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桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle)是2000年发现的一种专一危害桉属植物的害虫.本文从生态学角度,对海南岛8个气候区内桉树枝瘿姬小蜂数量在3种品(系)桉树上的消长动态进行了12个月的观察,以期为防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在海南大规模爆发提供理论依据.研究结果表明:桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在3种品(种)系桉树上的虫害爆发期均为每年3～10月.通过全年数据对比,尾赤桉与窿缘桉上的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫口密度较高,尾巨桉的较低(p＜0.01).海南岛内各气候分区虫口密度存在显著性差异,其中西北部沿海气候区、西南部山区气候区、西南部沿海气候区内的3种品(系)桉树上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫口密度相比岛内其它5个气候区更高(p＜0.05). 相似文献
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桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle),是2000年新发现的一种专一危害桉属植物的害虫。本文从生态学的角度,于2011年7月对3种不同品(系)遭受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂危害的桉树按照全株取样法进行系统调查观测,以期为桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的防治提供指导。研究结果表明,虫瘿数量和羽化孔数量主要分布在树冠枝条的上层以及中层。3种不同品(系)桉树上危害、形成虫瘿的位置存在一定的差异。尾巨桉(广林9号)上桉树枝瘿姬小蜂主要在枝条上形成危害、出现虫瘿。窿缘桉与尾赤桉(湛201)上主要在叶柄以及枝条上形成危害、出现虫瘿。同时,对遭受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂危害的尾巨桉(广林9号)桉树进行系统调查,并计算桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿分布型。结果表明,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿在尾巨桉(广林9号)的叶片以及枝条上均成聚集型分布,尾巨桉(广林9号)树干和侧枝上的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂虫瘿分布更为密集。 相似文献
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海南桉树林地受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa FisherLa Salle)为害较重,为了有效防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂,于2014年12月~2015年7月在海南三亚、东方、儋州、临高等地开展了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂寄生性天敌资源的调查。在为期8个月的调查期间,收集到了大量桉树枝瘿姬小蜂及其寄生蜂,并对其生物学进行了观察。其中一种寄生蜂,孟氏胯姬小蜂(Quadrastichus mendeli KimLa Salle),为国内首次报道,确定为中国新纪录种。本研究对孟氏胯姬小蜂进行了描述,同时对其生物学进行了补充。 相似文献
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刺桐姬小蜂在中国的潜在地理分布预测模型 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
根据刺桐姬小蜂分布的关键气候因子临界值、有效积温和生物气候相似距,选用Access设计数据库、Maplnfo MapX和Visual Basic设计程序,构建了刺桐姬小蜂在中国的潜在地理分布模型。利用中国670个气象站点30 a的气候资料运行该模型,预测结果表明,刺桐姬小蜂可以生存的地区占全国的59.40%,该虫在中国可以生存的绝大多数地区1年发生3～6代。按风险程度可将该虫在中国的分布区划分为安全区(占40.60%)、轻度危险区(占22.69%)、危险区(占23.73%)、高度危险区(占12.99%)。刺桐姬小蜂的气候相似距预测表明,中国华南地区以及云南、浙江、江西的部分地区与该虫标准点之间生物气候相似距较小(dij为0.6左右),入侵的风险最高。 相似文献
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2006～2012年连续多年在同一地点种植两个棉花品种来研究月平均温度、旬平均温度、旬平均最低温度、旬平均最高温度与棉花籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分之间相关性。结果表明：籽棉产量与6月中旬平均高温、7月平均温度、上旬和下旬平均温度、7月上旬和中旬平均高温呈显著或极显著的负相关,与6月下旬的平均温度、低温、高温,7月下旬平均高温,8月平均温度及上旬低温、中旬均温和高温与籽棉产量呈显著或极显著的正相关;皮棉产量与6月下旬平均温度、低温、高温,7月下旬高温、8月平均温度、8月中旬高温呈显著或极显著的正相关,与7月上旬、中旬平均温度,7月中旬高温呈负的显著或极显著相关;衣分与7月下旬和8月上旬高温呈极显著的正相关;两品种产量和衣分与温度之间的相关性在大多数项目中是高度一致的,但在某些项目中的相关性或显著程度有所不同。 相似文献
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椰甲截脉姬小蜂(Asecodes hispinarum Bou(c)ek)是椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima (Gestro)]害虫的重要内寄生蜂,主要寄生害虫的4龄幼虫.为了更好地为室内繁殖寄生蜂提供理论依据,开展了营养条件和寄主密度的改变对椰甲截脉姬小蜂子代的影响.结果表明:(1)补充10％蜂蜜水作为营养的情况下,椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生能力随寄主密度不同存在差异.每对寄生蜂在寄主数量为5时,被寄生的椰心叶甲数量最多,为2.33头.当寄主密度大于5时,椰心叶甲被寄生的数量有随寄主密度增加而降低的趋势;不补充营养时,寄生蜂的寄生能力差异不显著.(2)补充10％蜂蜜水时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量、椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率和后代性比并无显著影响.(3)不补充营养时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量和椰甲截脉姬小蜂后代性比均有显著影响,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率无影响,每寄主出蜂数量最多为45.67头,后代性比最高为96.66％. 相似文献
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椰甲截脉姬小蜂(Asecodes hispinarum Boucˇek)是椰心叶甲[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]害虫的重要内寄生蜂,主要寄生害虫的4龄幼虫。为了更好地为室内繁殖寄生蜂提供理论依据,开展了营养条件和寄主密度的改变对椰甲截脉姬小蜂子代的影响。结果表明:(1)补充10%蜂蜜水作为营养的情况下,椰甲截脉姬小蜂寄生能力随寄主密度不同存在差异。每对寄生蜂在寄主数量为5时,被寄生的椰心叶甲数量最多,为2.33头。当寄主密度大于5时,椰心叶甲被寄生的数量有随寄主密度增加而降低的趋势;不补充营养时,寄生蜂的寄生能力差异不显著。(2)补充10%蜂蜜水时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量、椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率和后代性比并无显著影响。(3)不补充营养时,寄主密度对每寄主出蜂量和椰甲截脉姬小蜂后代性比均有显著影响,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂羽化率无影响,每寄主出蜂数量最多为45.67头,后代性比最高为96.66%。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
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Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献