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1.
The goal of this study was to determine the optimal stocking density for rearing juvenile spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor (Olafsen), at two different sizes and assess the welfare status in relation to density. No major growth impairment was observed, although smaller fish (50–100 g) were significantly affected by density during the 120 days of the experiment, with final mean weights of 119.6 ± 11.6, 118.0 ± 5.8 and 88.7 ± 0.6 g for initial rearing densities of 10, 20 and 40 kg m?2 respectively. No effect of rearing density was seen for larger fish (100–160 g) during the 90 days of the experiment, with final mean weights of 160.2 ± 5.9, 159.7 ± 3.7 and 163.7 ± 11.5 g at fixed rearing densities of 20, 30 and 40 kg m?2 respectively. Our results suggest that the optimal rearing density of juvenile spotted wolffish is below 40 kg m?2 for smaller size fish (～50–100 g) and probably ≥40 kg m?2 for the larger fish (100–160 g). Furthermore, it appears that the range of rearing density used did not have a significant effect on a selection of stress indicators (Na+ and K+ concentration, haematocrit, hepatosomatic index, total amount of plasma proteins and liver and muscle water content) and immunity response (plasma lysozyme activity) of juvenile spotted wolffish, making it a very tolerant species to crowding.  相似文献   

2.
Full scale experiments in tanks were conducted to elucidate the effect of photoperiod regime, dietary fat level and stocking density on growth in spotted wolffish. The study showed that continuous light (LD24:0) did not give a higher final mean weight or faster overall growth rate in spotted wolffish compared to constant 8 h light and 16 h darkness (LD8:16). However, there were indications that the fish needed time to adapt to a new photoperiod regime. The feeding experiment indicated a negative relation between dietary fat level and growth, where fish given 15% fat in the diet had a 13% higher final mean weight compared to fish on a diet with 20% fat. However, no conclusions could be made. The final mean weight was 10% higher at 25 kg/m2 compared to 40 kg/m2, indicating a negative impact of high stocking density on spotted wolffish.  相似文献   

3.
The sutchi catfish, Pangasius sutchi (Fowler 1937) was grown at 10 stocking densities in cages suspended in a river‐fed channel during the summer of 2000. Catfish fingerlings (mean length 9.1–9.7 cm and mean weight 5.9–6.7 g) were stocked at densities of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 fish m?3. After 150 days, growth and yield parameters were studied and a simple economic analysis was carried out to calculate profitability. The mean gross yield ranged from 15.6±0.27 to 34.5±0.44 kg m?3 and the net yield ranged from 15.2±0.22 to 33.5±0.36 kg m?3 and showed significant variations (P<0.05). The mean weights of fish at harvest were inversely related to stocking density. Both gross and net yields were significantly different and were directly influenced by stocking density but the specific growth rate, survival rate and feed conversion rate were unaffected. Higher stocking density resulted in higher yield per unit of production cost and lower cost per unit of yield. The net revenue increased positively with increasing stocking density. A density of 150 fish m?3 produced the best production and farm economics among the densities tested in this experiment.  相似文献   

4.
This study aimed to assess the effects of stocking density on the growth, antioxidant status, and physiological response of juvenile turbot. Turbot (average initial weight 70.0 ± 5 g) were reared at three different initial densities (low density [LD], 5.13 ± 0.03 kg/m2; medium density [MD], 7.71 ± 0.11 kg/m2; and high density [HD], 10.8 ± 0.12 kg/m2) for 80 d. At the end of this trial, the final densities were 13.2 ± 0.10, 19.9 ± 0.15, and 25.7 ± 0.12 kg/m2 in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase in the plasma significantly increased in HD treatment. Results of oxidative stress analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity, and an obvious increase in malondialdehyde in plasma and/or liver of turbot reared in HD group (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicated that increasing stocking density reduced the growth performance, modulated the physiological response, and induced oxidative stress in turbot.  相似文献   

5.
Interest in cobia, Rachycentron canadum, culture has shown significant growth in recent years, but few hatcheries are available to support this developing industry. To facilitate the transport of cobia between facilities, four 24‐h experiments were conducted to examine the effects of density, temperature, and actual versus simulated transport on juvenile cobia (1.5–3.0 g) survival. Mortality during actual transport at fish densities of 5, 10, and 15 kg/m3 (2.9 ± 0.6, 2.9 ± 1.8, and 6.3 ± 0.8%, respectively) did not differ by treatment but was significantly higher than that during simulated transport at each density (0%). No differences in mortality were found following simulated shipping at 19, 21, and 25 C at 15 kg/m3. Significantly greater mortality occurred when juveniles were packed at 25 kg/m3 (10.4 ± 0.7%) than at 20 kg/m3 (1.9 ± 1.6%) and 15 kg/m3 (0.1 ± 0.1%). Recovery following simulated and actual shipping was high in all treatment groups. Under the conditions examined, results indicate that transport density should not exceed 20 kg/m3.  相似文献   

6.
The purpoase of this research was to test the effects of three culture densities on the growth and survival of Octopus vulgaris. A total of 141 sub-adult octopuses (1,175.4 ± 194.9 g) were randomly distributed in nine tanks of 2,000 l each (3.6 m × 1.1 m, and 50 cm water depth). Three tanks were stocked with a low initial density of 4 kg/m3, while three other tanks were stocked with an initial density of 8 kg/m3, and the remaining three tanks were stocked at an initial density of 15 kg/m3. Octopuses were all fed frozen squid (Loligo gahi) at 5% body weight per day (%BW/day). The experiment lasted for 70 days. Water temperature varied between 20 ± 2°C, and salinity varied between 36 ± 1 ppt. During the entire experiment, dissolved oxygen was always >75%, and ammonia was always lower than 0.1 mg/l. No differences in growth or growth rates (between 0.9 and 1.1%BW/day for the three densities) were found. Nevertheless, mortality was significantly lower for the low density compared to the other two densities tested. Maximum densities in the culture tanks (>25 kg/m3) were attained in the higher culture densities after 56 days of the experiment.  相似文献   

7.
Two consecutive experiments were conducted to study the effects of stocking density on growth, food utilization, production and farming profitability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings (initial mean weight: 16.2 ± 0.2 g) fed Azolla, as a main component in diet. In experiment 1, fish were hand‐fed twice daily with three isonitrogenous (28.5% crude protein) and isocaloric (14.5 kJ g−1) diets A30, A35 and A40 containing 30%, 35% and 40%Azolla, respectively, for 90 days. Diets were formulated by mixing Azolla with locally available by‐products. No significant differences were found in growth parameters and production (P>0.05). Total investment cost was significantly higher with A30 (P<0.05), but same profitability values were obtained with all diets (P>0.05). In experiment 2, three stocking densities, 1, 3 and 5 m−2, were assigned to three treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Fish were hand‐fed twice daily with diet A40. The final mean weight (89.53–115.12 g), the mean weight gain (0.81–1.10 g day−1), the specific growth rate (1.90–2.20% day−1) and the apparent food conversion ratio (1.29–1.58) were affected by stocking density, with significant difference (P<0.05) at 5 m−2, compared with the other densities. Stocking density did not affect survival rate (P>0.05). Yield and annual production increased with increasing stocking density, ranging from 7.10 ± 0.90 to 25.01 ± 1.84 kg are−1 and 28.79 ± 3.66 to 101.42 ± 7.48 kg are−1 year−1, respectively, with significant differences between all densities (P<0.05). Higher stocking density resulted in higher gross return and lower cost of fish production, with significant variations (P<0.05). The net return increased with increasing stocking density (P<0.05). However, both densities of 3 and 5 m−2 produced the same profitability values. On the basis of growth values and economic return, it was concluded that Nile tilapia could be raised at a density of 3 fish m−2 with A40 to improve production and generate profit for nutritional security and poverty alleviation in rural areas.  相似文献   

8.
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Oreochromis niloticus in cage culture in Lake Kuriftu. The treatments had stocking densities of 50 (50F), 100 (100F), 150 (150F), and 200 (200F) fish per m?3. All treatments were in duplicate. Juveniles with an average weight of 45. 76±0.25 g were stocked in the treatments. The fish were fed a composite mixture of mill sweeping, cotton seed, and Bora food complex at 2% of their body weight twice per day using feeding trays for 150 days in powdered form. The growth performance of O. niloticus was density dependent. The final mean weight of O. niloticus ranged 147.76±0.28–219.71±1.42 g and the mean daily weight gain was 0.69±0.01–1.15±0.02 g day?1. Fish held in cages with lower density were heavier than the ones held at higher densities, and showed higher weight gain and daily weight gain. The most effective stocking density, in terms of growth parameters, was 50 fish m?3. The gross yield (4.5–20.55 kg cage?1) showed a significant difference with increasing stocking density (P<0.05). Moreover, the apparent food conversion ratio (2.48–7.22) was significantly affected by stocking density (P<0.05). However, survival rate was not affected by stocking density (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the most effective stocking densities were at 50 fish m?3 cage for larger size fish demand in a short period and 200 fish m?3 for higher gross production with supplementary feed.  相似文献   

9.
Redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, early juveniles were reared at different stocking densities in a closed recirculation system using 12-L plastic containers as rearing tanks. Initial stocking densities were 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 per liter (66, 89, 111, 133, and 156 crayfish/m2, respectively). Rearing period was 42 days. Each density was tested with five replicates. Shelter (0.112 m2) was added to double the surface area of rearing tanks. Animals were fed ad libitum twice a day with a commercial diet containing 35% crude protein. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in length and specific growth rate (SGR) among stocking densities. Final weight and daily weight gain, however, were significantly higher at the density of 66 per m2 (1.0 per liter). Total biomass at harvest increased with density. Survival was affected by stocking density from day 28 onward, decreasing with density from 62.7 ± 7.6% obtained at 66 crayfish/m2 to 44.85 ± 8.18% at 156 crayfish/m2.  相似文献   

10.
This study aims to develop a hybrid zero water discharge (ZWD) - recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) system to improve water quality, as well as the growth, survival, and productivity, of the super-intensive white shrimp culture under low salinity conditions at semi-mass and the industrial level. The study consisted of two parts: (1) a semi-mass trial for the optimization of shrimp production using a hybrid ZWD-RAS system with a total volume of 2.7 m3 at the different shrimp stocking densities of 500 PL/m3, 750 PL/m3, and 1,000 PL/m3 and (2) an industrial trial at a commercial shrimp urban farming facility in Gresik, East Java, with total volume of 110 m3 at the optimum shrimp stocking density from the semi-mass trial. Both the semi-mass and industrial trials were performed in five steps: (1) preparation and installation of the RAS and ZWD system components; (2) preparation of microbial components including nitrifying bacteria, the microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri, and the probiotic heterotrophic bacteria Bacillus megaterium; (3) acclimatization of white shrimp post larvae from the salinity level of 32 ppt to 5 ppt; (4) conditioning of the biofilter used in the RAS and shrimp tank (microbial loop manipulation in ZWD); and (5) shrimp grow-out rearing for 84 days and 60 days for the semi-mass trial and the industrial trial, respectively. The hybrid system combined a ZWD system and an RAS. Shrimp tanks were conditioned with the addition of microbial components for ZWD at the beginning of the culture period. The RAS was operated when NH4+ and NO2−-N levels in shrimp culture reached above 1 ppm until the levels decreased to 0–0.5 ppm. The culture performance in the semi-mass trial at 500 PL/m3, 750 PL/m3, and 1,000 PL/m3 stocking densities was not significantly different for final mean body weight (12.06 ± 5.72, 11.84 ± 3.58, 12.04 ± 3.71 g/ind, respectively) and productivity (4.205 ± 0.071, 4.691 ± 0.025, 4.816 ± 0.129 kg/m3, respectively). Significant differences in survival (70 ± 7%, 53 ± 3%, 40 ± 4%, respectively) and feed conversion ratios (1.54 ± 0.01, 1.82 ± 0.00, 2.16 ± 0.03, respectively) were observed between the three different stocking densities. Water quality parameters and microbial loads during the semi-mass trial were similar for all stocking densities and were within the tolerance levels for white shrimp grow-out production. The results of the semi-mass trial showed that the hybrid ZWD-RAS system can maintain water quality and a microbial load up to a 1,000 PL/m3 stocking density; however, the optimum performance based on survival, feed conversion ratio, and productivity was reached at the 500 PL/m3 stocking density. The industrial trial of the application of the hybrid ZWD-RAS system using the optimal stocking density of 500 PL/m3 resulted in a comparable shrimp survival of 78% with a total production of 298 kg shrimp biomass (equal to a productivity level of 2.7 kg/m3). The overall results of both the semi-mass and industrial trials showed that the application of a hybrid ZWD-RAS system allows optimal shrimp survival and growth at the stocking density of 500 PL/m3 and has high potential for application in commercial shrimp grow-out production at low salinity levels.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract. Field-caught fry of the common wolfish, Anarhichas lupus L., and the spotted wolffish, A. minor Olafsen, were reared on a commercial dry pellet. Both species experienced the same environmental conditions, including an annual fluctuation in temperature from 5·8 to 13·7°C. The spotted wolffish reached 1·58 kg in 2 years from hatching, more than four times the weight of common wolffish (0·37kg). Analysis showed that for both species the specific growth rate decreased with increasing fish size and increasing temperature. Estimates, based upon optimum conditions, indicate that the spotted wolffish would reach a total wet weight of 5 kg (<7°C) in 2 years from hatching, and the common wolffish (7–9°C) a total wet weight of 2·5kg within that same period. Female common wolffish matured at a weight above 0·5kg, whereas those of the spotted wolffish matured at a weight above 2·5kg. The spotted wolffish had a significantly higher fillet proportion (∼50%) than the common wolffish (∼45%) and a significantly lower hepato-somatic index (3·7% and 5% respectively).  相似文献   

12.
The influence of three different initial stocking densities (low stocking density [LSD] = 1.5 kg/m2; medium stocking density [MSD] = 3 kg/m2; and high stocking density [HSD] = 6 kg/m2) in flow‐through systems was evaluated on growth and welfare in beluga, Huso huso, and ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris, juveniles for 2 mo. Fish were kept in 18 concrete square tanks (2.0 × 1.0 × 1.2 m3) at 22.3 ± 0.4 C and under a natural photoperiod. In both species, the growth performance in terms of final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake significantly decreased with increasing stocking density (P < 0.05). In both species, the percent of neutrophils increased after 60 d of trial (P < 0.05). Moreover, hematocrit and white blood cell counts increased after 60 d of trial in ship sturgeon (P < 0.05). Plasma immunoglobulin significantly decreased with increasing stocking density in both species. Plasma insulin‐like growth factor I decreased with increasing stocking density in beluga; however, it was not affected in ship sturgeon. Overall, these results showed that the LSD group in both species demonstrated more homogeneous and higher growth rate than the MSD and HSD groups.  相似文献   

13.
The first step for rearing the newly produced hybrid of Asp, Leuciscus aspius ♀, × Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii ♂ (so‐called “Aspikutum”) is to understand essential production requirements such as stocking density. For this purpose, fish (60.4 g) were held at five stocking densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg/m3 in circular concrete tanks (603 L) for a period of 56 d. The culture system was maintained at natural temperature and photoperiod. Fish were fed thrice a day using a commercial diet. At the end of the trial, growth indices, including final mean weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate, were significantly higher at the density of 10 kg/m3 compared with 2 kg/m3 (P< 0.05). Feed intake was significantly greater at 10 kg/m3 compared with 2 kg/m3 (P< 0.05); however, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, and hepatosomatic index remained unchanged among the stocking densities (P> 0.05). Increased stocking density caused significant increase in body protein and fat contents (P< 0.05). Condition factor in higher densities (8 and 10 kg/m3) was significantly higher compared with 2 kg/m3 (P< 0.05). The results indicated that rearing this hybrid in the studied weight range at high density of 10 kg/m3 or more is possible without negative impacts on growth performance and body composition.  相似文献   

14.
Culture density in excess of a critical threshold can result in a negative relationship between stocking density and fish production. This study was conducted to evaluate production characteristics of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, reared to market size in production‐scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) at three different densities. Cobia (322 ± 69 g initial weight) were reared for 119 d at densities to attain a final in‐tank biomass of 10, 20, or 30 kg/m3. The specific objective was to determine the effects of in‐tank crowding resulting from higher biomass per unit rearing volume independent of system loading rates. Survival was ≥96% among all treatments. Mean final weight ranged from 2.13 to 2.15 kg with feed conversion efficiencies of 65–66%. No significant differences were detected in growth rate, survival, feed efficiency, or body composition. This study demonstrates that cobia can be reared to >2 kg final weight at densities ≤30 kg/m3 under suitable environmental conditions without detrimental effects on production.  相似文献   

15.
Growout production of the camouflage grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker), in a 10-m3-capacity fibreglass tank culture system was evaluated, using hatchery-produced fingerlings (56-59 g initial weight) at stocking densities of five, 15 and 45 fish m?3. During the first 9 months of a 12-month growout period, the fish were fed twice a day with a moist pellet feed containing 40.9% protein. From month 10 onwards until harvest, the fish were fed moist pellets in the morning and trash fish in the evening at a 1:1 ratio. The final weight of fish at harvest was up to 900 g, with mean weights of 544.6 ± 170.72 g at five fish m?3, 540.2 ± 150.82 g at 15 fish m-?3 and 513.3 ± 134.52 g at 45 fish m?3. The results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rate and fish size between the different stocking densities tested. The average daily growth rate ranged from 0.62 to 3.38 g fish?1 day?1, with mean weights of 1.49 ± 0.74 g fish?1 day?1 at five fish m?3 through 0.53 to 2.38 g fish?1 day?1, 1.32 ± 0.57 g fish?1 day?1 at 15 fish m?3 to 0.48-3.32 g fish?1 day?1 and 1.31 g fish?1 day?1 at 45 fish m?3 stocking density. Although up to 100% survival was observed at the lowest stocking density, the survival rate significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. The food conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased (P <0.05) with increasing stocking densities, showing efficient feed utilization with increasing stocking densities of E. polyphekadion. The FCR averaged 2.1 at a stocking density of 45 fish m?3. The yield in terms of kg fish produced m?3 of water used in the culture system significantly increased (P < 0.001) from five to 45 fish m?3. The yield averaged 17.3 ±0.53 kg m?3 at a stocking density of 45 fish m?3. The present results show that the present tank culture system could sustain more biomass in terms of increasing fish stocking densities. The growth performance of E. polyphekadion observed during this investigation has been reviewed with other grouper species.  相似文献   

16.
The scale‐up of spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus, larval rearing is described. Fertilized eggs (480,000) were obtained from a 1‐d harvest of a natural spawning captive broodstock acclimatized for 1 yr and 6 mo in two fiberglass tanks (18 m3). Fourteen hours after spawning, 89.6% of the collected eggs were floating, of which 96.2% were transparent with live embryos. Incubation at 25–26 C lasted 21 h, with 90.2 ± 2.1% hatching percentage of normal larvae. The percentage of viable larvae at 48 h after hatching was 79.7 ± 1.9%. Initial stocking density was 10.4 ± 1.0 larvae/L 2 days after hatching (d.p.h.). A total of 22,600 juveniles (1256 ± 170 juveniles/m3) were harvested from six 3‐m3 cylindrical fiberglass tanks. Average survival was 12.1 ± 1.1%. Final mean length and weight were 5.5 ± 0.05 cm and 2.24 ± 0.04 g, respectively. Growth expressed in total length was TL = 2.1476e0.0543t (R2 = 0.9911). Final mean biomass and condition factor were 2.8 kg/m3, 12.3% and 1.346. General length‐weight ratio was W = 0.05460 LT2.2306.  相似文献   

17.
Impact of aeration on growth of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during fingerling rearing was studied through a 100‐d rearing experiment conducted in 18 concrete tanks of 50 m2 (10 × 5 × 1.2 m) size. Fry (0.74 ± 0.27 g, 35 ± 6 mm) were stocked in the experimental tanks at three stocking densities (25, 50, and 75 fry/m2) and were evaluated with and without provision of 6 h (2400–0600 h) of night time aeration. Aeration resulted in higher pH and dissolved oxygen regime and increased fingerling length and weight. The results suggest a rearing density of 75/m2 to be ideal for rearing fry to fingerling of this species when aeration is provided, whereas, under non‐aerated condition, rearing the fry to fingerling stage at 50/m2 was found advantageous over those at 25 and 75/m2.  相似文献   

18.
Hatchery reared juvenile spotted babylon, Babylonia areolata, were raised in canvas rearing tanks at four stocking densities (100, 200, 300 and 400 ind. m–2) in flow-through and recirculating seawater systems until they reached the marketable sizes of 100–140 snails/kg. At all stocking densities, final increments in mean length and weight of snails held in flow-through systems were higher than those in recirculating systems, there was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of culture system on final length and weight. Mean (±SE) survival of snails held at 100 ind. m–2 in the flow-through system was 100.0 ± 0.1% but was not significantly higher than survival in any other treatment (p > 0.05). Mean survival of snails held in the recirculating system was not significantly lower than at any stocking density in the flow-through system (p > 0.05).  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

The effect of three stocking densities (3, 6, and 13 animals/ m2) on growth, survival, biomass, harvest rate, and the size distribution of 3-month-old marron, Cherax tenuimanus(3.1 ± 0.1 g mean initial weight), was assessed in a 160-day trial in a recirculating system. There was no difference (P>0.05) in specific growth rates (SGR) at the end of 160 days. Survival of marron at 13/m2 was significantly lower than marron stocked at 3 and 6/m2 (70.0% and 57.5%, respectively). Harvest rate of marron stocked at 6/m2 was 101.3 g/m2, which was significantly higher than the harvest rate of marron stocked at 3 and 13/m2 (48.7 g/m2 and 58.7 g/m2, respectively). By the end of the trial, the densities of all treatments had decreased to the same level (2.3 to 3.0/m2). Final size frequency distribution of marron at the stocking density of 6/m2 was flat and less positively skewed as compared to the 3 and 13/m2treatments. Therefore, the stocking density of 6/m2 is recommended under semi-controlled environment.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to determine the cortisol response of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) after exposure to air immersion and netting (acute stress) under a range of increasing densities (chronic stressor). In addition, the presence of a cumulative negative impact from chronic stress was assessed by the application of an additional acute stressor following rearing at various densities, and proxies of behavior were evaluated (feeding and aggression data). The stress response to air immersion and netting led to increasing plasma cortisol values at 0.5, 13, and 37 h post-stress, with the highest value achieved after 13 h. At 168 h, cortisol concentrations returned to similar pre-stress value. Changes in cortisol concentrations were relatively low after acute stress (five to six fold increases) and recovery time long lasting (>37 h). Prolonged rearing at 20, 30, and 40 kg m?2 showed a non-significant trend of increasing cortisol values with increasing density, and the cortisol response after the application of an additional acute stressor was significantly altered, i.e., higher cortisol levels were measured in unstressed (chronic stress only) compared to stressed fish (chronic stress + acute stress). Our results suggest that (1) spotted wolffish is a low responder that additionally displays a long-lasting cortisol elevation following an acute stressor; (2) fixed densities did not lead to significant differences of plasma cortisol concentration or aggression levels, although involved marked changes in daily feed intake and food conversion efficiency were observed; and (3) cortisol levels reached acute stress values after prolonged chronic stress. Although this species displays indications of being relatively resistant to handling disturbances during aquaculture practices, it is nevertheless responsive to chronic stress factors that could alter the physiological response to subsequent acute stressor.  相似文献   

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