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为了解冲积性河流塑槽输沙需水量,合理调配水资源,以内蒙古河段为例,依据挟沙水流能量平衡方程,研究了冲积性河流挟沙水流的能量耗散原理及水流塑槽和输沙能量的分配模式,给出了反应冲积性河流冲淤状态的塑槽输沙需水量计算方法,由平滩流量、河道来沙量和冲淤量三者组成的关系确定塑槽输沙需水量。利用内蒙古河段1960-2013年实测资料,计算得到内蒙古河段塑槽输沙水量,汛期来沙量0.7～1.1亿t,塑造2 000～3 000 m~3/s的中水河槽、淤积水平控制30%以下,需要的汛期塑槽输沙水量为94.6～141.2亿m~3;分析了不同条件下汛期塑槽输沙水量变化规律:来沙量一定,同样的中水河槽规模,控制淤积水平越低,需要的塑槽输沙水量越大;来沙量一定,同样的淤积水平,塑造中水河槽规模越大,需要的塑槽输沙水量越大;控制同样淤积水平,塑造同样中水河槽规模,汛期来沙量越大,需要的塑槽输沙水量越大。内蒙古河段塑槽输沙需水量计算结果和结果变化规律可为黄河上游内蒙古河段水资源配置提供参考。 相似文献
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防砂坝下游河床局部冲刷现象之研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
防砂坝下游河床局部冲刷问题,对坝体安全及河道稳定具有深远之影响。因此,本研究乃利用冲射流理论分别探讨当冲刷达平衡时,冲刷坑之最大冲刷深度以及冲刷深度之时间变化,经与其他研究者试验资料验证比较,初步已获得良好之结果。 相似文献
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对土壤侵蚀研究的几点思考 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
土壤侵蚀是现代地理环境条件下改变地貌景观的主要过程,也是引起土壤质量退化、沙漠化与石漠化的核心因素,与土壤、生态、水文等多个地表过程密切相关。虽然土壤侵蚀研究需要气候、地质、地貌、土壤、水文、生态等相关学科的基本知识,分析土壤侵蚀发生、发展过程的动力机制,但需要明确界定土壤侵蚀研究的时空尺度。土壤侵蚀与水土保持之间相互联系、相互促进。土壤侵蚀研究的时间尺度以次降雨、月、年为主,研究主题为次降雨侵蚀过程、土壤侵蚀季节变化与年际变化,时间尺度不宜超过100年。土壤侵蚀研究的空间尺度以小流域为主,基于土壤侵蚀垂直分带性,可以进一步分为样点、坡面、沟坡与小流域。在不同空间尺度上,研究内容与研究方法差异明显。土壤侵蚀过程包括土壤分离、泥沙输移和泥沙沉积,各个过程的主控因素存在差异,研究成果积累差异明显,研究重点会随着时空尺度的变化而有所不同。在土壤侵蚀过程研究中,应充分理解分离控制和输移控制及其时空转换阈值。虽然土壤侵蚀研究已经取得了大量成果,但在细沟网络结构及其时空变化、泥沙沉积过程、沟蚀形成与演变动力机制、重力侵蚀发育过程动力学机理、小流域土壤侵蚀过程模型等诸多方面,亟待加强研究。 相似文献
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Stefano Manzoni 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(7):1355-1379
In the last 80 years, a number of mathematical models of different level of complexity have been developed to describe biogeochemical processes in soils, spanning spatial scales from few μm to thousands of km and temporal scales from hours to centuries. Most of these models are based on kinetic and stoichiometric laws that constrain elemental cycling within the soil and the nutrient and carbon exchange with vegetation and the atmosphere. While biogeochemical model performance has been previously assessed in other reviews, less attention has been devoted to the mathematical features of the models, and how these are related to spatial and temporal scales. In this review, we consider ∼250 biogeochemical models, highlighting similarities in their theoretical frameworks and illustrating how their mathematical structure and formulation are related to the spatial and temporal scales of the model applications. Our analysis shows that similar kinetic and stoichiometric laws, formulated to mechanistically represent the complex underlying biochemical constraints, are common to most models, providing a basis for their classification. Moreover, a historic analysis reveals that the complexity and degree and number of nonlinearities generally increased with date, while they decreased with increasing spatial and temporal scale of interest. We also found that mathematical formulations specifically developed for certain scales (e.g., first order decay rates assumed in yearly time scale decomposition models) often tend to be used also at other spatial and temporal scales different from the original ones, possibly resulting in inconsistencies between theoretical formulations and model application. It is thus critical that future modeling efforts carefully account for the scale-dependence of their mathematical formulations, especially when applied to a wide range of scales. 相似文献
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We conducted field monitoring of bedload transport rate associated with experimental sediment release in a natural channel to clarify behavior of the supplied sediment on mixed size bed. Observation of bedload rate at two sites along the 30 m channel reach revealed that downstream migration of finer particles delay compared with coarser particles. Ratio of the bedload sediment that deposited during the migration was higher for finer sediments. These behaviors of the mixed size particles were clear during passage of the sediment wave without changes in water discharge. Flashing peak of discharge that caused artificially by opening of the dam gate did not destroy channel bed structure including steps and pools formed by coarser sediments, and only small amount of bedload was mobilized. Both reach scale channel features including steps, pools, and riffles as well as fine scale features (i.e., armour coat) likely increased critical shear stress of particles and decreased bedload rate during our experiment. Extreme sediment supply induced two types of sediment deposition; (1) filling the pools in reach sales and (2) the intrusion of fine particles into the coarser sediment that formed an armour layer. The all grain size fractions can deposit as type (1) when shear stress of stream water is not enough to entrain bedload particles, while deposition type (2) occurs when finer sediment pass over channel bed on which armour coat is well-developed. Deposition of finer sediment into coarser sediment that forms armour coat is affected by grain size distribution of bed surface sediment. Thus, impact of the sediment supply on downstream channel depends on both bedforms and grain size distribution of bed surface sediment over which the supplied sediment pass. 相似文献
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J. M. Nelson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,90(1-2):321-333
Predicting changes in alluvial channel morphology associated with anthropogenic and natural changes in flow and/or sediment supply is a critical part of the management of riverine systems. Over the past few years, advances in the understanding of the physics of sediment transport in conjunction with rapidly increasing capabilities in computational fluid dynamics, have yielded new approaches to problems in river mechanics. Techniques appropriate for length scales ranging from reaches to bars and bedforms are described here. Examples of the use of these computational approaches are discussed for three cases: (1) the design of diversion scenarios that maintain channel morphology in steep cobble-bedded channels in Colorado, (2) determination of channel maintenance flows for the preservation of channel islands in the Snake River in Idaho, and (3) prediction of the temporal evolution of deposits in lateral separation zones for future assessment of the impacts of various dam release scenarios on lateral separation deposits in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. With continued development of their scientific and technical components, the methodologies described here can provide powerful tools for the management of river environments in the future. 相似文献
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《CATENA》2001,44(2):85-109
High resolution data on spatial and temporal variability in flow hydraulics and sediment transport within riffle–pool sequences are required to improve understanding of how fluvial processes maintain these meso-scale bedforms. This paper addresses this issue by providing velocity and boundary shear stress data over a range of discharges from base flow (0.07 m3 s−1) to just over bankfull (8.52 m3 s−1), from a sequence of four pools and three riffles in the River Rede, Northumberland. The data supports the reversal hypothesis of Keller [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87 (1971) 753.] as the primary explanation for the maintenance of the riffle–pool sequence, although they also indicate that spatial variability in tractive force is highly stage dependent and complex. Section-averaged velocity data indicate reversal to be evident at four out of six riffle–pool units. An equalisation in velocity was found for the other two riffle–pool units close to bankfull stage. The spatial patterns of tractive force exhibited in the study reach as a result of increased discharge demonstrate that riffle–pool units operate independently of one another. Shear stress reversals were observed in individual riffle–pool units at different river stages during a flood hydrograph, and in some instances, two occurred in the same riffle–pool unit during a single flow event. Pools were characterised by coarser bed sediments and narrower channel widths in comparison to riffles, increasing the likelihood of tractive force reversal in the River Rede. Areas of predicted bed sediment entrainment obtained from τo−τc, matched observed channel changes in the upper part of the study reach, but over-estimated change in the middle portion of the reach. 相似文献
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华北冲积平原区土壤剖面质地层次空间分布的三维随机模拟 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
土壤质地层次的空间分布(或土体构型)的复杂变异性是冲积土壤的典型特点之一,定量描述土体构型对于土地利用和溶质运移研究来说极其重要。本研究根据华北冲积平原上一块面积约15km2区域内的139个土壤剖面观测数据,运用转移概率地统计学方法分析了区域内土壤质地层次空间分布的变异特性。结果表明,土壤质地层次的空间分布不是纯随机的,而是具有一定的空间毗邻转移趋势。将本文得到的土壤质地层次空间分布的三维马尔可夫链模型用于指示条件模拟后,最终模拟结果反映了不同质地层次间的交叉协相关关系,所得结果为进一步模拟水分溶质在区域土壤中的运动提供了有力的支持。 相似文献
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崩岗侵蚀地貌与侵蚀过程 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
崩岗侵蚀是华南水土流失区最严重的一种土壤侵蚀类型。崩岗由崩壁、崩积堆和洪（冲）积扇３部分组成,其侵蚀过程包括崩壁的崩塌后退、崩积堆的再侵蚀及沟床侵蚀。当把花岗岩风化土体当作均质体看待时,因崩壁失稳而发生的片状崩落,其临界高度干燥时理论上可达８～９ｍ,而饱和状态时则下降到２～３ｍ;风化土体中节理、裂隙等软弱结构面的存在,致使崩壁往往发生滑塌和倾倒,崩壁失稳的临界高度同样降至２～３ｍ。崩积堆的再侵蚀主要是雨滴溅蚀和细沟侵蚀。当侵蚀基面下降时,沟床下切严重并危及崩壁和崩积堆的稳定。 相似文献
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Suspended-sediment transport in an intensively cultivated watershed in southeastern California 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The purpose of this study is to investigate the variation of sediment movement at multiple spatial and two temporal scales of an agricultural watershed in southeastern California where surface runoff is primarily supplied by irrigation. An extensive turbidity and stage monitoring program based on grab sampling using 500-mL plastic bottles and in situ monitoring using both turbidity sensors and pressure transducers was designed to capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of suspended-sediment loads. The obtained turbidity values and stages at weekly and 5-min time scales were subsequently converted to suspended-sediment concentrations and water discharges, respectively, using established calibration methods. Weekly data were analyzed using a mass-balance approach to distinguish erosion and deposition processes in drain channels at various spatial scales. Further analysis on weekly data led to an empirical model describing the process of sediment transport at various spatial scales. The model revealed that drain channels at larger spatial scales (i.e. downstream channels) tended to be dominated by weekly net deposition, while those at smaller spatial scales (i.e. upstream channels) were controlled by weekly net erosion. However, analysis of the 5-min data showed that in small-scale drain channels, large amount of sediment was indeed deposited over a short period of one week (about one day). In the rest of the week, low-intensity erosion prevailed. Therefore, sediment transport in the study watershed was generally controlled by deposition, which supports the necessity of on-going drain-channel dredging by Imperial Irrigation District. 相似文献
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One main problem with current research on spatio‐temporal modeling of ion fluxes in forest soils is the separation of space and time effects in the soil‐monitoring concept. This article describes an approach to overcome this weakness. Time trends of point information on soil‐solution data (base‐cation concentrations and fluxes) are scaled by linking them to soil‐chemical data which is available in higher spatial resolution and can be upscaled to an area base. This approach is based on a combined evaluation of bulk soil and soil‐solution data using both statistical and process‐oriented methods. Multiple‐linear‐regression analyses coupled with geostatistics were developed to predict spatial patterns of exchangeable cation percentages. In a second step, empirical ion‐distribution coefficients were adapted according to Gapon using data of suction‐cup plots and bulk‐soil samples. Seasonally adjusted time‐series data of soil‐solution chemistry were then connected with the maps of the predicted exchangeable‐cation percentages by means of the Gapon equations. This evaluation step provided both time‐ and space‐dependent maps of cation concentrations in the soil solution. Finally, using the results of a water‐budget model it was possible to derive spatio‐temporal patterns of soil cation fluxes. Methodological limitations and the results of verification processes are discussed. The methods described can only be used in acidic soils and should not be used in soil layers rich in humus, since adsorption to C compounds differs from adsorption to clay minerals. The time increments of the models should be not shorter than yearly in order to suppress annual periodicity. Although the Gapon equations were not based on laboratory‐determined exchange solutions at quasi‐equilibrium, but rather on field data from the suction‐cup technique, the exchangeable‐cation percentages showed steady functions of selectivity coefficients. The methods tested at a watershed scale may be flexible enough to be applied at other scales as well. 相似文献
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土壤侵蚀系统是一个典型的非线性动力系统,系统内部的侵蚀发育演化过程十分复杂,为了对该过程进行精确的模拟和预测,需要发展有效的技术和方法.元胞自动机( cellular automata,CA)是一种具有时空特征的离散动力学模型,采用“自下而上”的构模方式,对于模拟和分析具有空间特征的土壤侵蚀系统具有先天优势.由于空间尺度变化所引起的土壤侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙过程的影响不同,CA模型在坡面尺度下主要针对细沟侵蚀和土壤颗粒的变化,在小流域尺度下涉及到更多的元胞状态和更加完整的侵蚀过程,在大区域尺度下重点研究气候和地貌之间的相互作用.不同空间尺度建立的CA模型没有确定的转换规则,模型通用性较低,今后需要在三维可视化、智能化等方面深入研究CA模型在土壤侵蚀领域的应用. 相似文献
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Agro-chemical transport processes at different scales are discussed and relevant opening question are identified by literature review to make some suggestions concerning the improvement of research methods for filed scale solute transport by aid of evaluation of existing models,and examining transport behaviors of solute in vadose zones on different scales.The results indicate that present research progess and understanding on field scale solute transport have not yet been enough to guarantee the use of our models for the management of field soulte movement.Much more research work needs to be done,particularly,in aspects of high resolution of spatial structures relevant to the hydraulic and transport properties,explicit numerical simulation of actual structure on field scale and field measurement corroborated with model development. 相似文献
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不同植被格局下凸型坡径流流速时空变化及产沙研究 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
以凸型坡为研究对象,利用室内径流冲刷试验,研究了不同植被配置下凸型坡水蚀动力的变化过程以及侵蚀产沙的差异。结果表明:裸坡条件下径流流速呈现出极强的空间波动状态,随水力断面与坡顶距离的逐渐增加表现出先减小后增大的空间变化态势,导致侵蚀最为严重的部位出现在上坡上部和下坡上部。将草带布设于与坡顶距离60%～80%位置处对径流流速影响较大,降幅为22%,蓄水效益和减沙效益分别为12%和69%,能够较好地发挥直接拦沙的水土保持功效。不同植被空间配置下的径流量和产沙量均表现出与径流流速相一致的空间变化特征,随着草带距坡顶距离的逐渐增加,径流量和产沙量呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,植被通过调控水蚀动力过程实现了对径流和侵蚀产沙的调控。在此过程中,植被的空间配置方式改变了径流流速时空变化特征,从而对水蚀动力过程起到了很大程度的调控。研究结果有助于加深对植被、冲刷与水蚀动力过程之间耦合关系的理解。 相似文献
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Soil structure and soil-borne diseases: using epidemiological concepts to scale from fungal spread to plant epidemics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many epidemics of root diseases involving soil fungi depend on the interplay between fungal growth and the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the soil environment. Colonization or infection of a root occurs at fine scales with growth and movement of fungal mycelia through soil. However, epidemics are observed at coarser scales, and depend on a cascading spread through populations of roots. We briefly review conventional analyses of soil‐borne epidemics and argue that these treat soil physical conditions at scales too coarse to be meaningful for interactions between soil, plants and fungi, and fail to consider the effect of soil physical conditions on the underlying epidemiological processes. Instead, we propose a conceptual epidemiological framework that integrates spatial scales and use this to review the effect of soil structure on the dynamics of soil‐borne pathogenic fungi. Using the soil‐borne fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani as an example, we demonstrate that invasion of fungi into host populations is critically affected by environmental conditions operating at each of two scales: (i) at the microscopic scale (μm ? cm) the fungus preferentially explores certain pathways in soil, and small changes in soil physical conditions make the fungus switch from small, dense colonies to large, sparse and rapidly expanding ones; (ii) at the larger scale (cm ? dm) a critical density of susceptible hosts is required, in excess of which fungi switch from non‐invasive to invasive spread. Finally, we suggest that the approach will increase the applicability of research dealing with microscopic soil–plant–microbe interactions towards the solution of large‐scale epidemiological problems. 相似文献