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1.
ObjectiveTo describe a new approach to block the femoral nerve and to evaluate the distribution of a dye injected into the psoas compartment using a new femoral nerve block approach; to assess its clinical application, when combined with a sciatic nerve block, for surgical anaesthesia/analgesia of the pelvic limb in dogs.Study designProspective anatomical, research and clinical study.AnimalsTwo dog cadavers; two dogs that had to be euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study, and 15 dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery.MethodsPhase 1: anatomical dissections were performed to determine a simple method to approach the femoral nerve within the psoas compartment. Phase 2: 0.1 mL kg?1 of a lidocaine-new methylene blue solution was injected bilaterally after successful electrolocation of the femoral nerve in two anaesthetized dogs. Colorant spread was evaluated through femoral nerve dissections after euthanasia. Phase 3: in 15 dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery under light general anaesthesia with isoflurane, intra-operative analgesic effect (cardiovascular responses) and early post-operative pain score, of the novel femoral nerve block combined with a sciatic nerve block as the sole analgesic protocol, were evaluated.ResultsPhase 1: a needle inserted from the lateral aspect of the lumbar muscles, cranially to the iliac crest and with a 30–45° caudo-medial direction, reaches the femoral nerve in the caudal portion of the psoas compartment. Phase 2: Four femoral nerves were stained >2 cm. Phase 3: this novel lateral pre-iliac approach, combined with the sciatic nerve block, blunted the intra-operative cardiovascular response to surgical stimulation in 13 out of 15 anaesthetized dogs. In addition, rescue analgesia was not required in the early post-operative 2-hour period.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe lateral pre-iliac femoral nerve block technique may provide adequate intra- and early post-operative pain relief in dogs undergoing pelvic limb surgery.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To report femoral nerve dysfunction caused by focal iliopsoas muscle injury and treated by performing tenectomy of the muscle insertion. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. ANIMALS: A 4-year-old, castrated male, English Mastiff. RESULTS: Iliopsoas muscle injury caused femoral nerve deficits and severe pain. Focal injury was not detected by ultrasonography or computed tomography but was visible on magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Tenectomy of the insertion of the iliopsoas muscle relieved signs of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral nerve dysfunction may occur with iliopsoas muscle injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Iliopsoas muscle injury should be considered in patients with hip pain and MRI is a useful test for diagnosis. Tenectomy may be indicated for relief of chronic iliopsoas muscle pain.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomy of the brachial plexus, sciatic, and femoral nerves for the use of a peripheral nerve-stimulator to perform nerve blocks in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Four canine cadavers and four healthy adult dogs weighing 23 +/- 2.5 kg. METHODS: Phase I: in four canine cadavers, an anatomical study was conducted to evaluate accurate needle-insertion techniques. Phase II: the utility of these techniques, and the value of electrostimulation, were evaluated in four anesthetized dogs in lateral recumbency (medetomidine, 5 microg kg(-1)/ketamine 5 mg kg(-1)) using an electrical stimulator and shielded needles. RESULTS: For the brachial plexus, the needle was inserted cranial to the acromion, medial to the subscapularis muscle, at an angle of approximately 20-30 degrees in relation to a plane vertical to the surface on which the animal was lying, oriented parallel to the long axis of the animal, in a ventro-caudal direction. For the sciatic nerve, the needle was inserted just cranial to the sacrotuberous ligament, through the gluteus superficialis muscle, at an angle of approximately 60 degrees in relation to the horizontal plane, in a ventro-cranial direction, and up to the level of the ischium. For the femoral nerve, the needle was inserted perpendicular to the skin, just cranial to the femoral artery, and directed a little caudally. Using a peripheral nerve-stimulator, all nerves were located, and muscle contractions were elicited at a current of 0.2-0.4 mA. No complications were observed during the procedures. CONCLUSION: Electrostimulation of peripheral nerves is useful in locating the branches of the brachial plexus as well as the sciatic and femoral nerves in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Peripheral nerve stimulation increases the reliability of a nerve block when compared with blind needle-insertion.  相似文献   

4.
Computed-tomographic (CT) findings in a dog with acute suspected traumatic injury to the iliopsoas and neighboring pelvic musculature include enlargement of the affected muscles, multifocal intramuscular hypoattenuating areas, and nonuniform contrast enhancement of injured musculature. The CT features are postulated to be the result of intramuscular edema and inflammation, and correspond well to previously described ultrasonographic findings in dogs. Because of the close anatomic association between the femoral nerve and iliopsoas muscle, dogs with suspected iliopsoas injuries should be carefully evaluated for evidence of femoral nerve dysfunction. CT imaging may provide useful information regarding the nature and extent of iliopsoas muscular damage, as well as concurrent injuries in the actuely traumatized patient.  相似文献   

5.
Objective To describe an ultrasound‐guided technique and the anatomical basis for three clinically useful nerve blocks in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four hound‐cross dogs aged 2 ± 0 years (mean ± SD) weighing 30 ± 5 kg and four Beagles aged 2 ± 0 years and weighing 8.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods Axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic combined ultrasound/electrolocation‐guided nerve blocks were performed sequentially and bilaterally using a lidocaine solution mixed with methylene blue. Sciatic nerve blocks were not performed in the hounds. After the blocks, the dogs were euthanatized and each relevant site dissected. Results Axillary brachial plexus block Landmark blood vessels and the roots of the brachial plexus were identified by ultrasound in all eight dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the four ventral nerve roots (C6, C7, C8, and T1) and the axillary vessels. Three roots (C7, C8, and T1) were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Femoral nerve block Landmark blood vessels (femoral artery and femoral vein), the femoral and saphenous nerves and the medial portion of the rectus femoris muscle were identified by ultrasound in all dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the femoral vessels, femoral nerve, and the rectus femoris muscle. The femoral nerves were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Sciatic nerve block. Ultrasound landmarks (semimembranosus muscle, the fascia of the biceps femoris muscle and the sciatic nerve) could be identified in all of the dogs. In the four Beagles, anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the biceps femoris muscle, the semimembranosus muscle, and the sciatic nerve. In the Beagles, all but one of the sciatic nerves were stained adequately. Conclusions and clinical relevance Ultrasound‐guided needle insertion is an accurate method for depositing local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic nerve blocks.  相似文献   

6.
This prospective study assessed a ventral ultrasound-guided suprainguinal approach to block the femoral nerve (FN) in dogs. The anatomical features of the FN were evaluated in four canine cadavers. In another five cadavers, the FN was located by ultrasound-guidance and the accuracy of this technique was evaluated by injection of black ink and posterior evaluation of the degree of staining of the nerves. In five live dogs, the FN was blocked with 2% lidocaine. The distribution of lidocaine around the nerve and the presence of motor deficit were evaluated. The FN was easily located and accurately blocked in all cases. This new ultrasound-guided approach was reliable for blocking the FN and might be a suitable alternative to the traditional approaches described to block the FN in the dog.  相似文献   

7.
ObjectivesAn ultrasound (US)-guided ventral suprainguinal approach to block the femoral nerve (FN) within the iliopsoas muscle (IPM) has recently been described in dogs. The goal of the present study was to provide the operator with additional information to locate the FN within the IPM in dogs and cats using US.Study designThe study was carried out in three phases: a dissection of the FN (phase 1); an in vivoUS-assisted nerve study (phase 2), and an anatomical cross-sectional study (phase 3).AnimalsNine healthy adult beagle dogs and nine healthy adult cats.MethodsDissections were performed to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the FN and its related structures in one dog and one cat. Ultrasound scans of the left and right FN were performed in eight dogs and eight cats. The FN diameter and the distance between the FN and the external iliac artery (EIA) in US images and in anatomical cryosections were measured.ResultsThe median FN diameter did not differ significantly between cats and dogs (1.1 mm versus 1.0 mm) or between the two techniques (US versus anatomical cross-sectional study) (1.1 mm versus 1.1 mm in dogs; 1.0 mm versus 1.1 mm in cats). The US and anatomical measurements of the median distances between the FN and EIA differed significantly between dogs and cats (8.2 mm versus 5.8 mm by US; 5.7 mm versus 4.8 mm in the anatomical study).Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe distance between the EIA and FN is reproducible in beagle dogs and cats and can be used in locating the FN within the IPM.  相似文献   

8.
Objective— To report diagnosis and treatment of bilateral iliopsoas muscle contracture in a dog with spinous process impingement. Study design— Case report. Animals— German Shepherd dog. Methods— A dog with chronic progressive lameness, flexion contracture of the coxofemoral joints, severe pain, and decreased femoral reflexes had severe spondylosis bridging the vertebral bodies from L1 to L4 and enlarged dorsal spinous processes from T8 to L6 with impingement and bony proliferation. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with fibrosis, mineralization, and atrophy of the iliopsoas muscles bilaterally which was treated by staged tenectomy of the insertions of the iliopsoas muscles. Results— Because of severe perivascular fibrosis, the femoral vessels required ligation. Bilateral iliopsoas muscle tenectomy improved gait and provided pain relief. Histologic findings were consistent with fibrotic myopathy. Conclusions— Slow progression of severe clinical signs observed bilaterally in this dog differs from previous reports of iliopsoas myopathy. Findings were similar to the fibrotic myopathy of the gracilis or semitendinosus muscles described in dogs. Clinical Relevance— Iliopsoas muscle abnormalities should be considered in dogs with limited hip extension and pain. MRI is useful for diagnosing muscle fibrosis. Iliopsoas tenectomy may improve clinical function in dogs with fibrotic myopathy.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectiveTo compare palpation-guided with ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.Study designProspective randomized experimental trial.AnimalsEighteen adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) weighing 252–295 g.MethodsAfter induction of anesthesia with isoflurane, parrots received an injection of lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) in a total volume of 0.3 mL at the axillary region. The birds were randomly assigned to equal groups using either palpation or ultrasound as a guide for the brachial plexus block. Nerve evoked muscle potentials (NEMP) were used to monitor effectiveness of brachial plexus block. The palpation-guided group received the local anesthetic at the space between the pectoral muscle, triceps, and supracoracoideus aticimus muscle, at the insertion of the tendons of the caudal coracobrachial muscle, and the caudal scapulohumeral muscle. For the ultrasound-guided group, the brachial plexus and the adjacent vessels were located with B-mode ultrasonography using a 7–15 MHz linear probe. After location, an 8-5 MHz convex transducer was used to guide injections. General anesthesia was discontinued 20 minutes after lidocaine injection and the birds recovered in a padded cage.ResultsBoth techniques decreased the amplitude of NEMP. Statistically significant differences in NEMP amplitudes, were observed within the ultrasound-guided group at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after injection and within the palpation-guided group at 10, 15, and 20 minutes after injection. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. No effect on motor function, muscle relaxation or wing droop was observed after brachial plexus block.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe onset of the brachial plexus block tended to be faster when ultrasonography was used. Brachial plexus injection can be performed in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots and nerve evoked muscle potentials were useful to monitor the effects on nerve conduction in this avian species. Neither technique produced an effective block at the doses of lidocaine used and further study is necessary to develop a useful block for surgical analgesia.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of this study was to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the iliopsoas muscle and related landmarks. Hind limbs of five dog cadavers with no history of lameness were evaluated. The origin and mid-body of the psoas major and the common insertion of the iliacus and psoas major on the lesser trochanter of the femur were identified and evaluated. New methylene blue was injected under ultrasonographic guidance at the three sites. Dissection was performed to confirm placement of the dye. The L3 origin, mid-body, and insertion of the muscle were identified in all dogs and were consistent in appearance and compatible with the general appearance of muscle and tendons. The L2 origin was consistently difficult to image. The same ultrasound technique was subsequently applied to four healthy dogs, and consistent images of the iliopsoas muscle and associated landmarks were obtained. In this study, the major structures of the iliopsoas could be identified and in all dogs had a similar appearance. Ultrasound is an important tool for the diagnosis of musculotendinous injury and may be useful for identification of ilipsoas injury as a cause of lameness in the dog.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo develop and assess the efficacy of an ultrasound (US)-guided pericapsular hip desensitization (PHD) technique in dogs.Study designProspective, randomized, anatomical study and a case series.AnimalsA total of 30 healthy dogs, eight canine cadavers and seven dogs with hip osteoarthritis.MethodsAfter studying the US anatomy of the medial aspect of the coxofemoral joint and determining an acoustic window to perform an US-guided PHD in healthy dogs, the US-guided PHD was performed bilaterally in canine cadavers. A low [(LV) 0.1 mL kg–1] and high [(HV) 0.2 mL kg–1] volume of dye was injected per hip on each cadaver. The staining of the pericapsular nerves was assessed by anatomical dissection, and comparison between LV and HV was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Then, the US-guided PHD was performed using a triamcinolone–bupivacaine solution in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Dynamic pain response was assessed before and after injection. The canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) questionnaire was used to assess treatment efficacy and duration.ResultsThe US-guided PHD could be performed by inserting the needle between the iliopsoas muscle and the periosteum of the ilium. The articular branches of the femoral and obturator nerves were stained in all cadavers using both volumes. The main femoral nerve was never stained, but the main obturator nerve was stained in 37.5% and 100% of injections using LV and HV, respectively (p = 0.026). Treated animals showed decreased dynamic pain response after the injection. Compared with baseline, CBPI scores were reduced by ≥ 50% for ≥ 12 weeks in all but one dog.Conclusions and clinical significanceThe US-guided PHD with both 0.1 and 0.2 mL kg–1 volumes stained the articular branches of the femoral and obturator nerves in canine cadavers and was associated with clinical improvement in dogs with hip osteoarthritis.  相似文献   

12.
An interventional ultrasound technique to increase the safety of surgical treatment of the calf forelimb was tested. First, the brachial plexus was evaluated using ultrasonography and then 2% lidocaine was injected under ultrasound guidance. Ultrasonically, the brachial plexus appeared as multiple hypoechoic areas surrounded by a hyperechoic rim or a hyperechoic structure characterised by multiple discontinuous lines. It was located between the omotransverse muscle and axillary artery and vein. The sensitive effect in the forelimb was seen mainly in the area supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve, indicating successful blockage in the nerve plexus. Out of the eight forelimbs, the motor effect was observed in seven forelimbs. These results suggest the clinical feasibility of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in bovine medicine, although further studies are needed to examine various approaches, including the sites of needle insertion and the appropriate volume and dosage of anaesthetic.  相似文献   

13.
ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of contrast material injection and the dispersion of injectate following ultrasound guided injections at the level of L6 and L7, in canine cadavers.Study designProspective, randomized, experimental study.AnimalsTwenty nine mixed breed canine cadavers (28.9 ± 6.0 kg).MethodsThree ultrasound-guided approaches to the lumbar plexus (LP) were compared: 1) a dorsal pre-iliac approach at the level of L6; 2) a lateral paravertebral approach at mid-L6; and 3) a lateral paravertebral approach at mid-L7. An isovolumic mixture of iodine-based contrast with new methylene blue (0.1 mL kg−1) was injected bilaterally in the juxta-foraminal region along the L6 or L7 nerve root. Computed tomography was performed followed by segmentation and 3D reconstruction of the lumbar spine and contrast material volumes using dedicated software. Distances between contrast material and the fifth through seventh lumbar foraminae, and length of femoral (FN) and obturator (ON) nerve staining were measured and compared between approaches (p < 0.05).ResultsInjectate moved cranial and caudal to the site of injection, and dispersed into an ovoid shape between the quadratus lumborum, iliopsoas and psoas minor muscles. Injections at L7 resulted in significantly closer contrast proximity to the L6 and L7 foraminae (p < 0.001). Femoral nerve staining was similar for all approaches, ON staining was more consistent after L7 injections (p < 0.001).Conclusion and clinical relevanceAn ultrasound-guided lateral paravertebral approach to the LP proved very practical and accurate, with easy visualization of the plexus and associated nerves. To ensure that the ON is covered by injectate, an approach at the level of L7 is recommended. Further studies are necessary to determine if this correlates with clinically effective local anesthesia.  相似文献   

14.

Objectives

To describe the ‘blind’ and ultrasound-guided approaches to block the maxillary nerve in donkeys. To compare the success and complication rates between the ‘blind’ and ultrasound-guided techniques based on staining of nerves and other structures in cadavers and assessing level of analgesia in live animals.

Study design

Prospective anatomical and experimental study.

Animals

Eighteen cadaver heads and nine adult live donkeys.

Methods

Phase 1: the anatomical characteristics of the maxillary nerve and its related structures were investigated within the pterygopalatine fossa in five cadavers. Phase 2: 0.1 mL of methylene blue dye was injected blindly and via ultrasound guidance in 13 cadavers to stain the left and right maxillary nerves, respectively. Nerve staining and dye spreading were evaluated through cadaver dissection. Phase 3: the former procedures were applied in nine live donkeys using lidocaine hydrochloride 2% and the onset of analgesia was verified through needle pricking at the naris.

Results

Ultrasound-guided deposition of methylene blue dye in cadavers and lidocaine injection in live animals were successful in all instances (accuracy = 100%) without inadvertent vascular penetration. Using the ‘blind’ technique, misdirection and intravascular deposition of dye were reported in four cadavers (accuracy = 69.2%) and neurovascular trauma was observed in live donkeys (five cases). Loss of cutaneous sensation in the ipsilateral naris was earlier in the ultrasound-guided approach (10.9 ± 1.8 minutes) than in the ‘blind’ technique (27.8 ± 3.2 minutes; p < 0.001).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

An ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve blockade proved very practical and can be used to block the maxillary nerve with a high degree of accuracy while avoiding vascular penetration. Further studies are mandatory to validate its analgesic effectiveness in clinical situations.  相似文献   

15.
The gross morphology of the musculus articularis genus and the location of muscle spindles at its point of insertion were studied in 18 adult dogs. The m. articularis genus was usually small and bipartite. From its originate on the cranial surface of the distal femur, it passed distally to terminate at the femoropatellar-joint capsule surface and extend into the synovial membrane. Although the m. articularis genus was usually composed of two parts, only a medial part was present in some dogs and was entirely absent in one specimen. Innervation to the m. articularis genus was provided by a branch of the femoral nerve. Muscle spindles were abundant in the termination of the muscle. Frequently, the spindles were not in contact with muscle fibres (dissociated). Muscle spindles were located in close proximity to the surface of the synovial membrane. Morphological adaptations of the m. articularis genus support its potential function as a monitor of joint movement rather than an extensor of the stifle joint.  相似文献   

16.
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17.

Objective

To investigate the utility of identifying the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) via ultrasound as an anatomical landmark for ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block.

Study design

Observational study.

Animals

A group of six canine cadavers weighing >20 kg.

Methods

Pelvic limbs from six canine cadavers were examined to study the relationship between the SCIA and the femoral nerve. Ultrasonographic imaging of the SCIA in each limb was obtained with the transducer placed transversely in the medial aspect of the pelvic limb at the inguinal area. Subsequently, a needle was inserted in close proximity to the femoral nerve using an in-plane technique based on the anatomical relationship between the SCIA and femoral nerve. A total of 0.1 mL of colored latex was then injected at the location where the femoral nerve was expected to be in relationship to the SCIA. Gross dissection of the inguinal region in each pelvic limb was performed after injection. Positive nerve location was defined when the colored latex was in contact with the femoral nerve.

Results

A total of eleven pelvic limbs were injected because the SCIA could not be successfully visualized in one limb. Upon dissection, colored latex was found to be in direct contact with the femoral nerve in all 11 injected limbs.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

We concluded that the ultrasonographic visualization of the SCIA assisted in the accurate deposition of dye in proximity to the femoral nerve of canine cadavers. Further investigation will determine the efficacy of this technique for performing femoral nerve blocks.  相似文献   

18.
Reflexes associated with the trigeminal and facial nerves were investigated electromyographically in 14 barbiturate-anesthetized dogs. Using subcutaneous needle electrodes, electrical stimulation of the infraorbital, frontal, and zygomaticofacial branches of the trigeminal nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Cutaneous and subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the internal auricular branches of the facial nerve also produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of this branch between the vagus and facial nerves, electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve produced reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After sectioning of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve; electrical stimulation of the proximal portion of the caudal and middle internal auricular nerves did not produce reflex contractions of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palpebral nerve produced reflex contractions and direct-evoked muscle activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Subcutaneous electrical stimulation of the infraorbital and middle mental nerves produced reflex contractions of the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle.  相似文献   

19.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the dye extent and distribution at the lumbar plexus (LP) of three volumes of local anaesthetic-methylene-blue solution administered close to the femoral nerve (FN) by the use of a ventral ultrasound (US)-guided suprainguinal approach (SIA).Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsTwenty mongrel canine cadavers weighing 17.7 ± 3.8 kg (mean ± SD).MethodsThe left and right LP of two cadavers were dissected to identify the FN, obturator nerve (ON) and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). The extent and distribution of dye at the LP of each of three volumes of injectate of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mL kg?1 administered close to the FN by a ventral US-guided SIA then were studied in a further 18 dog cadavers (n = 6 per group). Staining of ≥2 cm along the target nerves was indicative of sufficient spread to produce a nerve block.ResultsThe ventral US-guided SIA allowed the observation of the FN within the iliopsoas muscle (IPM) in a total of 17 cadavers. The assessment of the dye extent and distribution revealed a similar pattern regardless of the injected volume. From the injection site, the spreading of injectate occurred in cranial, lateral and caudal directions. The FN and ON were effectively stained in all the cases. The LFCN was not effectively stained in any case.Conclusions and clinical relevanceA volume of 0.2 mL kg?1 administered close to the FN by a ventral US-guided SIA produced a sufficient distribution of the injectate within the IPM to produce effective staining of the FN and ON. This US-guided technique may be an appropriate alternative to previously reported techniques based on electrolocation to block the FN and ON in the dog.  相似文献   

20.
HistoryTen dogs weighing 36 (21.4–75) kg [median (min–max)] and aged 3 (1–9) years scheduled for orthopedic surgery involving the stifle and structures distal to it.Physical ExaminationPatients were classified as ASA I or II based on physical examination and basic hematology and biochemistry.ManagementEach dog was managed using combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks and procedural sedation with an intravenous infusion of propofol (0.07–0.15 mg kg?1 minute?1) and dexmedetomidine (1 μg kg?1 hour?1). None of the patients required conversion to general anesthesia as a result of response to surgical stimulation. The level of sedation was considered adequate in all patients and was characterized by occasional head lifting, thoracic limb stretching, yawning, lingual movements and swallowing. The eye position ranged from central to partial ventromedial rotation and was accompanied by spontaneous blinking. Intra-operative cardiovascular and ventilatory variables were considered within acceptable limits. Muscle relaxation at the surgical field was adequate and surgical conditions were indistinguishable from those produced by general anesthesia. Intraoperatively, no additional analgesics were considered necessary. The quality of the recoveries was considered excellent in all cases.Follow upNo additional pain relief was required in any of the dogs within the 10 hours following blockade. All dogs ate 5.5 (3.5–12) hours after recovery. Ambulation occurred at 4 (2–6) hours. No evidence of esophagitis or aspiration pneumonitis has been reported during a period of 1 year after the procedures in any of the dogs.ConclusionWhen combined with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks, procedural sedation has the potential of being an alternative to general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery involving the stifle and structures distal to it in the dog.  相似文献   

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