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1.
This paper reports on the effects of varying the concentration of sea water dosed at a rate of 10% of body mass on the handling of fluid and solutes by jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus). The salt gland only secreted when the seawater dosed was hypertonic to the plasma and caused a rise in plasma osmotic concentration of at least 7,5%. The gland reacts to different marginal osmotic loads (equivalent to 40 and 50% seawater) by varying the flow rate and total concentration to match the degree of osmotic stress. High osmotic loads resulted in maximum flow rates and concentration from the onset of secretion. The relative composition of the ions was not affected by flow rate. Cloacal excretion decreased with a decreasing osmotic load, especially at those seawater concentrations that failed to stimulate the salt gland. This cloacal control is interpreted as a graded mechanism to dispose of osmotic loads. The cloacal system is stimulated to excrete by the same stimuli as the salt gland. Apparent selective Na* absorption by the cloaca was also noted.  相似文献   

2.
Objective To investigate the distribution and density of conjunctival goblet cells (GC) and to study the anatomy and microscopic characteristics of glands associated with the eye in the guinea pig. Procedures Twenty‐five guinea pigs were used. Meibomian gland openings were counted using biomicroscopy. Conjunctiva, eyelids and glands were embedded in glycol methacrylate and paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff’s reaction (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB). Results Highest GC densities were found in the bulbar and palpebral region of the nasal conjunctiva (GC index: 13.7–16.4%). Lowest GC densities (GC index: 0.0–1.0%) were found in 3/4 limbal regions (nasal and temporal upper eyelid, temporal lower eyelid). Guinea pigs have 27.1 ± 3.0 (mean ± SD) meibomian gland openings in the upper lid and 25.7 ± 2.3 in the lower lid. Difference between upper and lower lid was significant (P = 0.037). Two subconjunctival sebaceous glands occur temporal to each eye. The Harderian gland is very large. In the lacrimal gland three different cell types were distinguished both according to the cell structure and histochemical staining. Conclusions Goblet cell densities are lower in guinea pigs than in dogs and horses. Positive staining with PAS and AB could be an indication that mucins are produced in the lacrimal gland. If so, they may contribute to the mucin layer of the tear film. Both the extraordinarily large Harderian gland and the subconjunctival sebaceous glands produce lipids and may contribute to the lipid layer of the tear film.  相似文献   

3.
X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine the occurrence of transudation as a source of intrauterine fluid in mares during oestrus. The content of some selected elements was studied in secretory vesicles of the epithelium of endometrial glands and in intraluminal fluid of healthy mares of varying age and parity. An in situ cotton tampon was used to absorb intrauterine fluid from 23 gynaecologically healthy mares during oestrus. Immediately after tampon withdrawal, endometrial tissue for biopsy was removed from the uterine body/horn junction while videoendoscopy was performed. The tissue specimens were frozen ultra‐rapidly against a copper surface chilled with liquid N2. X‐ray microanalysis of frozen fully hydrated endometrial samples and of microdroplets of intraluminal fluid (n = 20) was performed, using a SEM microscope equipped with a cryo‐stage and an X‐ray microanalysis system. The concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in the epithelium of endometrial glands and in intraluminal fluid were compared with those in serum. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of all analysed elements between the secretory gland epithelium and the intraluminal fluid apart from S. The major elements in glandular epithelium were K and P. Although there was a significant difference in the concentrations of Na, Cl, S and Ca between the uterine fluid and serum, there was still a conspicuous resemblance in the relationship between the different elements in uterine fluid and serum, with Na and Cl being the dominant elements. Sulphur and especially Ca were present only in small amounts throughout. Neither age nor parity affected the elemental concentrations of Na, K, Cl, S, P and Ca in gland epithelium, uterine fluid or serum. It was concluded that serum transudation contributes to a great extent to the composition of uterine fluid, having a diluting effect upon the specific secretion of the uterine glands.  相似文献   

4.
Contents: The current study was conducted on the accessory genital glands of 117 mature (4.5 to over 15 years) one-humped male camels collected from the main Cairo abattoir over a peroid of one year. The weight of the accessory glands showed a consistent increase with age up to 10.5–15 years, where a maximum of 4.24, 16.07 and 4.90 gm for the ampullae, prostate and bulbo-urethral galnds was recorded. The overall average weights were 3.85,14.12 and 4.49 gm for these glands respectively. On the other hand, seasonal variations in weight of the accessory glands were highly significant (P < 0.01) for ampullae and significant (P < 0.05) for both prostate and bulbo-urethral glands, where maximum values of 4.88, 15.77 and 5.04 gm for the foregoing glands respectively were noted during spring. Total fructose and citric acid contents/gland in the ampullae, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands reached their highest levels in camels of 10.5–15 years, where mean values of 4.64, 14.44 and 3.37 mg for the first and 1.19, 3.23 and 2.23 mg for the second were noted for these glands respectively. Seasonal variations in fructose and citric acid contents of the accessory glands were significant with peaks of 5.30, 11.82 and 3.82 mg for the first and 1.09, 4.24 and 2.17 mg for the second for the foregoing glands respectively were recorded during spring. Inhalt: Einfluβ von Alter und Jahreszeit auf Gewichte und einige biochemische Merkmale der akzessorischen Geschlechtsdrüsen beim einhöckerigen männlichen Kamel (Camelus dromedarius) Die vorliegende Studie wurde an den akzessorischen Genitaldrüsen von 117 erwachsenen (4,5 bis über 15 Jahre alten) männlichen Dromedaren durchgeführt. Die Gewichte der akzessorischen Drüsen zeigten einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg mit zunehmendem Alter bis zu 10,5 bis 15 Jahren. Um diesen Zeitpunkt wurden 4,24; 16,07 und 4,9 g für die Ampulla-, Prostata- und Bulbo-Urethral-Drüse ermittelt; die durchschnittlichen Gewichte betrugen 3,85; 14,12 und 4,49 g. Saisonale Schwankungen im Gewicht der akzessorischen Drüsen waren hochsignifikant (p < 0,01) für Ampulle und signifikant für (p < 0,05) für Prostata- und Bulbo-Urethral-Drüsen. Maximalwerte lagen bei 4,8; 15,77 und 5,04 g für die entsprechenden Drüsen im Frühling. Gesamt-Fructose- und Citrat-Gehalt pro Drüse in Ampulla-, Prostata und Bulbo-Urethral-Drüsen erreichen die höchsten Konzentrationen bei Kamelen von 10,5 bis 15 Jahren mit Durchschnittswerten von 4,64; 14,44 und 3,3 7 mg für Fructose und 1,19;3,23 und 2,23 mg für Citrat. Saisonale Unterschiede in Fructose- und Citrat-Gehalt dieser Drüsen waren signifikant mit Höchstwerten im Frühling von 5,30; 11,82 und 3,82 mg für Fructose und 1,09; 4,24 und 2,17 mg für Citrat.  相似文献   

5.
The experiments were performed in order to determine the effect of 8-h road transportation of pigs on erythrocytes osmotic fragility during the hot-dry season, and the ameliorative role of ascorbic acid. Twenty-three adult pigs comprising of both sexes served as subjects for the study. Thirteen pigs administered ascorbic acid (AA) per os 30 min before transportation, at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg served as experimental animals, while ten pigs administered with distilled water per os served as control, and were transported for 8 h during the hot-dry season. EDTA blood samples collected a day before (pre-transportation), immediately after 8-h transportation and 7 days post-transportation were used to determine erythrocyte osmotic fragility. The ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) measured within the vehicle ranged between 30.5 – 39.0°C and 40.0 – 71.0% respectively. These values were outside the thermoneutral zone for the pig, indicating that the season was thermally stressful. Results obtained showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in percent haemolysis recorded at NaCl concentrations of 0.4% and 0.6% immediately after transportation in experimental pigs and at 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9% NaCl concentrations in experimental pigs 7 days post-transportation. In conclusion, result from the present study indicated that 8-h road transportation during the hot-dry season could induce stress resulting in haemolysis of erythrocytes and AA administration ameliorated the stress.  相似文献   

6.
ObjectiveTo examine the anesthetic effects of a xylazine-diazepam-ketamine (XDK) combination in roosters.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsSix healthy white Leghorn roosters weighing 2.03 ± 0.08 kg.MethodsEach rooster was pre-medicated with xylazine (3 mg kg−1, IM) and after 15 minutes anesthesia was induced with a diazepam (4 mg kg−1) and ketamine (25 mg kg−1) combination injected into the pectoral muscles. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded before anesthesia and every 15 minutes after induction for 165 minutes. Cloacal temperature was measured before and 15 minutes after pre-medication and every 75 minutes thereafter during anesthesia. Quality of induction and recovery were scored subjectively; duration of loss of righting reflex, abolition of response to a painful stimulus and palpebral reflex were also recorded.ResultsIntramuscular injection of xylazine smoothly induced loss of the righting reflex within 3–4 minutes. Loss of response to a painful stimulus occurred at 13.1 ± 2.9 minutes (mean ± SD) after the administration of the D-K combination, and lasted for 63.0 ± 5.3 minutes. Roosters anesthetized with this combination had a significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates and cloacal temperature. The recovery period lasted for up to 4 hours (227.5 ± 15.4 minutes). Quality of recovery was satisfactory for four roosters but excitation was noted in two birds.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe XDK combination was a useful anesthetic technique for typhlectomy in roosters. Nevertheless this drug combination should be used with caution and cardiopulmonary parameters monitored carefully. Under the conditions of this experiment it was associated with a decreased cloacal temperature and prolonged recoveries.  相似文献   

7.
Normal, scaleless, and artificially depilated chicks were exposed for 30 min to an ambient temperature of 11° C when 3 to 14 d old and their cloacal temperatures recorded every 15 min. The three groups of chicks demonstrated a greater resistance to cooling as a function of increased age, but both depilated and scaleless chicks develop this ability at a significantly slower rate than normal birds. Scaleless chicks are no more resistant to acute cold stress as they mature than comparable chicks without their normal body insulation.  相似文献   

8.
SUMMARY Thirteen rams with serological evidence of Brucella ovls exposure (CFT of 1:8 or greater), but with no or only mild epididymitis, were selected from a ram flock. Serum, semen, preputial washings and fluids from the accessory sex glands (ASGF) and testis and epididymis (TEF) were examined and immunoglobulin (lg) concentrations estimated. Genital tissues were examined histologically and the percentages of class specific immunoglobulin containing cells (ICC) determined. Eleven of these rams had histological evidence of active inflammation consistent with B. ovis infection; the organisam was cultured from the semen of 7. IgA concentration was high in semen (mean ± standard deviation of 5.03 ± 1.78 mg/ml) and ASGF (9.18 ± 7.28 mg/ml). These levels were much higher than those recorded in noninfected rams. IgA concentration was low in serum (0.78 ± 0.55 mg/ml) and TEF (0.59 ± 0.78 mg/ml). The concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and IgM were low in all genital fluids sampled and not significantly different from those recorded in noninfected rams. This indicated that infection with B. ovis results in a pronounced IgA response in secretions, mostly from the accessory sex glands. Examinations of ICC, however, revealed that the plasma cell infiltrates of the epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla and seminal vesicle were predominantly IgG-containing (92.4, 97.2, 79.4 and 91.9% respectively). Fewer IgM-containing cells were scattered throughout these tissues, constituting 3.9, 6.3, 0.3 and 6.5% of all ICC, respectively. IgA-containing cells were most frequently seen in the ampulla (9.6% of ICC) where they were located directly beneath the epithelium, suggesting the ampulla as the most prominant location for the local production of IgA. These results indicate that although the tissue ICC response was predominantly IgG, IgA was selectively transferred into secretions with the exclusion of most IgG and IgM. ICC percentages in bulbourethral and prostate glands, and beneath pelvic urethral and preputial epithelia, were similar to those found in noninfected rams.  相似文献   

9.
1. Simultaneous changes of the width of the cloacal opening and plasma luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) during photo-induced ovarian growth and regression were measured in commercially bred Japanese quail from a heavy body weight line.

2. Somatically mature female Japanese quail were transferred from short days (light:dark 8L:16D) at 10°C to long days (16L:8D) at 20°C, and sexually mature female Japanese quail were transferred from long to short days. All variables were measured at transfer and every five days thereafter (except for a measurement at 12 instead of 10?d) for 35?d.

3. Transfer from short to long days caused significant increases in LH, FSH, 17β-oestradiol, ovary weights and oviduct weights after five days, and in the cloacal opening after 12?d. T3 decreased after five days, whereas no significant changes were observed in T4 concentrations. Progesterone and prolactin both decreased after 25 long days.

4. The transfer of quail from long to short days caused significant decreases in LH, FSH, 17β-oestradiol, progesterone, prolactin, ovary and oviduct weights after 12?d and an increase in T3. There was no significant change in T4 concentrations. The cloacal opening decreased after 25 short days.

5. These results are the first to show simultaneous changes in gonadotrophins, sex steroids, thyroid hormones and prolactin during photo-induced gonadal growth and regression in female Japanese quail.  相似文献   

10.
A feeding trial of 70‐days was carried out to study the haemato‐immunological and stress responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings reared at two water temperatures [ambient (Amb) – 27 °C and 32 °C] fed with graded levels of gelatinized corn carbohydrate (GC). Two hundred and sixteen fingerlings were randomly distributed into six treatment groups in triplicate. Three semi‐purified diets were prepared containing 30% crude protein with graded levels of GC 40%, 50% and 58%. The six treatment groups were T1 (40% GC × Amb), T2 (40% GC × 32 °C), T3 (50% GC × Amb), T4 (50% GC × 32 °C), T5 (58% GC × Amb) and T6 (58% GC × 32 °C). The blood glucose level was significantly (p < 0.05) lowered in groups fed with 58% GC level. Neither dietary GC levels nor temperature had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on serum cortisol and superoxide dismutase activity. Lysozyme activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T1 during pre‐ and post‐challenge period while temperature alone had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on post‐challenge Nitroblue Tetrazolium and found higher at 32 °C. A significant effect of GC levels and rearing temperature was recorded on WBC in the pre‐ and post‐challenge period. Highest pre‐challenge WBC was observed in T4 group and in the post‐challenge period T1 group recorded maximum. Water temperature had significant effect on pre‐challenge haemoglobin content, highest being at 32 °C (T2). A significant (p < 0.05) effect of rearing temperature and dietary GC level on total serum protein and albumin was also observed. Highest total serum protein and albumin was recorded in T1 and globulin in T2. Percentage survival after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila was highest in T1 followed by T3 group and lowest in T6. The results obtained in the present study suggest that L. rohita fingerlings may utilize higher levels of dietary GC at higher temperature (32 °C) but may affect its immunity status.  相似文献   

11.
The results of experiments on Chersine angulata suggest that a mechanism exists for controlling rate of change of body temperature over the range 20-35°C. Active retardation of heat uptake close to the upper temperature is a prominent feature as measured by cloacal temperature. Unlike other reptiles so far studied, Chersine angulata, when alive, cools more rapidly than it heats up. Dead animals heat and cool at the same rate, and more rapidly than live animals. It is suggested that overheating is the critical factor in the thermal relations of the tortoise.  相似文献   

12.
An 8-week trial was conducted between March and May (hot-dry season) to determine effects of water temperature, feather clipping and aspirin on egg production of chickens. The treatments tested were hens given ordinary drinking water (control), cool water (100 g ice block per L) and aspirin (0.3 mg per L of ordinary water) and hens whose feathers were clipped (about two thirds of body feathers clipped). At 32 weeks of age, 120 Lohmann brown layer chickens of similar live weights were randomly divided into 12 groups of ten hens each and assigned to the treatments in triplicate using a completely randomized design. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Data included feed intake, water consumption, hen-day egg production and egg weight. Ambient house temperature, hen’s cloacal temperature and water temperature were monitored daily during the experimental period. Mean daily ambient temperature increased from 28.4 to 35.0 °C during the study period with consequent increase in cloacal temperatures (40.31 to 41.18 °C) of hens, ordinary drinking water and cool water. None of the treatments had any significant (P?>?0.05) effects on feed intake and water consumption of the birds. Hens given cool water produced more (P?P?P?>?0.05). It is concluded that the provision of cool water in a hot-dry climate had a beneficial effect on egg laying performance of chickens.  相似文献   

13.
通过制作石蜡切片,并利用苏木精—伊红染色法进行染色,对牛蛙不同部位的皮肤进行组织学观察;利用图像处理软件Image J 4.21测量皮肤厚度,运用SPSS 17.0软件对不同部位的皮肤厚度进行单因素方差分析。镜下观察组织切片可见,牛蛙的皮肤分为表皮和真皮,表皮由外向内可分为3层：角质层、颗粒层和生发层,真皮由疏松层和致密层组成。疏松层主要由网状结缔组织构成,也包括一些色素、颗粒腺和黏液腺。色素主要分布于表皮下的结缔组织中,颗粒腺和黏液腺的间隙的结缔组织中也有少量色素。鼓膜皮肤厚度显著小于其他部位皮肤厚度（P〈0.05）,前肢、后肢、泄殖孔的皮肤厚度差异不显著（P〉0.05）。不同部位皮肤分布的色素细胞、颗粒腺、黏液腺数量也不同,内侧的黏液腺多于外部,而颗粒腺在表皮分布多,在深层分布少。  相似文献   

14.
1. The effects of hypo- and hyper-thyroidism in mitigating or exacerbating the negative changes of chronic heat stress (HS) in broilers were investigated.

2. Three-week-old broilers were distributed into six groups (n = 13 per group). Three groups were housed at ambient room temperature: control group (CN), propylthiouracil-treated group (AN) and thyroxine-treated group (TN). The other three groups were exposed to HS at 33 ± 1°C for 2 weeks: control heat stress (CH), propylthiouracil + heat stress (AH) and thyroxine + HS (TH).

3. Induced hypothyroidy significantly decreased cloacal temperature and body weight gain in the birds in both the normal and HS groups (AN, AH). Conversely, hyperthyroidy resulted in a significant elevation in cloacal temperature in the TN and TH groups and a significant decline in weight gain in the TH group. Hyperthyroidy exacerbated the HS-induced degenerative changes in jejunal mucosa and caused noticeable vascular changes. A significant increase in the expression levels of jejunal nutrient transporter genes was observed in the AH and TH groups. The hyperthyroidic state significantly upregulated the HSP70 expression level in the TH group and the reverse occurred with propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment in the AH group.

4. PTU supplementation to chicks reared under HS significantly decreased the triiodothyronine level, antibody (Ab) titre, and increased the heterophil-lymphocyte ratio. Furthermore, it induced higher hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the AN and AH groups and decreased the malondialdehyde content (MDA) in the AN group. Hyperthyroidy significantly increased triiodothyronine concentration, H/L ratio and decreased Hb concentration and Ab titres in the TH group. Additionally, this status increased the MDA content and decreased the GSH-Px activities.

5. In conclusion, manipulation of thyroid status is not a remedy to overcome the undesirable effects of HS in broilers.  相似文献   


15.
Objective To investigate the density and distribution of conjunctival goblet cells (GC) and study the anatomy and microscopic characteristics of glands associated with the eye in chinchillas (Chinchilla Laniger). Procedure 12 chinchillas were included in the study. Conjunctiva (divided into four regions), eyelids, and glands were embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and analyzed. Results Highest GC densities were found in the palpebral region of the nasal and temporal conjunctiva of both eyelids (GC index: 25.1-18.2%), and lowest densities, in the bulbar and marginal region of the nasal and temporal conjunctiva of both eyelids (GC index: 1.5-0.0%). Meibomian glands extend along the entire length of both eyelids, and the whole glandular complex broadens toward the temporal canthus. This is macroscopically visible through the conjunctiva. The openings of the Meibomian glands are macroscopically not discernible. The light pink, smooth, and crescent-shaped lacrimal gland lies next to the aforementioned broadened part of the Meibomian glands in the temporal canthus. The whitish, 0.9-cm-long, smooth Harderian gland is firmly attached to the posterior part of the globe and extends nasally from the optic nerve to the equator. Furthermore, chinchillas possess two lacrimal puncta, situated on the inner conjunctival surface of both eyelids near the medial canthus. A pigmented lacrimal canaliculus originates from each punctum. The vestigial nictitating membrane is supported by a hyaline cartilage and is pigmented at its free margin. Conclusions Chinchillas possess a Harderian gland, a lacrimal gland, and Meibomian glands. The GC density in the nasal and temporal palpebral conjunctiva is higher than in guinea pigs.  相似文献   

16.
The osmoregulatory abilities of the grapsoid crabs Cyclograpsus punctata*, Sesarma catenata andSesarma eulimene were studied comparatively in an attempt to explain, at least in part, their distribution in estuaries. Both survival and haemorymph osmotic pressure were used as indices of hyperosmotic regulatory ability.

All three species were shown to be capable of regulating their haemorymph osmotic pressure against lowered external salinities. S. eulimene was found to be better able to control its haemorymph concentration in very low salinities than S. catenata, which would account for the former's occurrence in the upper reaches of estuaries. C.punctatus was shown to be capable of roaintaining its haemorymph osmotic pressure above that of the environmental medium in lowered salinities, but without the degree of constancy characteristic of the two Sesarma species. It does, however, show a marked ability to tolerate lowered internal osmotic pressure, an ability which appears to develop in response to partial dilution of the haemorymph. These adaptations, together with its semi-terrestrial habit as a shore crab, suffice to enable C. punctata* to penetrate an estuary to almost the same extent as S. catenata.  相似文献   

17.
Bimazubute, M., Cambier, C., Baert, K., Vanbelle, S., Chiap, P., Gustin, P. Penetration of oxytetracycline into the nasal secretions and relationship between nasal secretions and plasma oxytetracycline concentrations after oral and intramuscular administration in healthy pigs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34 , 176–183. The penetration of oxytetracycline (OTC) in plasma and nasal secretions of healthy pigs was evaluated during the first study, in response to oral dose of 20 mg of OTC per kg of body weight (bwt) per day as a 400 mg/kg feed medication (n = 5) and to intramuscular (i.m.)‐administered formulations at 10 mg/kg bwt (n = 5), 20 mg/kg bwt (n = 5), 40 mg/kg bwt (n = 5). Concentrations of OTC in plasma and nasal secretions were determined by a validated ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography associated to tandem mass spectrometry method (UPLC/MS/MS). The objectives were to select the efficacy treatment and to evaluate the possibility to predict nasal secretions concentrations from those determined in plasma. The animals were housed together in each experiment. In each group, the treatment was administered once daily during 6 consecutive days, and nasal secretions and plasma were collected after 4 and 24 h at day 2 and day 6. For oral administration, only one medicated feed was prepared and distributed to all the animals together and was consumed in approximately 1 h. To meet recommendations of efficacy for OTC in nasal secretions, only the i.m. of 40 mg/kg bwt associated to an inter‐dosing interval of 24 h provides and maintains concentrations in nasal secretions ≥1 μg/mL, appropriate to the MIC 50 and 90 of Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica, respectively, the main pathological strains in nasal secretions. It has been demonstrated that, using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), OTC in the nasal secretions (μg/mL) can be predicted taking into account the OTC concentrations in plasma (μg/mL), according to the following equation: OTCnasal secretions = 0.28 OTCplasma?1.49. In a second study, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of OTC in plasma and nasal secretions of healthy pigs was investigated, after single‐dose i.m. of 40 mg/kg bwt of the drug. Blood samples and nasal secretions were collected at predetermined times after drug administration. The data collected in 10 pigs for OTC were subjected to non‐compartmental analysis. In plasma, the maximum concentration of drug (Cmax), the time at which this maximum concentration of drug (Tmax) was reached, the elimination half‐life (t½) and the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were, respectively, 19.4 μg/mL, 4.0, 5.1 h and 150 μg·h/mL. In nasal secretions, Cmax, Tmax, t½ and AUC were, respectively, 6.29 μg/mL, 4.0, 6.6 h and 51.1 μg·h/mL.  相似文献   

18.
Turbinate destruction is an important diagnostic criterion in canine and feline nasal computed tomography (CT). However decreased turbinate visibility may also be caused by technical CT settings and nasal fluid. The purpose of this experimental, crossover study was to determine whether fluid reduces conspicuity of canine and feline nasal turbinates in CT and if so, whether CT settings can maximize conspicuity. Three canine and three feline cadaver heads were used. Nasal slabs were CT‐scanned before and after submerging them in a water bath; using sequential, helical, and ultrahigh resolution modes; with images in low, medium, and high frequency image reconstruction kernels; and with application of additional posterior fossa optimization and high contrast enhancing filters. Visible turbinate length was measured by a single observer using manual tracing. Nasal density heterogeneity was measured using the standard deviation (SD) of mean nasal density from a region of interest in each nasal cavity. Linear mixed‐effect models using the R package ‘nlme’, multivariable models and standard post hoc Tukey pair‐wise comparisons were performed to investigate the effect of several variables (nasal content, scanning mode, image reconstruction kernel, application of post reconstruction filters) on measured visible total turbinate length and SD of mean nasal density. All canine and feline water‐filled nasal slabs showed significantly decreased visibility of nasal turbinates (P < 0.001). High frequency kernels provided the best turbinate visibility and highest SD of aerated nasal slabs, whereas medium frequency kernels were optimal for water‐filled nasal slabs. Scanning mode and filter application had no effect on turbinate visibility.  相似文献   

19.
Objective To describe the ophthalmologic, neurologic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of seven animals with acute postretinal blindness as sole neurologic deficit. Methods Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs and cats with postretinal blindness of acute presentation, that had a cranial MRI performed as part of the diagnostic workup. Only animals lacking other neurologic signs at presentation were included. Complete physical, ophthalmic, and neurologic examinations, routine laboratory evaluations, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, electroretinography, and brain MRI were performed in all animals. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and postmortem histopathologic results were recorded when available. Results Four dogs and three cats met the inclusion criteria. Lesions affecting the visual pathways were observed on magnetic resonance (MR) images in six cases. Location, extension, and MRI features were described. Neuroanatomic localization included: olfactory region with involvement of the optic chiasm (n = 4), pituitary fossa with involvement of the optic chiasm and optic tracts (n = 1), and optic nerves (n = 1). Of all lesions detected, five were consistent with intracranial tumors (two meningiomas, one pituitary tumor, two nasal tumors with intracranial extension), and one with bilateral optic neuritis that was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Histologic diagnosis was obtained in four cases and included one meningioma, one pituitary carcinoma, one nasal osteosarcoma, and one nasal carcinoma. Conclusions Central nervous system (CNS) disease should be considered in dogs and cats with acute blindness, even when other neurologic deficits are absent. This study emphasizes the relevance of MRI as a diagnostic tool for detection and characterization of CNS lesions affecting the visual pathways.  相似文献   

20.
Sengis are eutherian insectivores belonging to superorder Afrotheria, a recently defined clade of mammals that diverged from other placentals over 100 million years ago. In this study, a histological and ultrastructural analysis was carried out on the olfactory mucosa (OM) of the rufous sengi (Elephantulus rufescens) and the data were compared with those reported earlier in the dog (Canis familiaris) and the sheep (Ovis aries), whose dietary lifestyles are carnivorous and herbivorous, respectively. Qualitatively, the microstructure of the sengi's OM was basically similar to that of the other eutherian mammals except for differences in the pattern of cilia projection from the dendritic knobs of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and distribution of Bowman's glands within the lamina propria of the OM. On morphometry, significant differences (p < .05) were recorded with respect to olfactory epithelial (OE) thickness between the sengi (65.4 ± 2.6 μm) and the other species. ORN packing density and cilia number/ORN knob varied markedly only between the sengi (73.8 ± 5.4 mm?2 × 103 and 15 ± 4, respectively) and the sheep. No remarkable differences were noted in regard to ORN bundle diameters between sengis (62.7 ± 12.5 μm) and the other species. The observed differences in OM structural refinement may be attributed to olfactory function demand levels related to feeding lifestyles and ecology. Myrmecophagous insectivory, social monogamy, absentee maternal care and exposed sheltering habits are behavioural features that may warrant substantial OM modification in sengis.  相似文献   

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