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1.
Cardiopulmonary effects were assessed in 12 yearling steers anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiamylal sodium, intubated, and allowed to breathe isoflurane or halothane in oxygen spontaneously. Light surgical anesthesia, determined using eye position as a clinical indication of anesthetic depth, was maintained during surgical placement of a rumen cannula. Heart rate and respiratory rate were measured while the steers were standing quietly (baseline). Atropine (0.06 mg/kg of body weight, IM) was given after baseline measurements were taken. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, pHa, PaCO2, PaO2, arterial [HCO3-], esophageal temperature, and end-tidal anesthetic concentration were measured every 15 minutes for 90 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above baseline in the isoflurane group at 15 and 30 minutes. Mean respiratory rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above baseline in the halothane group at 45 minutes. At 45 minutes, mean respiratory rate was lower (P less than 0.05) in the isoflurane group, compared with that in the halothane group. Mean values for arterial blood pressures and arterial gases were similar for both agents at comparable times. Mean end-tidal isoflurane concentrations were less than mean end-tidal halothane concentrations at each comparable time during maintenance of similar anesthetic depth. Maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane resulted in higher heart rates and lower respiratory rates, compared with maintenance of anesthesia with halothane in these steers.  相似文献   

2.
The clinical effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia with or without nitrous oxide, were compared in healthy, premedicated cats breathing spontaneously during 90 minutes of anesthesia. The effect of nitrous oxide in accelerating the induction of and recovery from anesthesia was more evident for halothane than for sevoflurane or isoflurane. The cats recovered more rapidly from sevoflurane-oxygen than from either halothane- or isoflurane-oxygen. Heart rates did not significantly change during anesthesia with any of the anesthetics. Arterial blood pressures during sevoflurane-oxygen anesthesia were somewhat higher than those with either isoflurane- or halothane-oxygen. There were no significant differences in arterial blood pressures among sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia when combined with nitrous oxide. The respiration rate during sevoflurane-oxygen was similar to that during halothane-oxygen. There were no significant differences in respiration rate among sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia when combined with nitrous oxide. The degree of hypercapnia and acidosis during sevoflurane anesthesia was similar to that observed during isoflurane anesthesia and less than during halothane anesthesia. The three anesthetic regimens, with or without nitrous oxide, induced a similar degree of hyperglycemia and hemodilution during anesthesia. Serum biochemical examination did not reveal any hepatic or renal injuries after each anesthesia.  相似文献   

3.
Objective— Recovery is one of the more precarious phases of equine general anesthesia. The quality and rate of recovery of horses from halothane and isoflurane anesthesia were compared to determine differences in the characteristics of emergence from these commonly used inhalant anesthetics. Experimental Design— Prospective, randomized blinded clinical trial. Sample Population— A total of 96 Thoroughbred and 3 Standardbred racehorses admitted for elective distal forelimb arthroscopy. Methods— All horses were premedicated with intravenous xylazine, induced with guaifenesin and ketamine, and maintained on a large animal circle system fitted with an out of the circle, agent specific vaporizer. Recoveries were managed by a blinded scorer with a standardized protocol. A 10 category scoring system was used to assess each horse's overall attitude, purposeful activity, muscle coordination, strength and balance from the time of arrival in recovery to standing. Times to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Median recovery scores and mean times to extubation, sternal and standing were compared using the Mann‐Whitney U test and student's t test, respectively. Results— The median score for horses recovering from halothane was lower (20.0; range, 10 to 57) than that for horses recovering from isoflurane (27.5; range, 10 to 55). Horses in the two groups were extubated at similar mean times (halothane, 11.3 ± 5.5 and isoflurane, 9.5 ± 5.2 minutes ) but horses recovering from isoflurane achieved sternal recumbency (halothane, 37.7 ± 12.1 and isoflurane, 24.7 ± 8.8 minutes ) and stood (halothane, 40.6 ± 12.9 and isoflurane, 27.6 ± 9.6 minutes ) sooner than those recovering from halothane. Conclusions— The recovery of horses from isoflurane anesthesia was more rapid but less composed than that from halothane. Clinical Relevance— The quality of recovery following isoflurane was worse than after halothane anesthesia using the criteria chosen for this study. However, the range of recovery scores was similar for both groups and all horses recovered without significant injury.  相似文献   

4.
Forty-five horses were maintained on halothane or isoflurane anesthesia for at least 90 minutes and received positive pressure ventilation after the first 30 minutes of anesthesia. Parameters monitored included end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (ETPCO2), arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gases and pH. There was a statistically significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for both halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. There was no significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and either body weight or systolic blood pressure. No statistically significant difference was found in arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide difference nor in alveolar dead space because of time or positioning over anesthetic periods of up to 3 hours. It is concluded that end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring is a satisfactory measure of changes in respiratory acid-base balance with inhalation anesthesia in horses when ventilation is controlled.  相似文献   

5.
Anesthesia was induced in 14 greyhounds with a mixture of diazepam or midazolam (0.28 mg/kg) and ketamine (5.5 mg/kg), and maintained with halothane. There were no significant differences in weight, age, or duration of anesthesia between the treatment groups. Time to intubation with diazepam-ketamine (4.07 +/- 1.43 min) was significantly longer than with midazolam-ketamine (2.73 +/- 0.84 min). Heart rate, respiratory rate, PaCO2, and arterial pH did not vary significantly during anesthesia in either treatment group. Arterial blood pressures, PaO2, halothane vaporizer setting, and body temperature changed significantly from baseline values in both treatment groups during anesthesia. Times to sternal recumbency and times to standing were not significantly different. These data suggest that both diazepam-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine are useful anesthetic combinations in greyhounds. In combination with ketamine, midazolam offers little advantage over diazepam.  相似文献   

6.
The correlation between end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PETCO2) and arterial (PaCO2) was determined for spontaneously breathing ponies under halothane or isoflurane anesthesia. The PETCO2 was useful as a trend indicator of PaCO2 during the first 60 minutes of halothane or isoflurane anesthesia when PaCO2 values were less than 60 to 70 mm of Hg. Halothane anesthesia lasting greater than 90 minutes was associated with PaCO2 values in excess of 60 to 70 mm of Hg, a large arterial- to end-tidal PCO2 difference (PaCO2-PETCO2) and a significant increase in alveolar dead space. These effects were not seen during the same period of isoflurane anesthesia. Arterial blood gas analysis is therefore recommended during halothane anesthesia when the PETCO2 is greater than 60 to 70 mm of Hg. A decrease in alveolar capillary perfusion relative to alveolar ventilation is the most likely cause for the increase in alveolar dead space during halothane anesthesia. Based on these findings, isoflurane may be superior to halothane for prolonged anesthesia of spontaneously breathing horses.  相似文献   

7.
Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias were studied in 4 cats (group A), using a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Each cat was anesthetized 4 times, 1 week apart, with halothane (1.5% end expired), isoflurane (2.0% end expired), and halothane or isoflurane preceded by ketamine administered IM (8.8 mg/kg). Lead II of the ECG and femoral artery pressure were recorded. Epinephrine was infused in progressively doubled rates (initial rate = 0.125 micrograms/kg/min) for a maximum of 2.5 minutes or until at least 4 ventricular premature depolarizations occurred within 15 s of each other. The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE; micrograms/kg) was calculated as the product of infusion rate and time to arrhythmia. The ADE (means +/- SD) during anesthesia with halothane alone and with ketamine-halothane anesthesia were 1.33 +/- 0.65 and 1.37 +/- 0.59 micrograms/kg, respectively; during anesthesia with isoflurane alone and ketamine-isoflurane anesthesia, the ADE were 9.34 +/- 1.29 and 16.16 +/- 3.63 micrograms/kg, respectively. The ADE was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) during isoflurane anesthesia and ketamine-isoflurane anesthesia than during halothane anesthesia. The percentages of change in systolic blood pressure (means +/- SD) at the ADE during halothane, ketamine-halothane, isoflurane, and ketamine-isoflurane were 31 +/- 34, 41 +/- 17, 127 +/- 27, and 148 +/- 57, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

8.
Recovery from isoflurane anesthesia was shorter, with no difference in quality, compared with halothane anesthesia in 2 groups of horses. In 1 group, 12 horses scheduled for elective arthroscopy were randomly assigned to receive halothane or isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia during surgery. In the other group, 6 horses received anesthesia only, on 2 occasions, with halothane on 1 occasion, and isoflurane on the other. Difference in the quality of recovery was not seen between isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in either group. In the group that had surgery, recovery to sternal position was significantly shorter when isoflurane was used. In the group not treated surgically, recovery to sternal and standing positions was significantly shorter with isoflurane.  相似文献   

9.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BS) was used to quantitatively assess the effects of halothane and isoflurane on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during steady-state (10 minutes) and dynamic pressure changes in adult horses. Arterial pressure was decreased in response to nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside and increased in response to phenylephrine HCl. Mean (+/- SEM) BS in awake horses was 28.9 +/- 2.6 and 13.2 +/- 2.0 ms/mm of Hg during steady-state decreases and increases in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), respectively. Halothane and isoflurane either significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased or eliminated BS during steady-state decreases in SAP, with no significant differences detected between anesthetic agents. During steady-state decreases in SAP, significant (P less than 0.05) correlation between R-R interval and arterial pressure was not observed for 6 of 10 and 4 of 11 halothane and isoflurane anesthesia periods, respectively. Halothane significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased BS during steady-state increases in SAP to 7.9 +/- 0.6 and 6.5 +/- 1.1 ms/mm of Hg during low and high minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples, respectively. Isoflurane decreased BS during steady-state increases in SAP to 9.6 +/- 1.5 and 6.6 +/- 1.1 ms/mm of Hg during low and high MAC anesthesia, respectively, with high MAC of isoflurane decreasing BS significantly (P less than 0.05), compared with awake and low MAC values. Plasma catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.05), compared with baseline values during steady-state vasodilator infusions in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized horses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

10.
Anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. Xylazine (0.4-0.6 mg/kg) is well tolerated for sedation. The thiobarbiturates (8-10 mg/kg), ketamine (2.5-5.0 mg/kg), or combinations of guaifenesin and thiobarbiturates or guaifenesin and ketamine (to effect) can be used for induction of anesthesia. In juvenile or debilitated animals, anesthesia can be induced with halothane or isoflurane administered by mask. After tracheal intubation, anesthesia can be maintained with the inhalation agents, usually halothane or isoflurane. Supportive therapy and many anesthetic monitoring techniques used in domestic animals can be used in llamas. While under marginal planes of anesthesia, llamas can have more active physiologic responses to pain, including bradycardia and vasoconstriction, than domestic animals. Llamas are more prone to airway obstruction after tracheal extubation than domestic ruminants but otherwise recover as well from general anesthesia as domestic ruminants.  相似文献   

11.
This study was done to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) response evoked by orthopedic surgery in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Eight horses scheduled for bilateral arthroscopic surgery of the stifle were premedicated with detomidine (20 μg/kg) intravenously and five minutes later induced to anesthesia with ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with either halothane or isoflurane. Assignment of inhalation anesthetic was done randomly. The multiple of minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane required for anesthesia was significantly higher than the multiple of MAC of isoflurane (p < .05) required. Total amplitude of the EEG with halothane was smaller than with isoflurane (p < .05), but 13.0 to 32.0 Hz high frequency/0.0 to 3.9 Hz low frequency (|3/A) ratio was greater for halothane (p < .05). Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was significantly (p < .05) higher with isoflurane than with halothane. The differences in EEG frequency shift observed suggest that isoflurane provided better analgesia than halothane for this group of horses.  相似文献   

12.
Repeat determinations of the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) were made over two 6 h periods on 2 separate days during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. Each of 6 dogs underwent 4 trials (2 halothane and 2 isoflurane). During each trial, the ADE was determined at baseline, 3 and 6 h. Epinephrine was infused for 3.0 min at increasing dose rates (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg/min) until the arrhythmia criterion (4 or more intermittent or continuous premature ventricular contractions) was reached. The inter-infusion interval was 20 min. There were no significant differences in the measured cardiovascular parameters (SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR), arterial blood gases, or acid-base status prior to each determination during a single trial. The cardiovascular responses to epinephrine infusion were not significantly different between inhalants or determinations. The range of the ADE determined over both trials during isoflurane anesthesia was 30.12 +/- 12.21 micrograms/kg to 50.83 +/- 9.17 micrograms/kg. The baseline ADE during Day 1 of halothane anesthesia (6.70 +/- 1.36 micrograms/kg) was significantly greater than ADE determinations at 3 (4.65 +/- 0.88 micrograms/kg) and 6 h (4.61 +/- 0.87 micrograms/kg). The reduction in the ADE over time during day 2 of halothane anesthesia was not statistically significant (P = 0.0669). These results suggest that during halothane anesthesia, the ADE is not repeatable over time, and they may influence our interpretation of the results of investigations that measure alterations in the ADE due to pharmacological manipulations without repeated control ADE determinations.  相似文献   

13.
Eight horses were anesthetized three times, by intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), detomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and tiletamine-zolazepam (1.1 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.04 mg/kg) and tiletamine-zolazepam (1.4 mg/kg). The sequences were randomized. The duration of analgesia and the times to sternal and standing positions were recorded. Heart rate, arterial pressure, pHa, PaCO2, and PaO2 were measured before and during anesthesia. The duration of analgesia with the two doses of detomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, 26 +/- 4 minutes and 39 +/- 11 minutes, respectively, was significantly longer than the 13 +/- 6 minutes obtained with xylazine-ketamine. Bradycardia occurred after administration of detomidine, but heart rates returned to baseline values 5 minutes after administration of tiletamine and zolazepam. Arterial pressure was significantly higher and PaO2 significantly lower during anesthesia with detomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam than with xylazine-ketamine. Some respiratory acidosis developed with all anesthetic combinations. The authors conclude that detomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam can provide comparable anesthesia of a longer duration than xylazine and ketamine, but hypoxemia will develop in some horses.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To compare hemodynamic, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal motility effects and recovery characteristics of halothane and isoflurane in horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or halothane (crossover study). At 6 intervals during anesthesia and surgery, cardiopulmonary variables and related derived values were recorded. Recovery from anesthesia was assessed; gastrointestinal tract motility was subjectively monitored for 72 hours after anesthesia. Horses were administered chromium, and fecal chromium concentration was used to assess intestinal transit time. Venous blood samples were collected for clinicopathologic analyses before and 2, 24, and 48 hours after anesthesia. RESULTS: Compared with halothane-anesthetized horses, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and heart rate were higher and systemic vascular resistance was lower in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Mean arterial blood pressure and the dobutamine dose required to maintain blood pressure were similar for both treatments. Duration and quality of recovery from anesthesia did not differ between treatments, although the recovery periods were somewhat shorter with isoflurane. After isoflurane anesthesia, gastrointestinal motility normalized earlier and intestinal transit time of chromium was shorter than that detected after halothane anesthesia. Compared with isoflurane, halothane was associated with increases in serum aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities, but there were no other important differences in clinicopathologic variables between treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with halothane, isoflurane appears to be associated with better hemodynamic stability during anesthesia, less hepatic and muscle damage, and more rapid return of normal intestinal motility after anesthesia in horses undergoing arthroscopic procedures.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To determine hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in young healthy goats. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 24 healthy 9-month-old female goats. PROCEDURE: Goats were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and anesthetized with halothane (n = 12) or isoflurane (12) while undergoing tendon surgery. End-tidal halothane and isoflurane concentrations were maintained at 0.9 and 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentrations, respectively, and ventilation was controlled. Venous blood samples were collected approximately 15 minutes after xylazine was administered and 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Goats were euthanatized 25 or 62 days after anesthesia, and postmortem liver specimens were submitted for histologic examination. RESULTS: All goats recovered from anesthesia and survived until euthanasia. Serum SDH, GGT, and ALP activities and bilirubin concentration did not increase after anesthesia, but serum AST activity was significantly increased. However, serum hepatic enzyme activities were within reference limits at all times in all except 1 goat in which serum AST activity was high 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia. This goat had been anesthetized with halothane and had the longest duration of anesthesia. No clinically important abnormalities were seen on histologic examination of liver specimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of halothane or isoflurane for anesthesia in young healthy goats is unlikely to cause hepatic injury.  相似文献   

16.
The anesthetic potency and cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane were compared with those of isoflurane and halothane in goats. The (mean +/- SD) minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) was 0.96 +/- 0.12% for halothane, 1.29 +/- 0.11% for isoflurane, and 2.33 +/- 0.15% for sevoflurane. Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane, halothane and isoflurane were examined at end-tidal concentrations equivalent to 1, 1.5 and 2 MAC during either spontaneous or controlled ventilation (SV or CV). During SV, there were no significant differences in respiration rate, tidal volume and minute ventilation between anesthetics. Dose-dependent decreases in both tidal volume and minute ventilation induced by halothane were greater than those by either sevoflurane or isoflurane. Hypercapnia and acidosis induced by sevoflurane were not significantly different from those by either isoflurane or halothane at 1 and 1.5 MAC, but were less than those by halothane at 2 MAC. There was no significant difference in heart rate between anesthetics during SV and CV. During SV, all anesthetics induced dose-dependent decreases in arterial pressure, rate pressure product, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular minute work index and left ventricular stroke work index. Systemic vascular resistance with isoflurane at 2 MAC was lower than that with sevoflurane. During CV, sevoflurane induced dose-dependent circulatory depression (decreases in arterial pressure, cardiac index, rate pressure product, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular minute work index and right ventricular minute work index), similar to isoflurane. Halothane did not significantly alter systemic vascular resistance from 1 to 2 MAC.  相似文献   

17.
The relative myocardial irritant properties of halothane, isoflurane, and pentobarbital were evaluated in chickens. Sixteen adult male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group-1 chickens were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV), group-2 chickens were anesthetized with halothane (end tidal halothane 1.2%), and group-3 chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane (end tidal isoflurane 2.1%). Birds in any 2 of the 3 treatment groups were tested on any 1 day. Local anesthesia was induced, and blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, and blood gas variables were measured before general anesthesia was induced. Positive-pressure ventilation with an inspired O2 fraction greater than 0.95 was adjusted to result in an end tidal CO2 concentration that reflected a Paco2 similar to that obtained prior to anesthesia and ventilation. All measurements were repeated. The threshold for ventricular fibrillation in response to electrical stimulation of the heart was then determined for all birds. Effects of anesthesia on hemodynamic and blood gas variables were similar in all 3 groups. Compared with halothane or pentobarbital, isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower threshold for electrical fibrillation of the heart.  相似文献   

18.
A number of clinically important features of isoflurane anaesthesia were studied in comparison to those of halothane. Two groups of dogs were used. After light premedication, anaesthesia was induced by mask, and both groups of dogs were maintained for 30 minutes at 1.5 X MAC value of either halothane or isoflurane in a combination of oxygen and nitrous oxide (50:50). All animals were ventilating spontaneously. There was no difference in the speed of induction of the halothane and isoflurane groups. Blood pressure in both groups dropped to approximately 7.5 kPa (56 mm Hg) during maintenance anesthesia (1.5 MAC), while the heart rate was significantly higher in the isoflurane group. Individual respiratory variables were not significantly different between the two groups, however the differences between the trends of the mean values were significant (Sign-test). In general, with isoflurane, respiration rates were lower, with the tidal volume and end tidal CO2 being greater. The trends in pH and arterial pCO2 showed a slightly more severe respiratory acidosis in the isoflurane group. However, neither group showed values corresponding to any expected clinical problems. Speed of recovery (determined by times to head-lift and righting-reflex) was greater in the isoflurane group. Previously known important features of isoflurane are low biodegradability, low blood: gas partition coefficient, and decreased myocardial sensitivity to catecholamines. It is concluded from this study that isoflurane deserves a place in canine anesthesia whenever these specific pharmacologic properties are desired.  相似文献   

19.
The cardiopulmonary effects of a halothane/oxygen combination were studied in eight cats subjected to a 25% whole blood volume loss. Test parameters included cardiac output measured via thermodilution, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) and blood gas analysis. Values for cardiac index, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were calculated from these data. Posthemorrhage cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and measurements of arterial blood pressure were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). Heart rate remained unchanged. Following induction of halothane anesthesia the above parameters experienced a further significant decline (p less than 0.05) from their immediate preanesthetic (i.e. posthemorrhage) values. Heart rate also significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). Thirty minutes following the cessation of halothane anesthesia these values returned to near-hemorrhage levels, being above their respective preanesthetic values. Systemic vascular resistance initially rose, peaking ten minutes into halothane anesthesia, before gradually falling to prehemorrhage values at the end of halothane anesthesia. Following hemorrhage, respiratory rate demonstrated a transient increase, associated with an arterial CO2 tension fall, before returning to initial values at the preanesthetic time. During halothane anesthesia respiratory rate remained unchanged whereas arterial CO2 tension rose significantly (p less than 0.05) and pH declined slightly from preanesthetic readings. These returned to prehemorrhage values 30 minutes following the cessation of halothane anesthesia.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine cardiovascular responses to administration of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of anesthetic records. ANIMALS: Seventy-six horses anesthetized for a variety of clinical surgical procedures. METHODS: Anesthetic records of clinical equine patients anesthetized between January 1999 and December 2003 were searched. The records were reviewed for horses in which anesthesia was induced with ketamine and a benzodiazepine and maintained with isoflurane, and horses that received butorphanol intraoperatively. Exclusion criteria included horses in which the rate of infusion of an inotrope or end-tidal isoflurane concentration was changed 10 minutes before or after the butorphanol bolus. The horses were separated into two groups: group 1 horses received butorphanol at intervals as part of a balanced protocol, group 2 horses had > or = 10% increase in heart rate (HR) or blood pressure within 10 minutes prior to butorphanol administration. RESULTS: Eighty-nine butorphanol administration events matched the criteria for inclusion, 49 in group 1 and 40 in group 2. There were no significant changes after butorphanol administration in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR) in group 1, or in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or hemoglobin oxygen saturation in either group. There were significant decreases in SAP (p < 0.0001), MAP (p < 0.0005), and DAP (p < 0.0008) after butorphanol administration in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results presented here confirm that butorphanol can be administered to horses during isoflurane anesthesia without adverse effects on HR and arterial blood pressure. The results imply that butorphanol can deepen the plane of anesthesia and obtund sympathetic stimulation from a surgical procedure.  相似文献   

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