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1.
Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis) and yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis) are the two most serious wheat diseases found in China. Rye chromosomes, carrying genes for resistance to these diseases, were introduced into common wheat in two generations using chromosome engineering and anther culture. The F1 hybrids from a cross involving a hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) בChinese Spring’ nulli‐tetrasomic N6DT6A wheat aneuploid line were anther cultured and doubled‐haploid plants were regenerated. Using genomic in situ hybridization, C‐banding and biochemical marker analyses, one of the anther‐cultured lines (ZH‐1)studied in detail, proved to be a doubled‐haploid with one rye chromosome pair added (1R) and a homozygous 6R/6D substitution (2n= 44). The line was tested for expression of disease resistance and found to be highly resistant to powdery mildew and moderately resistant to yellow rust.  相似文献   

2.
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the Leymus multicaulis (XXNN, 2n = 28) chromosomes in wheat-L. muliticaulis derivatives. Fifteen lines containing L. multicaulis alien chromosomes or chromosomal fragments were identified. All alien chromosomes or fragments in these 15 lines were from the X genome and none were from the N genome. Eleven L. multicaulis disomic addition lines and four translocation-addition lines were identified with chromosome rearrangements among homoeologous groups 2, 3, 6 and 7. Only homoeologous group 1 lacked rearrangements in addition or translocation chromosomes. The results revealed that translocation in non-homoeologous chromosomes widely exists in the Triticeae and therefore it is necessary to identify the alien chromosomes (segments) in a wheat background using these combined techniques. During the course of the work, probe PSR112, was found to detect X genome addition lines involving L. multicaulischromosomes. This may prove to be a valuable probe for the identification of alien chromosomes in a wheat background. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

3.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders often utilize alien sources to supply new genetic variation to their breeding programs. However, the alien gene complexes have not always behaved as desired when placed into a wheat background. The introgressed genes of interest may be linked to undesirable genes, expressed at low levels or not at all. The short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome one (1RS) contains many valuable genes for wheat improvement. In order to study rye gene response to varying copy number, wheat lines were constructed which contained zero, two or four doses of 1RS. The meiotic behavior of rye chromosome 1R, and wheat/rye translocation chromosomes, 1AL/1RS and 1BL/1RS was studied in the F1 hybrids between wheat lines carrying 1R or the translocation chromosomes. The IRS arm was transmitted at a very high frequency; 98 % of the F2 plants had at least one of the chromosomes with a IRS arm. In addition, 44 % of the F2 plants received at least one copy of the chromosomes from each parent. Analysis of the meiotic behavior of the IRS arm suggested that few euploid wheat gametes were formed. Therefore, most of the pollen must have contained IRS. It is unknown whether the lack of euploid wheat pollen could account for the high transmission frequency of the rye chromosomes. There may have been differential survival of the embryos receiving the rye chromosome as well.  相似文献   

4.
Limited genetic knowledge is available regarding crossability between hexaploid triticale (2n= 6x= 42, 21″, AABBRR, amphiploid Triticum turgidum L.‐Secale cereale L.) and rye (2n= 14, 7″, RR). Our objectives were to determine (1) the crossability between triticales and rye and (2) the inheritance of crossability between F2 progeny from intertriticale crosses and rye. First, ‘8F/Corgo’, a hexaploid triticale, was crossed as a female with two landrace ryes, ‘Gimonde’ and, ‘Vila Pouca’ and two derived north European cultivars, ‘Pluto’ and ‘Breno’. These crosses produced 21.7, 20.9, 5.9, and 5.6%, seed‐set or crossability, respectively, showing that the landrace ryes produced higher seed‐set than the cultivars. Second, ‘Gimonde’ rye was crossed as a male with four triticales for 3 years. The control cross, ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat × rye, produced 80‐90% seed‐set. Of the four triticales, ‘Beagle’ produced 35.7‐56.8% seed‐set. The other three triticales produced less than 20% seed‐set, showing that the triticales differ in crossability with ‘Gimonde’ rye. Third, six FiS from intertriticale crosses (‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Beagle’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’) were crossed to ‘Gimonde’ rye. Results indicated that lower crossability trait was partially dominant in the two F1S from crosses involving ‘Beagle’(high crossability) with‘8F/Corgo’ and ‘Cachirulo’(low crossability) and completely dominant in the ‘Beagle’בLasko’ cross, as it happens in wheat. Fourth, segregants in four F2 populations (‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’, and‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’) were crossed with rye. Segregation for crossability was observed, although distinct segregation classes were blurred by environmental and perhaps other factors, such as self‐incompatibility alleles in rye. Segregation patterns showed that ‘Beagle’, with high crossability to rye, carries either Kr1 or Kr2. The three triticales with low crossability with rye were most likely homozygous for Kr1 and Kr2. Therefore, it is likely that the Kr loci from A and B genomes acting in wheat also play a role in triticale × rye crosses.  相似文献   

5.
Ear emergence time and response to vernalization were investigated in 12 alien substitution lines in which a pair of chromosomes 5A of recipient spring wheat cultivars was replaced by a pair of chromosomes 5R of Siberian spring rye ‘Onokhoiskaya’. The recipients were 12 spring cultivars of common wheat, each carrying different Vrn genes. Spring rye ‘Onokhoiskaya’ had the Sp1 (now called Vrn-R1) gene for spring growth habit located on chromosome 5R, but its expression was weaker. The Vrn-R1 gene had no effect on growth habit, ear emergence time and response to vernalization in wheat-rye substitution lines. Ears emerged significantly later in the 5R(5A) alien substitution lines than in the recipient wheat cultivars with the Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/vrn-D1 or Vrn-A1/vrn-B1/Vrn-D1 genotypes. No difference in ear emergence time was found between most of the 5R(5A) alien substitution lines and the cultivars carrying the recessive vrn-A1 gene. The presence of the Vrn2a and Vrn2b alleles at the Vrn2 (now called Vrn-B1) locus located on wheat chromosome 5B was confirmed.The replacement of chromosome 5A by chromosome 5R in wheat cultivars ‘Rang’ and ‘Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya’, which carries the single dominant gene Vrn-A1, converted them to winter growth habit. In field studies near Novosibirsk the winter hardiness of 5R(5A) wheat–rye substitution lines of ‘Rang’ and ‘Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya’ was increased by 20–47% and 27–34%, respectively, over the recurrent parents.  相似文献   

6.
Summary A genotype of the diploid species Avena longiglumis (Cw 57) has been shown to modify the genetic control of diploid-like chromosome pairing in the cultivated oat, A. sativa (2n=6x=42) leading to increased homoeologous chromosome pairing in 4x hybrids between the two species (Rajhathy & Thomas, 1974). The Cw 57 genotype has a similar effect in increasing homoeologous chromosome pairing in amphiploids combining diploid and hexaploid genomes including associations between alien chromosomes and their corresponding pairs in hexaploid species. The effect of the Cw 57 genotype is probably in altering the specificity of chromosome pairing in the early stages of meiosis. The use of the Cw 57 genotype to induce homoeologous chromosome pairing as a technique for the transfer of desirable alien variation into the cultivated oat is discussed.  相似文献   

7.
Y. B. Wang  H. Hu  J. W. Snape 《Euphytica》1995,81(3):265-270
Summary Heptaploid hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat were backcrossed as female parents with wheat to examine the rye chromosome distribution in the resultant progenies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). One hundred and one backcross (BC) seeds were examined and whole rye chromosome additions and substitutions, wheat/rye centric and noncentric translocations and rye telocentric chromosomes were detected. Dicentric wheat/rye translocated chromosomes were also observed. Comparisons were made with previous results on the rye chromosome distribution from male gametes of the same cross and differences were found, where in the female derived population a deficit of plants with more than two rye chromosomes was apparent relative to the anther derived population.  相似文献   

8.
将小麦近缘属植物黑麦中的优良基因导入小麦可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础,丰富小麦的遗传变异。本研究调查并分析了390份小麦-黑麦种质材料。在这390份种质材料中,6个主要农艺性状值均有较大的极差,说明其遗传多样性丰富。与10份小麦主栽品种相比,90%以上的材料具有穗长和分蘖数的显著优势,60%以上的材料具有小穗数优势,约30%的材料穗粒数和千粒重显著高于主栽品种。利用基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)和多色荧光原位杂交(multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization,mc-FISH)技术,对8份农艺性状优良的代表性材料进行染色体组成分析,发现3份为六倍体小黑麦(AABBRR),2份为八倍体小黑麦(AABBDDRR),1份为1RS·1BL易位系,其余2份不具有可见的黑麦染色体或染色体片段。值得指出的是,3份六倍体小黑麦与2份八倍体小黑麦所含的黑麦染色体不完全相同。八倍体小黑麦中有1对来源于黑麦的小染色体,而六倍体小黑麦中没有类似小染色体;并且,不同材料中黑麦4R染色体端部的GISH杂交带有明显差异。本研究结果为这些小麦-黑麦种质材料进一步应用于小麦育种提供了依据。  相似文献   

9.
Hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBRR) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBDD) differ in their R and D-genomes. This produces differences in both agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Our objective was to determine how introgressions of individual chromosomes from the D-genome of wheat affect these characteristics of a winter triticale 'Presto'. We studied the effects of 18 D-genome chromosome substitution lines, 15 sib-lines as controls, and five check cultivars at Lincoln, NE in 1996, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The experiment was repeated at Lincoln and Mead, NE in 1997 and 1998 with 15 substitution lines that survived the first winter in Lincoln, along with their 12 control sibs and five check cultivars. Few D-genome chromosomes had positive effects. Chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 6D significantly reduced plant height when substituted for 2R, 4B, and 6R, respectively. No grain yield increases were associated with any of the D-genome chromosomes tested, but three substitutions decreased the grain yield. Depending on the allele of the hardness gene present, chromosome 5D increased or decreased kernel hardness when substituted for 5R or 5A, respectively. Introgressions of chromosomes 1D and 6D improved end-use quality characteristics of Presto. These results suggest that apart from beneficial effects of individual loci located on the D-genome chromosomes, no major benefit can be expected from D-genome chromosome substitutions.  相似文献   

10.
为发掘和利用荆州黑麦所携抗梭条花叶病基因，综合利用分子细胞遗传学与分子标记技术结合多年抗性鉴定，从高感梭条花叶病小麦地方品种辉县红与荆州黑麦杂交后代（F7~F9）中选育出二体异附加系5个(分别添加1R、2R、R3、5R和R7)、5RS端二体异附加系1个和多重异附加代换系2个（染色体组成分别为20’’+2R(2D)’’+4R’’和19’’+1R（1B）’’+2R（2B）’’+4R’’）。鉴定表明，双二倍体荆辉1号高抗梭条花叶病，表明黑麦抗性基因可在小麦背景中稳定表达，2R、R7二体异附加系及2个含2R的多重异附加代换系均表现高抗，推测2R和R7上可能携带抗病基因。这些材料是研究荆州黑麦抗性基因遗传及小麦抗病育种的新种质。  相似文献   

11.
Tetraploid wheatgrass, Thinopyrum junceiforme(2n = 4x = 28; J1J1J2J2), a wild relative of wheat, is an excellent source of resistance to Fusarium head blight. Intergeneric F1 hybrids (2n = 4x = 28; ABJ1J2) between durum wheat (Triticum turgidum; 2n = 4x = 28; AABB) cultivars Lloyd or Langdon and Th. junceiforme were synthesized. Most of the pairing in F1 hybrids was between the J1- and J2-genome chromosomes. Some pairing occurred between wheat chromosomes and alien chromosomes, resulting in segmental exchange that was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The F1hybrids were largely male-sterile and were backcrossed, as the female parent, to the respective durum cultivar. Backcrosses from Lloyd × Th. junceiforme hybrids yielded fertile partial amphiploids (2n = 6x = 42; AABBJ1J2) as a result of functioning of unreduced female gametes of the hybrid. Lloyd proved to be a more useful durum parent than Langdon in crosses with Th. junceiforme designed to transfer scab resistance genes. Pairing in the amphiploids was characterized by preferential pairing,which resulted in bivalent formation. However, some intergeneric pairing also occurred. Several fertile hybrid derivatives were produced by further backcrossing and selfing. The introduction of alien chromatin into the durum complement was confirmed by FISH. Hybrid derivative lines had significantly lower mean infection scores (p = 0.01), the best showing 10.93% infection, whereas the parental durum cultivars had 70.34% to 89.46% infection. Hybridization with wild relatives may offer an excellent means of introducing scab resistance into durum wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

12.
Six haploid plants of radish were obtained via alien monosomic addition lines (2n = 19). One plant was derived from anther culture of an Raphanus sativus‐Brassica oleracea addition line, one plant from the selected smaller seed of an R. sativus‐Sinapis arvensis addition line and four plants from an R. sativus‐B. rapa addition line. During metaphase I of pollen mother cells, two plants exhibited the chromosome pairing of (0‐3)II+ (3‐9)I, three showed (0‐1)III + (0‐3)II + (3‐9)I and the remaining plant (0‐2)II + (5‐9)I. Trivalents seemed to be formed by the pairing between two larger chromosomes and the smaller one with somewhat loose pairing. All haploid plants were inferior to the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’ (2n = 18) with respect to vegetative growth. Their flowers were smaller, with sterile pollen grains, but a few normal flowers with fertile pollen sporadically developed and then produced a few seeds. It is suggested that the radish genome (R, n = 9) might comprise three pairs of homoeologous chromosomes, with the remaining three chromosomes carrying the homologous region(s) that results in a trivalent formation.  相似文献   

13.
Doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced using anther culture from out‐crossing rye, including breeders’ lines, cultivars and F1 plants with DH parents, to examine the feasibility of using the DH technique for breeding and specifically for developing mapping populations. Only 10–36% of green regenerants produced via anther culture were suitable for research or breeding purposes because of low survival rate or low fertility. Spontaneously arising DH regenerants were more often fertile compared with the colchicine‐treated ones. The fertility of spontaneous DHs varied from sterile to half that found in a normal rye population, which has implications for the design of a crossing scheme and subsequent anther culture. In the reciprocal crosses within one DH population, fertility was the lowest observed, probably because of self‐incompatibility factors, whereas in the DH crosses with normal heterozygous cultivars fertility was the highest. Two mapping populations using DHs were established, the first for out‐crossing rye it would seem. These populations will be used for mapping two important traits, the semi‐dwarf growth habit and preharvest sprouting resistance in rye.  相似文献   

14.
S. J. Xu  L. R. Joppa 《Plant Breeding》2000,119(3):223-226
The formation of unreduced gametes in some hybrids between disomic D‐genome substitutions (DS) of durum wheat cv.‘Langdon’ and rye provides a convenient approach for the rapid introduction of D‐genome chromosomes into hexaploid triticale. Meiotic pairing at metaphase I and seed fertility in spontaneous and colchicine‐induced amphidiploids derived from F1 hybrids between a set of ‘Langdon’ DS and ‘Gazelle’ rye were analysed. The purpose was to determine the effects of the substitution of D‐genome chromosomes for their A‐ and B‐genome homoeologues on hexaploid triticale and to select stable disomic D‐genome substitutions of hexaploid triticale. The results showed that the disomic substitutions with D‐genome slightly increased the frequency of univalents (1.0‐3.13) compared with the ‘Langdon’ control primary hexaploid triticale (0.76). Substitutions 2D(2A) and 3D(3B) were partly desynaptic. The substitutions 1D(1A), 1D(1B) and 7D(7B) exhibited high seed fertility but the others had decreased fertility. Except for 2D(2A), 5D(5A), 3D(3B) and 5D(5B), 10 of the 14 possible hexaploid triticale D‐genome disomic substitutions have been obtained. The results suggest that the poor compensation ability of some D‐genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A‐ and B‐genome chromosomes is a major factor affecting meiotic stability and fertility in the hexaploid triticale D‐genome substitutions.  相似文献   

15.
A partial amphiploid, TE-3, between Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS) and Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. trichophorum was characterized by cytological observation, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), seed storage protein electrophoresis and disease resistance screening. The TE-3 plants were deeply covered with pubescence, which is characteristic of the Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum parent. Feulgen staining of the somatic metaphases revealed that the chromosome number varied from 52 to 56. TE-3 pollen mother cells (PMCs) regularly showed two to four univalents and 25 to 27 bivalents, indicating a degree of cytological instability. Giemsa-C banding showed that the Thinopyrum chromosomes in TE-3 produced strong heterochromatin bands. GISH analysis suggested that the alien chromosomes in TE-3 consisted of eight St chromosomes, four Js chromosomes, and two J genome chromosomes, as well as two St-J translocation chromosomes. Seeds storage proteins separated by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that TE-3 expressed some of Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum specific gliadin and glutenin bands. When inoculated with stripe rust and powdery mildew isolates, TE-3 expressed resistance derived from its Thinopyrum parent. It appears that TE-3 can be used as a donor source in wheat breeding programs to introduce novel variation for quality and disease resistance.  相似文献   

16.
Summary The segregation of 12 heterozygous isozyme markers was analyzed among F2 plants and 51 anther culture (AC)-derived lines obtained from the japonica × indica cross of rice, IRAT 177 × Apura. All the lines except two were homozygous products of recombination of the two parental phenotypes. Doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from plants regenerated from the same callus were identical, confirming previously obtained results in rice. Surprisingly, some lines derived from different calli were also identical, suggesting a phenomenon of early callus fragmentation. All these observations at the isozyme level were confirmed by field evaluation. Deviations of segregations from the expected 1 : 1 ratio were observed at 4 loci among the DH lines. Among these, two were also noted among the F2 plants. The two other distortions, both in favor of the japonica allele, were observed specifically in the AC-derived materials.Although this concerns a small proportion of the genes under study, it suggests that the embryogenic microsporal population does not represent a random gametic array. On the other hand, evaluation of recombination between isozyme genes located on chromosome 6 appears consistent with F2 data and data previously recorded on the other japonica × indica crosses. The potential use of isozymes in breeding doubled haploids derived from remote crosses in rice is discussed.Abbreviations MCPA = 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA = indolacetic acid - AC plant or line = anther culture-derived plant or line - DH line = doubled haploid line  相似文献   

17.
本工作以改进八倍体小黑麦与六倍体小黑麦的经济性状为目的,对60个杂交组合 F_1的田间出苗率、结实率、杂种后代的性状分离、新类型的形成以及细胞遗传的若干问题进行了探讨,观察到 F_1田间出苗率、结实率以八倍体为母本的杂交组合显著好于以六倍体为母本的杂交组合。由于杂种是普通小麦、硬粒小麦、黑麦三个物种种质的再度组  相似文献   

18.
Q. Chen    F. Eudes    R. L. Conner    R. Graf    A. Comeau    J. Collin    F. Ahmad    R. Zhou    H. Li    Y. Zhao  A. Laroche   《Plant Breeding》2001,120(5):375-380
Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a serious and damaging disease of wheat. Although some hexaploid wheat lines express a good level of resistance to FHB, the resistance available in hexaploid wheat has not yet been transferred to durum wheat. A germplasm collection of Triticum durum× alien hybrid lines was tested as a potential source of resistance to FHB under controlled conditions. Their FHB reaction was evaluated in three tests against conidial suspensions of three strains of F. graminearum at the flowering stage. Two T. durum×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid lines, ‘AFR4’ and ‘AFR5′, expressed a significantly higher level of resistance to the spread of FHB than other durum‐alien hybrid lines and a resistant common wheat line ‘Nyu‐Bay’. Genomic in situ hybridization using total genomic DNA from alien grass species demonstrated that ‘AFR5’ had 13 or 14 alien genome chromosomes plus 27 or 28 wheat chromosomes, while ‘AFR4’ had 22 alien genome and 28 wheat chromosomes. All of the alien chromosomes present in these two lines belonged to the J genome. ‘AFR5’ is likely to be more useful as a source of FHB resistance than ‘AFR4’ because of its relatively normal meiotic behaviour, high fertility and fewer number of alien chromosomes. ‘AFR5’ shows good potential as a source for transferring FHB resistance gene into wheat. The development of T. durum addition lines carrying resistance genes from ‘AFR5’ is underway.  相似文献   

19.
The tetrasomics of the homoeologous groups 2, 5 and 7 of‘Chinese Spring’wheat were, together with the euploid standard, screened at the seedling stage for sensitivity to exogenously applied gibberellic acid (GA3). Whilst the seedling length of lines tetrasomic for group 2 chromosomes were taller and those for chromosomes 5A, 5D and 7D shorter in both treatments (with and without GA3) compared to the euploid control, the remaining tetrasomics — 5B, 7A and 7B — were significantly shorter than the euploids in the GA variant only. These results suggest the presence of additional genetic factors for GA insensitivity on chromosomes of the groups 5 and 7 of hexaploid wheat. This corresponds with the localization of GA insensitive dwarfing genes on the homoeologous chromosomes 5R and 7R in diploid rye.  相似文献   

20.
Twelve primary hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), synthesized from, three lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L., T. turgidum L.) and four inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.), were used to produce 18 crosses with homozygous wheat and heterozygous rye genome and 12 crosses with heterozygous wheat and homozygous rye genome. Parents and crosses of triticale, wheat, and rye were tested for two years (rye for one year only) in two-replicate block designs with 1 m2-plots. Data were assessed for plant height, grain yield and for yield-related traits. Performance of triticale crosses was considerably lower than that of the wheat and rye crosses. The amount of heterosis varied greatly between years. Positive and mainly significant heterosis was revealed in triticale generations F1 and F2. The average values were closer to those in wheat than to those in rye. For most characters a high level of heterosis was retained in tnucalt1 generation F2. Heterozygosity of the wheat and rye genome both contributed to heterosis in triticale. However, gene action of the rye genome strongly depended on the homozygous wheat background: one wheat line almost completely suppressed and another greatly stimulated the heterotic effect of the rye genome. In the later case, the amount of heterosis was related to that in rye per se. Information from hybrid rye breeding may therefore be used when establishing gene pools for hybrid breeding in triticale.  相似文献   

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