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1.
基于大型经济海藻的经济和生态价值, 开发具有潜力的新栽培物种是海藻栽培产业健康多样化发展的保障。 多肋藻(Costaria costata)是一种具有很高营养价值及经济价值的大型褐藻, 但并非我国本土物种。本研究采用 MaxEnt 模型预测多肋藻在我国的适生情况, 并探究不同因子对多肋藻孢子体生长的影响, 旨在为开展多肋藻栽培提供支撑。结果表明, 当正则化参数为 1, 训练集与测试集比值为 70 : 30 时, 模型预测性能最佳。基于环境因子的相关性和对模型的贡献率, 筛选出 8 项用于多肋藻适生预测模型的构建, 其中温度与光强对多肋藻自然分布的影响最大, 在光强不低于 4 μmol/(m2 ·s), 月均温度不低于 7 ℃, 多肋藻的适生概率较高。模型显示, 多肋藻在我国的适生区主要分布于黄渤海, 约占该海域面积的 11.32%, 其中 8.08%为边缘适生区和低适生区, 中适生区和高适生区分别占 1.33%和 1.91%, 主要位于辽东湾。表明辽东湾、大连沿海以及山东半岛沿海是多肋藻引种栽培的适宜海域。但辽东湾部分区域的高适生性也预示高入侵风险性, 若开展人工栽培, 应加强生态安全性方面的评估。 相似文献
2.
我国黄渤海区域的自然藻场存在不同程度的退化,建立人工藻场是制止海底荒漠化、恢复海底植被和建设海洋牧场的重要手段。本研究模拟极北海带(Laminaria hyperborea)在我国黄渤海区域的适生情况,使用MaxEnt生态位预测方法,针对影响极北海带分部的21项关键水质及水文条件以及在原产地的分布情况,建立我国黄渤海海域生态位分布模型,划分相应的适生区域,并通过刀切法筛选对模型贡献度较大的环境因子,逐一分析其对极北海带适生性的影响。结果显示,在筛选出的9项对模型贡献度较大的环境因子中,温度与光照强度对极北海带分布的影响最大。极北海带在温度7℃～18℃范围、光强不超过52 E/(m2·d)的区间有较大的适生概率;氮、磷浓度对预测结果也有一定影响,但天然海水中的氮、磷浓度不足以成为极北海带分布的限制因子。总体来看,黄渤海区域有1.67%海域为中适生区,主要集中在辽东半岛东岸长海县附近海域;山东半岛东部、北部,渤海西北部有一定的低适生范围,占总海域面积的5.12%;非适生区和边缘适生区占海域总面积的88.51%和4.70%。本研究表明,辽东半岛东岸长海县附近海域是建立极北海带藻场的理想区域。 相似文献
3.
当前山东近海的渔业资源与生态环境面临较大压力,对海洋中的生物多样性水平有着较大影响。为探究山东近海生物多样性的空间分布特征及影响多样性水平的环境因子,实验基于2017年冬季在山东近海进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,分析了整体与山东近海3个不同海域的物种数、辛普森多样性(Simpson’s index of diversity)、香农多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener index of diversity)、皮尔洛均匀度(Pielou evenness index)等物种多样性指数的空间分布,利用随机森林算法评估了多样性指数与环境因子所构建模型的拟合优度并且探究两者间的依存关系,研究将山东近海分成3个区域并将分区作为空间因子加入到算法模型中。结果显示,山东近海的多样性水平空间分布上呈现半岛南部海域高于北方的烟威渔场及其临近海域、莱州湾渔场的趋势。物种数和香农多样性指数模型拟合效果较好,方差解释率达到77.46%和45.66%,而对Pielou均匀度指数的拟合效果较差。研究表明,无论整体海域模型还是分区模型,海底温度、海底盐度及海水深度等3种环境因子都是对多样性指数最为显著的影响因子,... 相似文献
4.
物种的空间分布能够反映个体在空间上的相互关系, 是物种与环境长期适应和选择的结果, 对物种的生长
发育和资源利用等都具有显著影响。本研究基于2013—2022 年春季和秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调
查数据, 构建了10 种单一物种分布模型(species distribution model, SDM), 结合真实技巧统计值(true skill statistic,
TSS)和受试者工作特征曲线下面积值(area under ROCcurve, AUC)筛选预测精度和准确性较优的模型作为基础模型,
并通过加权的方法分别构建不同季节的组合物种分布模型(ensemble species distribution model, ESDM), 以解析矛
尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明, ESDM 能够有效降低单一模型预测
的不确定性, 提高模型预测的精度, 更加准确地解析海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼的空间分布特征。2013—2022 年春季, 矛尾
虾虎鱼集中分布于海州湾西部近岸和南部海域, 东部和中北部海域分布较少, 分布重心的经度和纬度偏移范围大
约为1°; 秋季主要分布于海州湾西南部海域, 分布重心呈辐射状小幅度移动。本研究发现, 与矛尾虾虎鱼空间分布
存在显著相关的影响因子为水深、饵料丰度、底层水温和底层盐度, 其中饵料丰度是春季最重要的影响因子, 水深
是秋季最重要的影响因子。本研究在区域尺度上解析了海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼的空间分布特征及其分布重心的变化,
并探讨了影响因子重要性的季节差异, 可为海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼资源的可持续利用提供参考依据。 相似文献
5.
目前水产养殖面临用海冲突、单位面积和人均生产率偏低、养殖业的生态和经济成本较高等问题。为充分利用海区的自然生产力,提高养殖效率和效益,需要对海区进行适宜性评价,选择最适宜的水域进行养殖。以桑沟湾及周围海域主要的养殖品种海带(Saccharina japonica)作为评价对象,选取光照、温度、流速、无机氮、盐度、深度作为适宜性评价指标,利用遥感技术确定海区养殖布局,通过野外调查和数据模拟获取养殖海区环境参数数据,根据动态能量学(Dynamic energy budget, DEB)模型——STELLA模型敏感性分析结果,并结合层次分析法计算评价指标权重,海带生长相关环境因子的强制函数拟合得到单因子评分曲线进行评分。最后,采用线性加权叠加分析方法得到海带养殖适宜性评价结果。适宜性评价过程以地理信息系统(Geographical information systems, GIS)作为技术支持,利用GIS空间插值功能生成光照、温度、流速、无机氮、盐度、深度专题图层,采用栅格计算功能对各专题图层进行叠加,得到综合多因素的海带养殖适宜性评分和适宜性等级。评价结果显示,在不考虑用海冲突的情况下,桑沟湾及周围海域海带养殖适宜性分数分布在0~6.7范围内,分值主要集中在4~6分,属于中等适宜,占研究区总面积的67%,最适宜和不适宜分别占研究区总面积的23%和10%,无一般适宜区。评分较高的区域主要分布在北部爱莲湾和楮岛东部海域周围,适宜性评分较低的区域主要位于近岸水深较浅的海域。根据适宜性评价结果可进行水域空间规划和安排养殖生产计划,为管理部门开展养殖分区和海洋功能区划提供参考。 相似文献
6.
环境因素影响物种的空间分布和动态, 全面了解环境与物种分布之间的关系对于其资源的管理和保护至关重要。绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)作为典型的长距离迁徙物种, 周期性地往返于索饵地和繁殖地之间, 迁徙距离可达数千千米。物种分布模型(species distribution model, SDM)是研究环境因子信息和物种分布关系的有效工具, 可以通过环境因子数据有效模拟物种潜在分布区域。本研究结合绿海龟物种出现记录点和环境变量, 应用物种分布模型预测不同时间段的绿海龟分布情况, 得出其分布区域的时空变化, 推断洄游路线。结果表明: 离岸距离、深度和海洋表层温度对绿海龟分布起重要作用; 太平洋西部、印度洋北部和大西洋西部为绿海龟主要适宜栖息范围; 大西洋-地中海以及印度洋-太平洋之间存在绿海龟洄游通道。同时, 基于气候变化模拟了绿海龟 2050 年和 2100 年的潜在分布区域, 分布范围在印度洋中部、太平洋中西部海域减少, 在大西洋中部海域增加, 在全球范围内呈现向高纬度海域扩散的趋势。 相似文献
7.
为了解海州湾大泷六线鱼时空分布特征及其影响因素，根据2013—2019年秋季在海州湾开展的底拖网渔业资源调查和环境观测数据，构建了时空物种分布模型(spatio-temporal species distribution models)，分析其分布与环境因子的关系，通过残差分析比较其与广义加性模型的残差独立性和异质性，运用交叉验证检验模型预测性能，最终结合delta方法对其分布进行预测并计算栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index, HSI)和资源分布重心。时空模型的偏差解释率为65.50%，模型分析表明，影响大泷六线鱼资源分布最主要的环境因子为水深(22.11%)，其次为底层水温(12.98%)，底层盐度(0.09%)的影响较小，水深与其分布存在正向相关性，底层水温与其分布存在负向相关性，底层盐度与其分布存在弱正向线性关系。时空模型的残差独立性和异质性较GAM更强，其交叉验证回归线斜率为0.90±0.38。模型预测结果表明，大泷六线鱼主要分布在34.5°N以北，120.0°E以东的海域，其栖息地适宜性指数的高值区域呈现逐年收缩的趋势，资源分布重心呈现向东北... 相似文献
8.
秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源丰度和补充量与海表温度的相关关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)广泛分布在东太平洋海域,是一种重要的经济捕捞种类。本文根据2003～2010年我国鱿钓船在秘鲁外海的生产统计数据和遥感获取的海表温度(SST)数据,利用典型相关性分析法和Marine Explore软件分析了茎柔鱼的资源丰度和补充量(以单位捕捞努力量渔获量为指标,t.d-1)与栖息海域20°N～20°S、70°W～110°W各渔区SST的相关性,获得影响秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源丰度和补充量的SST因子,并建立关系模型。结果表明,当年资源丰度与SST的相关性最高值为5月份92.5°W、12.5°N海区(相关系数为0.94,P<0.001),该海区SST最适范围为29.8～30.5℃;下一年度资源补充量丰度指数与当年SST的相关性最高值为6月份98.5°W、11.5°N海区的(相关系数为0.93,P<0.01),该海区SST最适范围为29.1～30.5℃。同时,分别建立了基于SST因子的资源丰度预测模型(P<0.01)。研究认为,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源丰度和补充量可较好利用SST因子进行预测。 相似文献
9.
海州湾双斑蟳栖息分布特征与环境因子的关系 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了解双斑蟳栖息分布规律,实验根据2011—2016年多个季度航次在海州湾进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,采用广义线性模型(GLM)、广义可加模型(GAM)以及随机森林3种物种分布模型(SDMs)方法,结合AIC(akaike information criterion)准则、累积偏差解释率和交叉检验等评判指标筛选和构建了双斑蟳栖息分布模型,并分析了环境因子对双斑蟳分布的影响。结果显示,3种模型在解释因子与响应变量间的关系上基本一致;其中GAM在模型拟合上具有优势,而随机森林的预测性能明显高于传统的GLM和GAM。双斑蟳相对渔获量在年份和月份间的变异性最为显著,两个因子的解释率分别在18%和3.8%以上。水深和表层盐度对双斑蟳资源分布的影响较大,均与双斑蟳相对丰度呈正相关关系;双斑蟳分布总体呈现冬季相对较高,夏季东北部海域高、西南部低的特点,与海州湾水深分布特点基本一致。本研究还根据FVCOM(finite-volume coasta ocean model)模拟环境数据,利用随机森林分布模型估计了双斑蟳在海州湾海域2011年各个季节的空间分布,为渔业资源的开发和保护提供依据。 相似文献
10.
为了研究巨藻幼苗发育及生理生态适应性规律,以巨藻配子体为材料,研究光照周期(10 L∶14 D、12 L∶12 D、14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)对配子体采苗的影响;以光照强度、温度、营养盐浓度3种环境因子设置单因素实验,研究其对巨藻幼苗(0.5~1 cm)的表观光合速率(Pn)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)及相对生长速率(relative growth rate,RGR)的影响,并进行上述3因素对RGR的正交实验。结果显示:(1)10 d后显微观察发现,长光照周期(14 L∶10 D、16 L∶8 D)下采苗效果较好,配子体大量发育为孢子体。(2)光强为70μmol/(m2·s)、温度为13℃和氮营养盐浓度为2 mg/L(N/P=10∶1,下同)的条件下幼苗的RGR较大,表观光合速率较强。90μmol/(m2·s)光强组的幼苗生长受到抑制,其RGR显著小于其他实验组。10℃组的RGR显著小于13℃(P0.05)。氮营养盐浓度上升到8 mg/L,RGR显著降低。(3)随着营养盐浓度的增加,幼苗的表观光合速率、暗呼吸速率整体呈现上升趋势,0.2 mg/L组的Pn显著小于6 mg/L、8 mg/L组,且Rd与其他组差异性显著(P0.05)。(4)相同光强下,温度升高,Pn随之降低,在40~80μmol/(m2·s),10℃、13℃组与16℃、19℃组的Pn差异性显著。经正交实验验证,适宜巨藻幼苗培养条件为光照强度40~70μmol/(m2·s)、温度13℃、氮营养盐浓度2 mg/L。 相似文献
11.
Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
12.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
13.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
14.
15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
17.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
18.
William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
19.
Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
20.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献