育潜能很低 ,体外囊胚发育率只有 5.9% ,很显著地低于种内核移植的结果 ( 50 .0 % ,P<0 .0 1 )。用作种间核移植受体的体外成熟水牛卵母细胞质量较差可能是造成重组胚体外发育能力低的主要因素之一。 相似文献
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本研究探讨了不同化学激活方法和不同电激活参数对猪体外成熟卵母细胞早期孤雌发育的影响。利用屠宰场猪卵巢卵母细胞,在体外成熟培养44~48 h后,将核成熟卵母细胞分别用:(1)不同化学激活方法[①1 0%乙醇 1 0μg/mL放线菌酮;②2.5 mm o l/L氯化锶 1 0μg/mL放线菌酮;③5μm o l/L离子霉素 2.5 mm o l/L 6二-甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP);④200μm o l/L硫柳汞 8 mm o l/L二硫苏糖醇进行激活处理;⑤对照组——不用任何激活剂(试验1)];(2)用不同电场强度和脉冲时程进行电激活(试验2),之后放入胚胎培养液中进行体外培养7 d。研究结果显示:(1)4种不同化学激活方法处理卵子的1原核形成率、2原核形成率和原核形成率都显著比对照组的高(P<0.05),其中离子霉素 6-DMAP组的2原核形成率和总原核形成率最高,分别为(23.1±3.5)%和(65.2±3.5)%,显著比其他处理组的都高(P<0.0 5);(2)4种不同化学激活方法处理组的囊胚率都比对照组的高(P<0.0 1),其中离子霉素 6-DMAP组的卵裂率及囊胚率最高,分别为(4 6.6±1 8.5)%和(5.6±4.2)%;(3)本研究所用的4种不同化学激活方法对猪4细-胞孤雌胚SDS-PAGE电泳的蛋白质表达图谱没有显著影响;(4)电场强度为1.7 kV/cm、脉冲时程为50和70μs时猪体外成熟卵母细胞激活效果最好,卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数分别为:(77.4±9.7)%,(12.4±3.7)%,17.6±5.9和(75.1±10.6)%,(12.3±2.6)%,19.1±8.1。以上结果说明:(1)本研究所用的4种化学激活方法均能有效激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞,其中离子霉素 6-DMAP的激活效果最理想;(2)在本实验室条件下,采用1.7 kV/cm的电场强度、50~70μs的脉冲时程均能有效的激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞;(3)本研究所用的4种不同化学激活方法对猪4细-胞孤雌胚SDS-PAGE电泳的蛋白质表达图谱没有显著影响。 相似文献
9.
体细胞克隆的效率一直较低,这可能与成熟前卵母细胞的质量有关。猪卵母细胞主要来源于屠宰场的废弃卵巢,这暗示,卵母细胞可能处于发情周期的各个阶段。因此,体细胞核转移之前有必要筛选优质卵母细胞。本研究旨在探讨亮甲酚蓝染色筛选及曲古抑菌素A(TSA)对东北野猪(Sus scrofa ussuricus)核移植胚发育的影响。卵丘卵母细胞复合体经亮甲酚蓝(BCB)染色后分三组:BCB+组(胞质着色,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氧酶(G6PDH)活性低)、BCB-组(胞质未着色,G6PDH活性高)和对照组(不使用亮甲酚蓝染色)。卵母细胞体外成熟培养后,对卵母细胞进行核移植操作,来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚使用50nmol/LTSA处理,未使用TSA处理的来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚作为对照组。结果表明,BCB+卵母细胞的直径显著大于BCB-组(P<0.05)。来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚的初次卵裂时间要早于BCB-组及对照组。来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚的囊胚形成率显著高于BCB-组及对照组(P<0.05)。且50nmol/LTSA处理可将来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植囊胚率提高到(29.6±2.8)%(P<0.05)。总之,来源于BCB+卵母细胞的核移植胚发育能力较强,且50nmol/L的TSA可促进重构胚的体外发育。对卵母细胞进行BCB染色筛选并使用50nmol/L的TSA处理重构胚,可提高东北野猪核移植重构胚的发育能力,为通过体细胞克隆法保护东北野猪资源创造条件。 相似文献
10.
为摸索一种简单有效的小鼠(Mus musculus)卵母细胞去核方法,本研究对压电脉冲装置(Piezo)辅助显微操作条件下的小鼠中期Ⅱ(metaphaseⅡ,MⅡ)卵母细胞去核方法进行了改进,比较了改进的去核方法和常规去核方法,在无蔗糖或含蔗糖去核操作液中的去核效果及核移植重构胚的后续发育能力;用改进的去核法在无蔗糖的去核操作液中对卵母细胞进行去核,比较卵母细胞去核操作液及核移植操作液中添加不同浓度胎牛血清(FBS)时核移植重构胚的后续发育能力。结果显示,MⅡ期卵母细胞在无蔗糖和含3%蔗糖的去核操作液中通过调整显微镜物镜距离显示MⅡ期纺锤体区域的方法进行显核,显核率分别为98.4%(184/187)和98.7%(153/155)(P0.05)。在无蔗糖或含蔗糖的去核操作液中,用改进的去核法,即去核针穿过透明带后,紧贴MⅡ期纺锤体区域的质膜,施加负压将MⅡ期纺锤体区域吸住并将其直接拉出卵母细胞,去核率分别为84.6%和88.2%;用常规去核法在这2种去核操作液中去核,去核率分别为83.1%和88.6%,各组之间差异均不显著(P0.05);用改进的去核法比常规去核法吸出的胞质少。用改进的去核方法在无蔗糖的去核操作液中去核后,构建的核移植重构胚发育到8-细胞、桑椹胚和囊胚的比率最高,桑椹胚发育率(16.3%)和囊胚发育率(5.8%)显著高于用该法在含蔗糖的去核操作液中去核组(5.1%和0)。用常规去核法在无蔗糖操作液及含蔗糖操作液中去核后,核移植重构胚的桑椹胚发育率分别为3.3%和1.2%(P0.05),且均未获得囊胚发育。去核操作液和核移植操作液中添加20%FBS时,重构胚囊胚发育率显著高于添加10%FBS组(10.9%对4.9%)(P0.05),表明用改进的去核方法在添加20%胎牛血清(FBS)的操作液中进行去核及核移植操作是可行的,而且对重构胚后续发育的支持能力较好。本研究为进一步提高小鼠体细胞核移植效率做出了有益的探索。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献