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1.
Ecophysiology of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) along a vertical canopy gradient was studied in a mixed species plantation for the first (2007) and second (2008) growing seasons after thinning to understand response mechanisms to increased resource availability. Parameters were affected by the thinning treatment in 2008 only. Thinned trees showed increased light-saturated maximum photosynthesis (Amax) from 2007 to 2008 compared to non-thinned trees. This response was likely due to increased light levels near thinned trees (vs. changes in water or nutrient status), because thinning did not affect midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), average daily soil water content (SWC), or leaf nitrogen content per unit area (Na). Plantation thinning did not increase relative diameter growth during the experimental period. This may be due to low thinning intensity and mortality prior to thinning that reduced competition from first-tier neighbors. Certain leaf traits such as leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and Na increased from the bottom to the upper canopy position, but did not influence thinning responses. Distribution patterns of photosynthetic parameters through the vertical canopy gradient were less defined than leaf structural traits such as LMA and Na. Findings reflect black walnut's large variability in response to thinning.  相似文献   

2.
In order to test whether the strategy of resource acquisition varies with life form, leaf texture and canopy gradient, we measured light-saturated net photosynthetic capacity (A max-mass) and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (N mass and P mass) for 127 woody species of understory (small shrubs and tree seedlings) and 47 woody species of canopy (large shrubs and tree adults) in a tropical montane rain forest of Hainan Island, South China. Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency (PPUE) were studied by taking into account functional groups, which classified by either life form (FG1) or leaf texture (FG2). For FG1, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences between trees and shrubs in A mass, N mass and P mass, but not in PNUE and PPUE; whereas for FG2, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences between the papery-leaved species and those with leathery leaves in the measured leaf traits inclusive of PNUE and PPUE. Within the same classification systems, significant allometric scaling relationships were found in the leaf trait pairs of A mass-N mass and A mass-P mass. Considered separately, the slope and y-intercept of the linear regression between A mass and N mass did not differ among functional groups nor between understory and canopy, but those for the linear regression between A mass and P mass differed significantly (P = 0.001) between understory and canopy species regardless of functional groups. The results of phylogenetic comparative analyses were in accordance with the observed positive scaling relationships. The overall results indicate that there are no fundamentally different nitrogen capture strategies in tropical woody species regardless of their life form, leaf texture and canopy gradient. However, the strategies of phosphorus acquisition of tropical woody species differ with canopy layer increases. This variation may correspond to the special soil conditions in this ecosystem, as phosphorus is an element limiting plant growth in tropical areas.  相似文献   

3.
On the Loess Plateau, China, several planted tree species such as Populus hopeinsis and Robinia pseudoacacia suffer occasional diebacks in the top shoots, reducing growth rates after maturation. However, this does not usually occur in other species, e.g., Ulmus pumila and Zizyphus jujuba. We compared stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) as indicators of leaf water-use efficiency (WUE), leaf mass per unit area (LMA), and leaf area- and mass-based nitrogen content (Narea and Nmass) by tree height (1, 5, and 10 m) in P. hopeinsis, R. pseudoacacia, U. pumila, and Z. jujuba. In P. hopeinsis and R. pseudoacacia, leaf δ13C and Narea were significantly lower in 10-m trees than in 1-m saplings, indicating that leaf WUE and photosynthetic rates of both species decreased with tree height. In contrast, δ13C in Z. jujuba varied little with tree height. The δ13C of 10-m-tall U. pumila trees was significantly higher than that of 1-m plants, demonstrating an increase in WUE with tree height. Decreasing WUE, leaf Narea, and Nmass with height increases in P. hopeinsis and R. pseudoacacia may be related to water and nutrient limitations for these species in semiarid regions. In contrast, stable or increasing δ13C with tree height in U. pumila and Z. jujuba may account (to some extent) for successful production of these species under identical environmental conditions. Diameter growth rate also decreased with maturity in P. hopeinsis and R. pseudoacacia, but increased or was stable for U. pumila and Z. jujuba. The differences in leaf WUE and LMA among species with tree maturity may be related to species’ growth patterns and susceptibility to drought stress, and are likely to be important new criteria for plantation species selection on the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

4.
The goal of this study was to estimate the effects of even-aged, uneven-aged and no-harvest forest management on dung beetle community attributes at both landscape and local (either closed or open canopy within treatments) scales. We collected a total 2579 individuals of Scarabaeoidea with 72 baited pitfall traps in the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project throughout the summer of 2003. Six species accounted for 81% of all individuals collected, with community composition changing over the summer. At the landscape scale, the effects of treatments on overall abundance and abundance of individual species varied geographically, with forest thinning reducing abundance compared to clear-cutting forest stands and no harvest but in only one of the three blocks. The effects were also dung beetle species-specific, as there were unique responses of abundances of individual beetle species to the treatments. Five species (Ateuchus histeroides, Deltochilum gibbosum, Onthophagus pennsylvanicus, O. taurus, and O. tuberculifrons) were affected by forest thinning. In contrast, at the local scale, canopy opening (through timber harvesting and natural tree falls) increased expected (rarefied) species richness. Ordination showed that community composition was uniquely different among the six harvest treatments by canopy openness combinations. Together these results demonstrate that timber extraction from a temperate forest ecosystem influenced community composition of dung beetles at the landscape level, but this impact varied with cutting treatment, geographically, and by dung beetle species.  相似文献   

5.
Tree thinning reduces tree-to-tree competition and likely contributes to the improvement of tree water status and productivity in water-limited systems. In this study, we examined the importance of competition for water among Quercus ilex trees in open woodlands by comparing the water consumption and physiological status of trees located along stand density gradients which ranged from 10% (low density; LD) to 100% (high density; HD) of canopy cover. The study was carried out at two sites which differed in mean annual rainfall (506 and 816 L m−2; Dsite and Wsite, respectively). Predawn and midday leaf water potential (ψd and ψm, respectively) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured every two weeks from mid May to mid September, in eight trees located along a stand density gradient at each site. Sap flow and soil moisture were measured only at Dsite. Sap flow was continuously recorded by sap flowmeters (constant heating method) installed in 12 trees along two stand density gradients. Soil moisture (?) was measured every 20 cm for the first meter and then every 50 cm up to 250 cm. Measurements were conducted in 18 soil profiles, 6 located in HD and 12 in LD (six beneath and six out the canopy). At Wsite, differences among stand densities for ψ and A were very small and emerged only at the end of the dry season. At Dsite, ψ (both predawn and midday), A, ?, and sap flow density were significantly higher in LD trees than in HD ones. At Dsite, some water remained unused in the soil at the end of the dry season beyond the canopy in the LD areas, and trees did not experienced such an acute water deficit (ψd > −1 MPa) as the HD trees did (ψd < −3 MPa). Summer tree transpiration at the stand level (Estand) tended to saturate with the increase of canopy cover. Estand increases by 32% when canopy cover goes from 50% to 100%. Results confirmed that the increase of tree-to-tree competition with stand density was much more significant at dry sites. In these sites, tree thinning is recommended as a way to maintain tree functioning.  相似文献   

6.
Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A1600, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m−2 s−1) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g−1 with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A1600 of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m−2 for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO2 fixation mechanisms.  相似文献   

7.
In rural areas of northern Laos, a commercially valuable pioneer tree species, paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent.) has been recommended for intercropping under plantations of commercial trees. However, less is understood about the growth of this pioneer tree species in the understorey and the mechanism underlying the shade intolerance. We measured growth characteristics for seedlings of paper mulberry under four light intensities. We compared the relative growth rates in aboveground biomass and standing leaf area (RGRmass and RGRleaf), light-capture efficiency, and seeding-level mass-based daily photosynthetic rates (A mass) with those of field-grown seedlings of eight shade-tolerant species to identify factors potentially responsible for shade-intolerance. Most growth traits of the paper mulberry seedlings did not differ consistently from those of the shade tolerant species. The ecophysiological–architectural model software showed higher A mass and RGRmass capacity in paper mulberry than in shade-tolerant species. Despite their higher RGRmass, paper mulberry seedlings had negative RGRleaf under shaded conditions due to short leaf lifespan. The linear RGRmass–RGRleaf relationship for paper mulberry had a high RGRmass intercept, indicating that a high RGRmass was required to provide positive RGRleaf. Progressive decreases in standing leaf area with time, and possibly photosynthesis, appear to be responsible for the shade-intolerance of paper mulberry. Although intercropping of paper mulberry has been suggested in the species’ native region, understorey cultivation of paper mulberry would only be possible with relatively open canopies.  相似文献   

8.
In the western United States, mechanical thinning and prescribed fire are common forest management practices aimed at reducing potential wildfire severity and restoring historic forest structure, yet their effects on forest microclimate conditions are not well understood. We collected microclimate data between 1998 and 2003 in a mixed-conifer forest in California's Sierra Nevada. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), wind speed, soil heat flux, and soil volumetric moisture were measured at the center of 18 four-ha plots. Each plot was assigned one of six combinations of thinning and burning treatments, and each treatment was thus given three replications. We found that spatial variability in microclimate, quantified as standard deviations among monthly values of each microclimatic variable across different locations (n ≤ 18), was significantly high and was influenced primarily by elevation and canopy cover. The combination of thinning and burning treatments increased air temperature from 58.1% to 123.6%. Soil temperatures increased in all thinned plots. Air moisture variables indicated that treatments made air drier, but soil moisture increased in the range 7.9–39.8%, regardless of treatment type. PAR increased in the range 50.4–254.8%, depending on treatment type. Treatments combining thinning and burning increased wind speed by 15.3–194.3%. Although soil heat flux increased dramatically in magnitude in some plots, overall treatment effects on G were not statistically significant. We discussed the significance and implications of the spatial variability of microclimate and the treatment effects to various ecological processes and to forest management.  相似文献   

9.
Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO2). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter.  相似文献   

10.
Soil respiration (RS) is a major carbon pathway from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere and is sensitive to environmental changes. Although commonly used mechanical thinning and prescribed burning can significantly alter the soil environment, the effect of these practices on RS and on the interactions between RS and belowground characteristics in managed forests is not sufficiently understood. We: (1) examined the effects of burning and thinning treatments on soil conditions, (2) identified any changes in the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on RS under burning and thinning treatments, and (3) indirectly estimated the changes in the autotrophic soil respiration (RA) and heterotrophic soil respiration (RH) contribution to RS under burning and thinning treatments. We conducted our study in the Teakettle Experimental Forest where a full factorial design was implemented with three levels of thinning, none (N), understory thinning (U), and overstory thinning (O; September to October 2000 for thin burn combination and June and July 2001 for thin only treatments) and two levels of burning, none (U) and prescribed burning (B; fall of 2001). RS, soil temperature, soil moisture, litter depth, soil total nitrogen and carbon content, soil pH, root biomass, and root nitrogen (N) concentration were measured between June 15 and July 15, 2002 at each plot. During this period, soil respiration was measured three times at each point and averaged by point. When we assumed the uniform and even contribution of RA and RH to RS in the studied ecosystem without disturbances and a linear relationship of root N content and RA, we calculated the contributions of RA to RS as 22, 45, 53, 48, and 45% in UU, UO, BN, BU, and BO, respectively. The results suggested that after thinning, RS was controlled more by RH while after burning RS was more influenced by RA. The least amount of RS variation was explained by studied factors under the most severe treatment (BO treatment). Overall, root biomass, root N concentration, and root N content were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with soil respiration with correlation coefficients of 0.37, −0.28, and 0.29, respectively. This study contributes to our understanding of how common forestry management practices might affect soil carbon sequestration, as soil respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration.  相似文献   

11.
Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a main variable controlling carbon and water fluxes. This paper estimated the effect of thinning on the spatial distribution of leaf area in French forests. While many studies have focused on average LAI, we estimated clumping and measured both average LAI and the variation around it. LAI was derived from digital hemispherical photos at three sites: an unmanaged Fagus sylvatica forest in temperate area (control site), a mixed Mediterranean forest of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis, and regeneration of F. sylvatica under a mature stand of Pinus nigra in mountainous area. LAI measurements were also made with LAI 2000 devices over 5 years (from 1994 to 1998) within forest stands dominated by either beech (F. sylvatica L.), by oaks (Quercus petraea (Matus) Liebl., Quercus robur (Matus) Liebl.), or by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Thinning led to a variable decrease in LAI. The coefficient of variation of LAI (CVLAI) provided a useful ecological index of the level and type of thinning. For undisturbed stands, CVLAI varied from 10% to 20%, corresponding to the higher average LAI values. Disturbances created by thinning increase LAI spatial variability, resulting in larger CVLAI values for all stands considered. Possible explanations of these results and use in remote sensing were discussed.  相似文献   

12.
In order to make clear the relationships between photosynthesis and leaf N, leaf P and SLA of tropical trees, and test the differences in the relationships among life-form groups (trees, shrub-like trees and shrubs), seedlings and saplings of 101 species from a tropical montane rain forest, located in the Diaoluo Mountain of Hainan Island, were selected. The net photosynthesis based on area and mass (A area and A mass), leaf nitrogen content based on area and mass (N area and N mass), leaf phosphorus content based on area and mass (P area and P mass) and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured and/or calculated. The results showed that A area and A mass tended to follow the order of shrubs > trees > shrub-like trees. One-way ANOVA showed that the difference in A area between shrubs and shrub-like trees was significant (p<0.05), and for A mass there were significant differences between shrubs and shrub-like trees and between shrubs and tree species (p<0.05). The relationships between A area and N mass were highly significant in all three life-form groups and for all species (p<0.0001). The correlation between A area and P mass was highly significant in shrubs (p = 0.0038), shrub-like trees (p < 0.0002) and for all species (p<0.0001), but not significant in trees (p>0.05). The relationship between A area and SLAwas highly significant in shrubs (p = 0.0006), trees (p<0.0001) and for all species (p<0.0001), however this relation was not significant in shrub-like trees (p>0.05). The relationships between A mass and leaf N and SLA were highly significant in all three life-form groups and for all species (p<0.0001). For A mass and leaf P, there were significant correlations in tree groups (p = 0.0377) and highly significant correlations in shrub groups (p = 0.0004), shrub-like tree groups (p = 0.0018) and for all species (p < 0.0001). Stepwise regression showed that predicted A mass values were closer to the observed values than those for predicted A area values. Thus, it can be concluded that the relationships obtained from seedling and sapling measurements are close to those from mature individuals; correlations between photosynthesis and N mass, P mass and SLA traits are significant and the relationships are stronger and more stable for A mass than for A area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(11): 4651–4661 [译自:生态学报]  相似文献   

13.
[目的]探究晋西黄土区不同树种营养器官(叶、枝、干、根)及其土壤的养分含量变化特征。[方法]通过野外样地调查和取样分析方法,对3种典型森林树种(刺槐、侧柏、辽东栎)不同器官及其林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行了研究,并探讨了不同树种叶片与其土壤C、N、P化学计量的关系。[结果]辽东栎、刺槐和侧柏的叶片有机碳含量分别为468.43、454.96、438.53 g·kg-1,刺槐、辽东栎和侧柏叶片的全氮含量分别为27.52、20.74、12.73 g·kg-1,辽东栎、侧柏和刺槐叶片的全磷含量分别为2.73、2.15、1.35 g·kg-1,叶片C∶N值为侧柏辽东栎刺槐,C∶P、N∶P值分别为刺槐侧柏辽东栎、刺槐辽东栎侧柏;3个树种树枝的有机碳含量均最大,树叶的全氮含量均最大,而树干的全氮含量均最小。侧柏、辽东栎、刺槐树枝的全磷含量分别为3.07、3.07、1.87 g·kg-1,显著比其它器官的大;3种森林土壤的C、N、P含量均随土层的加深而降低,且0 10 cm土层的含量最大,C∶N、C∶P、N∶P值随土层深度的变化不一致;刺槐叶片的有机碳、全磷含量与土壤C∶N值显著或极显著负相关;侧柏叶片的有机碳含量均与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P值极显著负相关,叶片N∶P值与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P值均极显著正相关;辽东栎叶片的有机碳含量、C∶P值与土壤有机碳含量极显著负相关。[结论]辽东栎、刺槐和侧柏的有机碳含量均较高,分别为468.43、454.96、438.53 g·kg-1;辽东栎和刺槐对晋西黄土区干旱环境的防御能力比侧柏强,当地环境较适宜辽东栎的生长发育,而刺槐和侧柏的生长分别受土壤P和N的限制。  相似文献   

14.
Plasticity of structural and physiological leaf traits elicited by irradiance and soil nutrients was investigated in two sympatric mediterranean oaks: a sclerophyllous (Quercus suber L.) and a non-sclerophyllous species (Q. canariensis Willd.). Seedlings were grown for 2 years in pots in a 2-way crossed factors design. Leaf mass-to-area ratio (LMA) and nitrogen were recorded, and photosynthetic capacity (i.e. the apparent maximal carboxylation rate by rubisco, V cmax) was derived from response curves of net CO2 assimilation (A) versus intercellular CO2 mol fraction (C i). Structural equation modelling was applied to the data for disentangling the complex correlation structure between variables. The two species differed significantly in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). They displayed the expected responses to irradiance, with large increases in LMA, V cmax and nitrogen per unit leaf area and decreases in mass-based nitrogen content. Nutrient availability modulated severely leaf N content (mass- and area-based) and mass-based maximal carboxylation rate, but not the plastic response of all these parameters to irradiance. Irradiance primarily modulated leaf structure (LMA), and secondarily nitrogen content, while nutrient availability modulated directly nitrogen content. Nitrogen content in turn had a severe impact on mass-based photosynthetic capacity. It is concluded that in young trees solely leaf structure displayed irradiance-elicited plasticity. This plasticity was not modulated by nutrient availability and was similar in a sclerophyllous and a non-sclerophyllous species.  相似文献   

15.
Population differences in dry matter accumulation and allocation, conifer leaf nitrogen status, stomata parameters and water use efficiency were studied in a 7-year-old Picea asperata Mast. plantation that contains seven populations grown from seed collected from different altitudes in the mountains of southwestern China. In our study, we measured dry matter accumulation (DMA), total projected leaf area (LA), specific projected leaf area (SLA), root/shoot ratio (RS), root mass/projected leaf area ratio (R/LA), projected leaf area/stem cross-sectional area ratio (LA/SA), leaf stomatal density (SD), stomatal length (SL) and total stomatal length (TSL), nitrogen content per unit leaf mass (Nmass) and nitrogen content per unit projected leaf area (Narea), and carbon isotope composition (δ13C). Significant differences in these properties among the populations were detected, but these morphological and physiological responses to altitudinal gradients of origins varied non-linearly with increasing altitude. We found that seed source near 2950 m altitude was likely an optimum zone for P. asperata; growth was most vigorous at this altitude, and with increasing altitudinal distance from this optimum the growth decrease. In addition, seedling early growth, including DMA and LA, negatively correlated with RS, R/LA, Nmass, Narea and δ13C, and positively correlated with SLA, LA/SA, SD, SL and TSL. Our results provided strong evidence that variations in these physiological and morphological properties of P. asperata populations reflected genetic adaptations to native habitats. These differences may be used as criteria for genotype selection in the mountains of southwestern China.  相似文献   

16.
Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea and Pteridium aquilinum are three forest understorey species that compete with tree seedlings for environmental resources. Forest managers therefore seek to control their growth, which is driven in part by the light available in the forest understorey.An experiment was set up in a nursery in which the three understorey species C. vulgaris, M. caerulea and P. aquilinum were planted at six light levels (6, 11, 22, 36, 48 and 100% of full sunlight) replicated in three blocks. The different light levels other than 100% were obtained using neutral shading nets. The response of the three species to light availability was estimated after two growing seasons by their cover and height, their morphology, assessed by the foliar tuft height-to-width ratio for C. vulgaris and M. caerulea and by the frond height-to-length ratio for P. aquilinum, and their functional acclimation, assessed by a leaf trait (leaf mass on an area basis, LMA).Vegetation cover changed with light availability following a bell-shaped curve. By contrast, vegetation height remained approximately the same, irrespective of the light treatment, except for P. aquilinum, which grew higher than the other two species at medium and high light levels. As a consequence, vegetation individuals were more spindly in a dark environment. From the lowest light treatment, P. aquilinum cover was high (75%) and intercepted a larger proportion of the light than the other two species. This species thus proved the most competitive for light.All three species showed a notable acclimation to light availability by their LMA, though in different ways. The LMA of C. vulgaris decreased in shaded conditions by an increase in leaf area, whereas decrease in LMA for P. aquilinum was due to a decrease in leaf mass. For M. caerulea, the LMA remained stable whatever the light conditions by a simultaneous increase in both leaf mass and leaf area in shaded conditions.Consequently, the in-forest development of C. vulgaris and M. caerulea could be managed through small adult canopy thinnings, as both species grew well from light levels above 20%. Conversely, it seems unrealistic to manage P. aquilinum in this way as its development was almost maximal even at very low light levels.  相似文献   

17.
We conducted a 1-year greenhouse experiment to assess the impact of nutrient manipulations on seedling growth, biomass partitioning, and leaf gas exchange between two fast growing Pinus taeda clones that differed in growth efficiency. After 1 year we observed significant treatment and treatment by clone effects on growth, biomass partitioning, and gas exchange parameters. Fertilization increased total seedling biomass 18% primarily through an increase in foliage and coarse-roots. Clones did not differ in total seedling biomass, however, clone 85 produced more stem than clone 93 leading to 37% greater stem:leaf, while clone 93 maintained more branch biomass. The logging residue treatment increased stem:leaf by 30%, but had no effect on total biomass or partitioning. Differences in leaf morphology resulted in significantly greater canopy leaf area in clone 93 than clone 85. Increased foliar N concentration from fertilization had only minor effects on specific photosynthesis under saturating light (ASat), but lowered stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and internal to external CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca) as well as improved water use efficiency (WUE) independently of genotype. When gas exchange data was scaled to the canopy level both genotypes achieved similar canopy level CO2 assimilation rates, but our data suggests they did this by different means. Although we did see a small effect of nutrient limitations in total canopy photosynthesis under saturating light (ACanopy), ASat, and total leaf area (TLA), our foliar N concentration ([N]) indicated that our level of logging residue incorporation did not cause [N] to decrease below sufficiency limits. From a practical standpoint, a better understanding of strategies for capturing and partition C may lead to better selection of clonal material, thereby, optimizing productivity.  相似文献   

18.
Fire has often been shown to promote invasion by non-native plant species, but few studies have examined the process in temperate-zone deciduous forests. To examine the potential of prescribed fire to facilitate invasions in the Central Hardwoods ecosystem, we experimentally burned small plots and simulated aspects of fire at a forested site in southeastern Ohio, USA. Treatments included high and low burn intensity, lime addition, and litter removal to test hypotheses of population limitation by fire intensity, fire-caused nutrient release, and removal of leaf litter, respectively. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in two landscape positions (dry upland, moist lowland) and two canopy conditions (gap, no gap). The experimental sites were not significantly different from randomly chosen forest sites in any of 12 environmental variables. Seeds of two problematic non-native species (Microstegium vimineum and Rosa multiflora) were sown into plots following treatment to test the possibility of seed limitation. We recorded germination and height growth at three dates 1, 4, and 14 months following burning. Germination was promoted by litter removal and high- and low-intensity fire treatments in M. vimineum, and by high-intensity fire in R. multiflora. Seedling growth of both species was greatest following high-intensity fire under canopy gaps. Germination in the second year showed treatment effects similar to the first year indicating persistence of fire effects. Both species showed stronger recruitment in valleys and in canopy gaps, reflecting an interaction of fire and landscape position. We infer that prescribed burning and canopy-opening management practices have the potential to facilitate invasion of the study area by creating conditions promoting establishment and growth of at least two non-native species. The absence of these species in previous studies appears to be due to a lack of propagules rather than the unsuitability of forest sites for germination or growth.  相似文献   

19.
Production and biomass allocation patterns, the growth rates of aboveground biomass, and crown traits were examined in saplings of the deciduous Quercus faginea and the evergreen Q. ilex to determine whether differences in these traits might account for the greater mortality during periods of drought undergone by Q. faginea. Strong differences were observed in almost all the traits analyzed, which suggests that the two species use different strategies to cope with the main limiting factors for woody seedling establishment in Mediterranean environments: excess light and low water availability. In Q. faginea, sapling design seems to be oriented to maximize light capture and, hence, leaf productivity during the short life span of the leaf biomass. Thus, the seedlings of Q. faginea showed crown traits that permit self-shading to be minimized: longer shoots with more spaced leaves that result in lower leaf area index than in Q. ilex. In addition, the larger area per unit leaf biomass in Q. faginea leads to a larger interceptive leaf area per unit plant mass and to higher light capture. These characteristics imply higher investments in woody tissues (SWR) that permit the plants to support a wide canopy and facilitate water transport to meet the strong transpiratory demands of a canopy with such characteristics. By contrast, in Q. ilex, saplings are apparently designed to guarantee leaf survival against temperature extremes and photoinhibition through avoidance of excessive radiation.  相似文献   

20.
[目的]通过对比研究华山松和油松不同叶龄针叶形态、光合速率、叶绿素和叶氮含量对林窗式疏伐的响应,探讨林窗大小、叶龄和树种对林窗式疏伐后叶光合特性响应的影响。[方法]2008年在30年生华山松和油松混交人工林中,设置对照、小林窗(80 m2)和中林窗(110 m2)处理,2013年以对照样地内和林窗边缘华山松和油松为研究对象,测定其当年生、1年生和2年生叶比叶重(LMA)、单位叶面积叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b含量(Chl b)、氮含量(N)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)等指标。[结果]小林窗和中林窗疏伐对叶光合特性影响一致,均对当年生叶影响不显著,但显著改变了1年生和2年生叶绿素含量、N和PNUE,提高了其Amax。华山松叶LMA、叶绿素含量、N、Amax均低于油松,两树种多年生叶对林窗式疏伐的响应也明显不同:林窗边缘华山松1年生和2年生叶LMA和N与对照差异不显著,但叶绿素含量低于对照,PNUE和Amax显著高于对照;林窗边缘油松1年生和2年生叶LMA和PNUE与对照差异不显著,但N和Amax显著高于对照。[结论]80 110 m2林窗疏伐显著改变叶光合特性,提高其光合潜力;林窗疏伐影响1年生和2年生叶光合特性,对当年生叶影响不显著;华山松和油松对林窗式疏伐的响应特征存在差异。  相似文献   

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