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1.
AIM: To determine if the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of young Thoroughbred horses changed in size and echogenicity in association with early race training. METHODS: Cross-sectional area (CSA) and echogenicity were determined ultrasonographically at five levels of the SDFT of the forelimbs of 2-year-old fillies (n=14), corresponding to 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone (DACB). Measurements were made before and after a 13-week period in which a trained group of seven horses was compared with another group of seven untrained horses. RESULTS: Level below the accessory carpal bone had a significant effect on CSA and Level 8 was smaller than all other levels except Level 12, while Level 12 was smaller than Levels 4 and 20 but not different from Levels 8 and 16. There was a significant interaction between level and time due to effects observed at Level 8. The CSA at Level 8 measured pre-training was different from that of Levels 4 and 20 in both pre- and post-training groups (p<0.05), but when measured post-training was not different from any other measurement. There was also a significant interaction between treatment group and time. There was no difference between CSA for the untrained and trained groups at the pre-training observation (p=0.9), but post-training the CSA (pooled over all levels) in trained horses was significantly larger than that of the untrained horses both post-training (p=0.019) and pre-training (p=0.034), and was not different from the pre-training CSA recorded in the trained group (p=0.29). Treatment group had no effect on echogenicity (p=0.43), while echogenicity was less at the end of the trial in both trained and untrained horses (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early training for racing was associated with an increase in mean CSA of the SDFT. Other factors such as age and maturity may play a role in limiting this increase.  相似文献   

2.
AIM: To determine the weight, volume, density and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the digital flexor tendons, common digital extensor tendon (CDET) and suspensory ligament (SL) of the forelimb of young Thoroughbred horses in early training, and to assess the response to a training programme of known parameters of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tissue at mid-metacarpal level.

METHODS: The tendons of seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses in training were inspected, transected into segments of known length, and compared with those from seven untrained horses matched for age, sex and breed. The weight, volume, density and CSA of each segment, and the crimp angle, histological features, and biomechanical ultimate stress and stiffness of tendon samples from the mid-metacarpal region of the SDFT were determined.

RESULTS: There was no macroscopic evidence of swelling or discolouration in any of the tendon segments or cut surfaces. The volumes of SDFT and CDET segments of horses in the trained group were significantly greater than those in the untrained group (p=0.036 and p=0.039, respectively). A greater increase in volume than weight resulted in a lower density in the SDFT but not CDET in trained compared with untrained horses (p=0.038). CSA of these two tendons was significantly greater in the trained group (p=0.002 and 0.036, respectively), the percentage increase being greater in the CDET than the SDFT. The number of tenocytes at four sites in the mid-metacarpal SDFT region was less in trained than untrained horses (p=0.025). There was no histological evidence of inflammation, and no difference in crimp angle between groups. There was no significant between-group difference in stiffness or ultimate stress of tendon strips.

CONCLUSIONS: Volume and CSA of the SDFT and CDET were larger in trained than untrained horses. The SDFT was less dense in the trained group. Because no evidence of tendonitis was detected and training appeared to have no significant effect on crimp angle or biomechanical properties of tendon strips, the size and density changes were presumed to be adaptive and induced by the training.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although evident in this in vitro study, the detection of adaptive from initial pathological increase in size of the SDFT is likely to be difficult in vivo.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To determine the weight, volume, density and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the digital flexor tendons, common digital extensor tendon (CDET) and suspensory ligament (SL) of the forelimb of young Thoroughbred horses in early training, and to assess the response to a training programme of known parameters of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tissue at mid-metacarpal level. METHODS: The tendons of seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses in training were inspected, transected into segments of known length, and compared with those from seven untrained horses matched for age, sex and breed. The weight, volume, density and CSA of each segment, and the crimp angle, histological features, and biomechanical ultimate stress and stiffness of tendon samples from the mid-metacarpal region of the SDFT were determined. RESULTS: There was no macroscopic evidence of swelling or discolouration in any of the tendon segments or cut surfaces. The volumes of SDFT and CDET segments of horses in the trained group were significantly greater than those in the untrained group (p=0.036 and p=0.039, respectively). A greater increase in volume than weight resulted in a lower density in the SDFT but not CDET in trained compared with untrained horses (p=0.038). CSA of these two tendons was significantly greater in the trained group (p=0.002 and 0.036, respectively), the percentage increase being greater in the CDET than the SDFT. The number of tenocytes at four sites in the mid-metacarpal SDFT region was less in trained than untrained horses (p=0.025). There was no histological evidence of inflammation, and no difference in crimp angle between groups. There was no significant between-group difference in stiffness or ultimate stress of tendon strips. CONCLUSIONS: Volume and CSA of the SDFT and CDET were larger in trained than untrained horses. The SDFT was less dense in the trained group. Because no evidence of tendonitis was detected and training appeared to have no significant effect on crimp angle or biomechanical properties of tendon strips, the size and density changes were presumed to be adaptive and induced by the training. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although evident in this in vitro study, the detection of adaptive from initial pathological increase in size of the SDFT is likely to be difficult in vivo.  相似文献   

4.
The third carpal bone (C3) was collected from both forelimbs of 27 Thoroughbreds. On the basis of age, training, and history, specimens were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: yearling, untrained horses (group 1, n = 4); 2- to 3-year-old, untrained horses (group 2, n = 7); trained 2-year-old horses (group 3, n = 6); trained 3-year-old horses (group 4, n = 6); and 3-year-old, trained horses with carpal pathologic features (group 5, n = 4). A transverse section of subchondral bone 5-mm thick was cut in a precise fashion 10 mm below the proximal articular surface of all specimens. After high-detail radiography was done, indentation testing was performed on the proximal surface of the section at points 5 mm apart. The stiffness of the subchondral cancellous bone was determined from the slope of the load vs displacement curve. Topographic plots of stiffness measurements were compared with radiographs of each specimen. Point determinations were averaged to derive measures for the radial and intermediate facets, and for regions 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm from the dorsal margin of C3. Area fraction (1-p; p = porosity) was measured for the radial and intermediate facets, using an automated image analysis system. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in stiffness and area fraction were found in the C3 from trained horses (groups 3 to 5), compared with untrained horses (groups 1 to 2). Stiffness and area fraction of the radial facet of pathologic C3 were significantly higher than the same variables measured in C3 from any other group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

5.
AIM: To describe features of the morphology of the carpus, quantify the thickness of hyaline and calcified cartilage, and to describe the morphology and density of subchondral bone in the third carpal bone (C3) of young Thoroughbred horses in early training.

METHODS: C3 of seven 2-year-old horses in training and seven untrained horses matched for age, sex and breed were assessed by gross appearance, computed tomography, fine-structure radiography, image analysis of high-resolution photographs, and histology.

RESULTS: Macroscopic lesions in cartilage were few and mild, and not significantly different between groups. High bone mineral density (BMD), in some cases typical of cortical bone, was confined to the dorsal load path, and was significantly higher in trained than in untrained horses (p<0.01). In the most dorsoproximal aspect of the radial articular facet, apparently outside the dorsal load path, the BMD in both trained and untrained horses was significantly less than in other regions of interest (ROIs). Adaptive increase in density was associated with thickening of the (junctions of) trabeculae oriented proximo-distally. Hyaline cartilage was thicker (p<0.001) in the concavity of the radial articular facet than dorsal or palmar to it, and was thicker in the trained than untrained group (p=0.007). No such differences were detected in the thickness of articular calcified cartilage (ACC).

CONCLUSIONS: The rapid response of bone in C3 to relatively small amounts of high-speed exercise was confirmed. A previously unreported increase in thickness of hyaline cartilage was evident, perhaps indicating that this tissue may be more responsive than hitherto thought, at least to particular types of exercise at particular times. These changes occurred with little evidence of abnormality, and thus appeared to be adaptive to the exercise regimen. The model developed should be used for further definition of the exercise stimulus required to produce adaptive, protective changes in sites susceptible to athletic injury.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The data will serve as reference for use in subsequent imaging studies in which sophisticated aids such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to predict carpal lesions.  相似文献   

6.
Reasons for performing study: It is important to ascertain the prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries and to improve methods of predicting injury in National Hunt (NH) racehorses. Objectives: To establish: 1) the prevalence of SDFT tendinopathy in NH horses; 2) whether routine ultrasonography can be used to predict SDFT injuries; 3) whether previous tendinopathy predisposes to reinjury; 4) a normal range for the SDFT cross‐sectional area (CSA); and 5) the effects of gender, age, background (ex‐flat or exstore), limb, training and rest periods on SDFT CSA. Methods: Routine ultrasound assessment of the palmar metacarpal soft tissues of 263 NH racehorses was performed on up to 6 occasions over 2 NH racing seasons. Results: The prevalence of SDFT pathology detected using ultrasonography was 24% (n = 148), with a nonsignificant variation between yards of 10–40%. No changes in SDFT CSA or ultrasonographic appearance were detected prior to injury. Older horses had a significantly higher prevalence of SDFT pathology compared to younger horses, and horses with tendinopathy were more likely to suffer an acute injury compared to horses with no evidence of pathology. A reference range for normal CSA measurements was established as 77–139 mm2 at level 4, from 142 horses with no ultrasonographic evidence of SDFT pathology. The CSA of normal horses did not vary significantly with age, limb or over 2 racing seasons, but did with sex and background. Conclusions: The study confirms that SDFT tendinopathy is common in NH horses, with substantial variation between training yards. Ultrasonography at 3 month intervals did not seem to predict acute SDFT injuries. Potential relevance: Variation in the prevalence of tendinopathy between yards suggests that training methods may influence injury rate. It was not possible to predict injury using routine ultrasonography and therefore other methods must be identified. A normal reference range for SDFT CSA is provided.  相似文献   

7.
Twelve tarsi from six horses humanely destroyed for reasons unrelated to the study were dissected and measurements of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) were acquired. The medial calcaneal insertions of the SDFT ranged in length and thickness from 4.0 to 5.4 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm, respectively, and the lateral calcaneal insertions ranged in length and width from 4.0 to 6.3 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm, respectively. The calcaneal insertions of the SDFT of both hind limbs of six horses with no history or clinical signs of hind limb lameness and no palpable abnormality of the tarsi were examined ultrasonographically. The medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT was of uniform echogenicity, thickest at the attachment to the SDFT, and smoothly tapering to its insertion on the plantaromedial aspects of the calcaneus. The lateral calcaneal insertion was less echogenic adjacent to the SDFT than the tendon itself but was of similar echogenicity toward the insertion on the plantarolateral aspect of the calcaneus. Three horses with full-thickness incomplete tears of the medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT had variable enlargement of the calcaneal bursa, an unstable (n = 2) or stable (n = 1) SDFT and lameness. The presence of an extensive but incomplete full-thickness tear of the medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT was determined ultrasonographically in all horses.  相似文献   

8.
AIM: To describe features of the morphology of the carpus, quantify the thickness of hyaline and calcified cartilage, and to describe the morphology and density of subchondral bone in the third carpal bone (C3) of young Thoroughbred horses in early training. METHODS: C3 of seven 2-year-old horses in training and seven untrained horses matched for age, sex and breed were assessed by gross appearance, computed tomography, fine-structure radiography, image analysis of high-resolution photographs, and histology. RESULTS: Macroscopic lesions in cartilage were few and mild, and not significantly different between groups. High bone mineral density (BMD), in some cases typical of cortical bone, was confined to the dorsal load path, and was significantly higher in trained than in untrained horses (p<0.01). In the most dorsoproximal aspect of the radial articular facet, apparently outside the dorsal load path, the BMD in both trained and untrained horses was significantly less than in other regions of interest (ROIs). Adaptive increase in density was associated with thickening of the (junctions of) trabeculae oriented proximo-distally. Hyaline cartilage was thicker (p<0.001) in the concavity of the radial articular facet than dorsal or palmar to it, and was thicker in the trained than untrained group (p=0.007). No such differences were detected in the thickness of articular calcified cartilage (ACC). CONCLUSIONS: The rapid response of bone in C3 to relatively small amounts of high-speed exercise was confirmed. A previously unreported increase in thickness of hyaline cartilage was evident, perhaps indicating that this tissue may be more responsive than hitherto thought, at least to particular types of exercise at particular times. These changes occurred with little evidence of abnormality, and thus appeared to be adaptive to the exercise regimen. The model developed should be used for further definition of the exercise stimulus required to produce adaptive, protective changes in sites susceptible to athletic injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The data will serve as reference for use in subsequent imaging studies in which sophisticated aids such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to predict carpal lesions.  相似文献   

9.
AIM: To investigate risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory apparatus (SA) of the forelimbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.

METHODS: Poisson and negative binomial regression, with exposure time represented by cumulative training days for each horse, were used to relate explanatory variables to the incidence rate (IR) of cases of inflammation of the SDFT (n=51), and injuries involving the SA (n=48) in a population of 1,571 commercially-trained racehorses over 554,745 study days. Only the first occurrence of an injury for any one horse was eligible for inclusion. Separate analyses were run for data from horses in training regardless of whether they had started in a trial or race, and using a subset of these data restricted to those preparations associated with at least one start in a trial or race. Results were reported as incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS: Male horses had a higher risk of injury to the SA (IRR 2.57; p=0.005) and tended to have a higher risk of injury to the SDFT (IRR 1.74; p=0.09) than female horses. Increasing age was associated with increased risk of injury. Horses aged 4 and ≥5 years were 6.76 (p<0.001) and 15.26 (p<0.001) times more likely to incur injury to the SDFT, and 2.91 (p=0.02) and 3.54 (p=0.005) times more likely to incur injury to the SA, respectively, than 2-year-olds. Horses were more likely to suffer an injury to the SDFT or SA in a training preparation that was not associated with any starts in official trials or races compared with those preparations that were associated with more than one start (p<0.001), and more likely to injure the SA compared with preparations containing one start (p=0.03). The IR of injury to the SDFT tended to be lower between November–January (IRR 0.78; p=0.08) and February-April (IRR 0.75; p=0.08) compared with August–October. Incidence of injury to the SDFT or SA was not associated with the cumulative distance raced in the last 30 days of a training preparation.

CONCLUSION: This study identified risk factors for injury to the SDFT and SA in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. Injuries were more likely in males, older horses and in horses in training preparations without any starts. There was no evidence of association between injury and cumulative high-speed exercise.  相似文献   

10.
AIM: To investigate risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory apparatus (SA) of the forelimbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. METHODS: Poisson and negative binomial regression, with exposure time represented by cumulative training days for each horse, were used to relate explanatory variables to the incidence rate (IR) of cases of inflammation of the SDFT (n=51), and injuries involving the SA (n=48) in a population of 1,571 commercially- trained racehorses over 554,745 study days. Only the first occurrence of an injury for any one horse was eligible for inclusion. Separate analyses were run for data from horses in training regardless of whether they had started in a trial or race, and using a subset of these data restricted to those preparations associated with at least one start in a trial or race. Results were reported as incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Male horses had a higher risk of injury to the SA (IRR 2.57; p=0.005) and tended to have a higher risk of injury to the SDFT (IRR 1.74; p=0.09) than female horses. Increasing age was associated with increased risk of injury. Horses aged 4 and > or =5 years were 6.76 (p<0.001) and 15.26 (p<0.001) times more likely to incur injury to the SDFT, and 2.91 (p=0.02) and 3.54 (p=0.005) times more likely to incur injury to the SA, respectively, than 2-year-olds. Horses were more likely to suffer an injury to the SDFT or SA in a training preparation that was not associated with any starts in official trials or races compared with those preparations that were associated with more than one start (p<0.001), and more likely to injure the SA compared with preparations containing one start (p=0.03). The IR of injury to the SDFT tended to be lower between November-January (IRR 0.78; p=0.08) and February-April (IRR 0.75; p=0.08) compared with August-October. Incidence of injury to the SDFT or SA was not associated with the cumulative distance raced in the last 30 days of a training preparation. CONCLUSION: This study identified risk factors for injury to the SDFT and SA in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. Injuries were more likely in males, older horses and in horses in training preparations without any starts. There was no evidence of association between injury and cumulative high-speed exercise.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to assess the influence of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint angle on the transversal area (TA) and mean echogenicity (ME) of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) in gaited horses. Ultrasound images were obtained from 50 healthy adult horses of the Mangalarga Marchador (MM; n=25) and Campeiro (n=25) breeds. Static and dynamic angles of the MCP joint were measured from photographs and video recordings. Higher ME values were evinced for the SL only in the group with the smaller dynamic angles of the MCP joint in the MM horses, in addition to weak negative correlation between the dynamic angle and ME. Moreover, weak negative correlation was also observed between the static angle and TA of the lateral branch of the SL and between the static angle and the ME of the SDFT. However, the difference observed in the group of MM horses, as well as the weak correlation, was not considered sufficient to support the hypothesis that a smaller angle of the MCP joint (greater extension) is associated with larger TA and ME values for the structures. The results also suggest that the static and dynamic angles of the MCP joint do not influence the TA and ME values of the SDFT and SL in gaited horses.  相似文献   

12.
AIM: To determine the effect of a known training regimen on the size and mineral content of the third metacarpal (Mc3) and third metatarsal (Mt3) bones of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses trained on racetracks.

METHODS: Mc3 and Mt3 of seven horses trained on grass and sand tracks were scanned at several sites using conventional quantitative and peripheral computed tomography (CT). Bone dimensions and density in the diaphysis and epiphysis were compared with those from seven untrained horses. Calcein label was injected in two clusters, during Weeks 9 and 12. The extent and rate of diaphyseal modelling was determined by confocal fl uorescent microscopic examination of thin plane parallel sections of the mid-metacarpal region.

RESULTS: Volumetric bone mineral density (BMDv) of the epiphysis was markedly higher and of the diaphysis was slightly higher in trained compared with untrained horses, but greater bone size in the trained horses had the greatest effect on an index of bone strength. Active osteons, defined as Haversian systems containing calcein label, were fewer, of smaller diameter at the time of calcein injection, and had a greater bone apposition rate in trained than in untrained horses.

CONCLUSIONS: Conventional training of 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses over a 13-week period had a significant effect on bone size, density and strength index when compared to untrained horses.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bone responded rapidly to early training. The data provide reference values and sites for use in longitudinal studies of commercial training regimens.  相似文献   

13.
AIM: To characterise and explain the increase in density evident by computerised tomography (CT) and radiography in companion studies as a response to training, in bone in the palmar and dorsal regions of the condyles of the third metacarpal bone (Mc3) of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses.

METHODS: Compositional back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) were conducted on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-embedded mediolateral slices of the right distal Mc3 from seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses trained on a racetrack and seven untrained horses kept at pasture. One left Mc3 from each group was studied in transverse section planes. This study focussed on regions of Mc3 found to differ in density between the trained and untrained horses in companion studies using CT and radiography.

RESULTS: The increase of bone density in the condyles of Mc3 in trained horses compared with untrained horses occurred, without prior osteoclastic resorption, via the deposition of new bone on pre-existing internal surfaces. Within prior marrow spaces of cancellous bone, there was also rapid formation of immature strands and fronds of bone which were more cellular and mineralised, and more lamellar bone tissue was deposited on these new scaffolding elements in the trained horses. Both resulted in increased bone volume fraction (BVF). The microscopic mineralisation density of the bulk of the new tissue was lower than in pre-existing bone, and CT and radiography underestimated the increase in BVF. The new tissue was thus probably less stiff at the microscopic scale than pre-existing bone, though its addition would stiffen the global structure.

CONCLUSIONS: In Mc3 of all the trained horses, there were obvious differences in microscopic structure compared with those from the untrained horses. Moderate, industry-standard levels of exercise used to prepare young horses for racing induced the formation of new bone in non-bone spaces in bone tissue, such that the bone organ should better withstand later increased levels of exercise.  相似文献   

14.
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Conditioning by early training may influence the composition of certain musculoskeletal tissues, but very few data exist on its effect during growth on tendon structure and function. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether conditioning exercise in young foals would lead to any ultrasonographically detectable damage to the superficial digital flexor tendon or an increase in cross-sectional area (CSA). METHODS: Thirty-three Thoroughbred foals reared at pasture were allocated to 2 groups: control (PASTEX) allowed exercise freely at pasture; and CONDEX, also at pasture, began conditioning exercise from mean age 21 days over 1030 m on a purpose-built oval grass track, for 5 days/week until mean age 18 months. Foals were observed daily, and underwent orthopaedic examination monthly. Ultrasonographic images of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) at the mid-metacarpal level of both forelimbs were obtained in all foals at ages 5, 8, 12, 15 and 18 months. CSA was validated (r(2) = 0.89) by determining CSA from digital photographs of the transected SDFT surface from 12 of the horses necropsied at age 17.1 months. RESULTS: here was no clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of tendonopathy in either group and the greatest increase in mean CSA in both groups occurred between age 5 and 8 months. Across all age categories, there was no significant difference in mean CSA between the left and right limbs, or colts and fillies; there was a trend towards a larger CSA in the CONDEX group (P = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS: There was no conclusive evidence for a structural adaptive hypertrophy of the SDFT, probably because the regimen was insufficiently rigorous or because spontaneous pasture exercise may induce maximal development of energy storing tendons. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A moderate amount of early conditioning exercise against a background of constant exercise at pasture is not harmful to the development of the flexor tendons.  相似文献   

15.
In 18 horses, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the heart rate were measured during pharmacological stress load. 12 horses were healthy (4 trained, 8 untrained) and 6 horses had a heart disease (3 trained, 3 untrained). Pharmacological stress induction was carried out with the sympathomimetic drug dobutamine at a dosage rate of 7.5 microg/kg/min over 10 minutes of infusion. At the fourth minute, the parasympatholytic drug atropine was administered (5 microg/kg bw), and the heart rate and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure were continuously measured over 26 minutes. During sole dobutamine infusion, a significant decrease in heart rate and a significant increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure were observed. After the application of atropine in the fourth minute, a significant increase in heart rate (from 35.7 +/- 6 up to 106 +/- 38/ min) and in pulmonary artery wedge pressure (from 15.7 +/- 3 up to 24 +/- 8.6 mmHg) were visible in the group of healthy horses. The horses with heart diseases had a significantly higher increase in both parameters (heart rate and pulmonary artery wedge pressure) with a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.7). The heart rate increased in the horses with heart diseases from 35.2 +/- 2,8 beats/min up to 132 +/- 45.7 beats/min and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased from 17.3 +/- 3,2 mmHg up to 32.7 +/- 13 mmHg. The cardiac status (healthy or heart disease) as well as the training level of the horses (untrained or trained) had a significant influence on the heart rate and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure. The untrained horses (healthy and heart disease) showed significantly higher values over a longer period of time than did the trained horses with the same cardiac status. Additionally the influence of pharmacological stress induction on echocardiographic parameters was investigated. The left atrial size (p = 0.015) and left ventricular diameter were significanly different in the systole (p = 0.008) and in the diastole (p = 0.001) between healthy horses and horses with heart diseases. All horses showed a positive correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size (r = 0.8), as well as between the left ventricular systolic (r = 0.6) and the diastolic diameter (r = 0.6). The correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size was nearly the same in the healthy horses (r = 0.74) and in the horses with heart diseases (r = 0.76). Regarding the training level, all untrained horses had a significantly higher correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size (r = 0.87) in comparison to the trained horses (r = 0.74). Particularly in the untrained horses with heart diseases, this correlation was remarcable (r = 0.99).  相似文献   

16.
Five cases of acquired flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) in older horses and ponies were studied. The mean age of affected horses was 14-8 years. Four deformities developed following desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and one following tendonitis of the SDFT alone. All cases were markedly lame and demonstrated variable degrees of flexural deformity. Ultrasonographic examination was performed on all cases which revealed extensive adhesion formation between the ALDDFT and SDFT and reduced cross-sectional area of the deep digital flexor tendon in each case. A variety of treatments were unsuccessfully employed to treat this condition. The prognosis for acquired flexural deformity of the MCPJ in old horses following tendonous damage in the palmar metacarpus is likely to be poor.  相似文献   

17.
The present study was designed to delineate the presence of COMP at the ultrastructural level comparing concentrations between two areas of articular cartilage from the equine third carpal bone, subjected to different loading, from trained and untrained horses. We also analyzed the fibril thickness of collagen type II in the same compartments and zones. Samples were collected from high load-bearing areas of the dorsal radial facet (intermittent high load) and an area of the palmar condyle (low constant load) in five non-trained and three trained young racehorses. The data show that COMP is much less abundant in the matrix in intermittent high loaded areas of articular cartilage from trained horses as compared to the untrained horses (p = 0.036). On the other hand, the untrained horses often displayed a higher immunolabeling in loaded areas compared to unloaded areas, indicating that an adequate dynamic load promotes COMP synthesis and/or retention, while an excessive load may have an opposite effect. The collagen fibril diameter showed marked variation between individuals. The present study indicates that dynamic in vivo compression at high load and frequency lowers matrix content of COMP in the articular cartilage of the third carpal bone. It also indicates that the collagen network is influenced by mechanical load following by strenuous exercise.  相似文献   

18.
AIM: To examine the effect of race training on kinematic parameters of the trot in a sample of 2-year-old Thoroughbred fillies. METHODS: Two-year-old Thoroughbred fillies that had been either trained for racing (n=7) or left untrained in small paddocks (n=7) were examined for lameness, and linear and temporal kinematic data were collected from video recordings of each horse trotted in-hand, 5, 9 and 13 weeks after the beginning of training. Horses were graded as: sound (Grade 0), suspected but not obviously lame (Grade 1), or definitely lame at the trot (Grade 2). RESULTS: Mean velocity at the trot did not vary with lameness grade. Compared with horses classified as sound (Grade 0), horses classified as suspected or definitely lame (Grades 1 and 2) had shorter (2.55 (SE 0.02) vs 2.41 (SE 0.02) and 2.44 (SE 0.03) m; p<0.001) and faster (671 (SE 3) vs 645 (SE 1) and 647 (SE 4) msec; p<0.001) strides. None of the linear or temporal parameters measured varied significantly between the successive observation periods. When data from sound horses were pooled, the training group trotted at a higher mean velocity (4.22 (SE 0.08) vs 3.22 (SE 0.06) m/sec; p<0.001) and with a longer stride length (2.79 (SE 0.05) vs 2.18 (SE 0.06) m; p<0.001) than the untrained group. The stride duration was longer (669 (SE 7) vs 662 (SE 9) msec; p=0.01), stance period was shorter (34.1 (SE 0.6) vs 39.3 (SE 0.7) %; p<0.001) and mid-stance was achieved earlier in the stride (12.1 (SE 0.6) vs 13.1 (SE 0.2) %; p=0.001) in the trained than the untrained group. A longer swing phase in the trained group was associated with an increase in retraction time (9.2 (SE 0.2) vs 7.6 (SE 0.3) %; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that early race training in young Thoroughbreds was associated with quantifiable changes in linear and temporal kinematic parameters of the trot, which were related to the race-training objective of improving the horse's ability to work at higher velocities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Race training resulted in changes in the gait of non-lame horses at the trot, which should be considered during veterinary lameness examinations.  相似文献   

19.
Reasons for performing study: The specific biomechanical circumstances that induce excessive superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) strain in horses are unknown. Hypothesis: Carpal joint hyperextension during axial limb loading during the middle of stance disproportionately enhances SDFT strains compared to suspensory ligament (SL) strains. Methods: Superficial digital flexor tendon and SL strains were measured in 7 cadaver limbs during in vitro loading that maintained carpal extension or allowed carpal hyperextension by constraining, or allowing rotation of, the radius during loading conditions that simulated the middle of stance at the walk. The effect of carpal hyperextension on SDFT and SL strains and joint angles was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Limb loading generally resulted in higher SL strains than SDFT strains for both carpal extension and hyperextension loading conditions. Compared to carpal extension, carpal hyperextension resulted in increased strains in both the SDFT and the SL; however, a greater increase in strain was seen in the SDFT. On average, carpal hyperextension caused approximately 3° greater carpal extension, 1° greater metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension, 1° greater proximal interphalangeal joint flexion and <1° greater distal interphalangeal joint flexion than did carpal extension. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Carpal joint hyperextension is likely to induce disproportionately higher strain in the SDFT than in the SL. Factors that affect carpal stability are likely to affect the risk for superficial digital flexor tendinopathy.  相似文献   

20.
The normal gastrocnemius tendon may contain some muscular tissue proximally. This results in a patchy echogenicity ultrasonographically where it lies caudal or lateral to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). When it has assumed a position dorsal (cranial) to the SDFT the gastrocnemius tendon has a more uniform echogenicity and its margins are well defined. Five horses had lameness associated with lesions identified ultrasonographically in the gastrocnemius tendon in the latter region. Lameness ranged from mild to severe and was characterised by reduced hock flexion, lowered arc of foot flight, shortened length of the cranial phase of the stride and in some horses a reduced duration of weight bearing during the caudal phase of the stride. Lameness was variably accentuated by flexion of the proximal or distal limb joints of the lame limb. Perineural analgesia of the tibial and fibular nerves or the tibial nerve alone substantially improved the lameness. All horses remained lame 2-3 months after initial examination, with minimal change in the ultrasonographic appearance of the lesion(s).  相似文献   

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