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1.
AIM: To identify if there was a significant difference in the average daily liveweight gain (ADG) between Thoroughbred foals weaned using two weaning protocols commonly used in New Zealand. METHODS: Sixteen Thoroughbred foals were blocked for sex and age, randomly allocated into progressive (187, SD 33 days; three colts, five fillies) or abrupt (182, SD 28 days; four colts, four fillies) weaning groups, and weighed every second day for 2 weeks either side of weaning, then fortnightly from birth to 480 (SD 31) days old. ADG was calculated to examine the short-term (10 days before weaning, 5 and 10 days post weaning) and long-term (0-6 and 6-16 months of age) effect of the two weaning treatments. RESULTS: ADG was 1.10 (SD 0.091) kg/day before weaning (0-6 months of age) and 0.59 (SD 0.06) kg/day from weaning to 480 (SD 31) days old. At the start of weaning, liveweights of the progressive and abrupt weaning groups were 276.5 (SD 40.3) kg and 257 (SD 15) kg, respectively (p=0.23). For the 5-day period during weaning, irrespective of treatment, there was a significant decrease in ADG of -0.29 (SD 0.49) kg/day and -0.15 (SD 0.30) kg/day for progressive and abrupt weaning, respectively. There was no significant difference in ADG between weaning methods at any measurement period (short or long term) during and after weaning. However, there was large variation between foals in ADG in the 10 days after the weaning process, which may indicate variation in individual foals' responses to being weaned, rather than the weaning treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Weaning, irrespective of method, was associated with a decrease in ADG in the first week after weaning. The method of weaning had no effect on post-weaning ADG either short term, 10 days after weaning, or long term up to 480 days of age. Practically, it may be more important to consider maturity and liveweight as criteria for weaning foals rather than age alone. 相似文献
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Gee EK Fennessy PF Morel PC Grace ND Firth EC Mogg TD 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2003,51(3):125-131
AIMS: To determine the chemical body composition of Thoroughbred foals born in two consecutive years, and to investigate several techniques used to predict body composition in foals born in the second year, with particular reference to fat. METHODS: The chemical composition of 20 foals at around 160 days of age, born in two years, was determined. In vivo techniques to predict body composition were assessed in 23 foals born in Year 2, before and after euthanasia; 10 of these foals were used for chemical body composition analysis. Techniques to assess body composition in vivo included liveweight (LW), overall and regional condition scores, ultrasonic fat thickness measurements over the ribs and rump, linear measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Correlations were determined between ultrasonic fat thickness, and bioelectrical impedance analysis, before and after euthanasia. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between in vivo techniques used to assess body composition and the chemical body composition of 10 animals. RESULTS: Foals used for analysis of chemical composition weighed between 220.5 and 260.0 kg before euthanasia. Fat content ranged from 5.5-13.0% of the partial empty bodyweight (LW less head, gastrointestinal contents, distal limbs and skin). Fillies had significantly more fat mass and percentage fat than colts (p=0.031 for both measurements). The mean chemical composition of the fat-free partial empty body was 73.2% (SD 0.6) water, 22.7% (SD 0.9) protein, and 4.1% (SD 0.4) ash. Most of the variation in the concentration of empty body water was associated with variation in the concentration of fat (p<0.001). The live animal overall condition scores were correlated with fat mass and concentration (p=0.006 and p=0.013, respectively; n=10). Condition score over the rib region was highly correlated with fat mass and fat concentration (p=0.004 and p<0.001; n=10). Ultrasound measurements taken 10 cm cranial to the tailhead and 4 cm from midline, used to assess the thickness of rump fat, were correlated with condition score (p=0.001), and explained 71% of the variation in body fat mass (p=0.002; n=10).Nearly 50% of the variation in fat-free mass and partial empty body water mass were associated with variation in the impedance indices calculated from length and bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements (p=0.023 and p=0.026, respectively; n=10). CONCLUSIONS: At around 42% of expected mature weight, fillies were significantly more fat than colts. Condition scores were correlated with partial empty body fat mass, and there was a trend for higher scores in fillies compared to colts. Much of the variation in water or protein mass of the partial empty body could be explained by variations in LW. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurements of LW, rump fat and condition score are useful predictors of the chemical composition of foals at 5 months of age. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was investigate the effect of growing associated with different gender on circulating total and free iodothyronine concentrations during the first 13 mo of age in foals. In addition, we investigated the evolution of circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones during the first 3 d of weaning. Blood was collected from 13 clinically healthy Thoroughbred foals every month. All foals were weaned at the 4 mo and blood samples were taken also at 24, 48 and 72 h after weaning. The results obtained showed growing effects for tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) values (P < .001).
Serum T3 concentrations averaged respectively 2.89 and 0.29 nmol/L at 7 and 9 mo. Serum T4 concentrations averaged respectively 100.17 and 21.77 nmol/L at 1 and at 10 mo. Serum fT3 concentrations averaged respectively 6.96 and 1.50 pmol/L at 1 and 4 mo. Serum fT4 concentrations averaged respectively 31.40 and 4.93 pmol/L at 1 and 9 mo. Significant correlations between T3, T4, fT3 and fT4 with body weight (BW) and between T3, T4 and fT4 with age were observed.
Weaning effects (P < .001) were shown for T3 and fT4 levels. No differences (P > .05) in T4 and fT3 levels were observed over the 3-day period. Gender effects (P < .001) were shown for T3, T4, fT3, and fT4 levels. Significant correlations between T4 and fT4 with BW and age were observed in colts and fillies. T3 concentrations were correlated with age only in colts and fT3 with BW only in colts. The results obtained seem to lend support to the recognized effects of growing and weaning in modulating the thyroid function of Thoroughbred foals. In fact, significant and differentiated effects of growing and weaning on total and free iodothyronine levels have been demonstrated. 相似文献
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MSK.L. Fletcher PhDD.R. Topliff PhDS.R. Cooper PhDD.W. Freeman PhDR.D. Geisert 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2000,20(2)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate serum osteocalcin concentrations in normal weanling and yearling Quarter Horses. In Experiment 1, jugular blood samples were taken at 3 hr intervals for 24 hr to evaluate diurnal changes in serum osteocalcin concentration of foals (n=3) and yearlings (n=5). In Experiment 2, twelve Quarter Horse foals were weaned at 4 months of age to determine the influence of sex, weaning and method of weaning of serum osteocalcin concentration. The third experiment utilized fifteen yearling Quarter Horses (7 geldings, 8 fillies) in a two-phase trial to evaluate normal peripheral osteocalcin concentration in sedentary and exercising horses. In Experiment 1, there was no detectable variation (P>.05) in serum osteocalcin concentration during the 24 hr sample period in either age group. In Experiment 2, colts had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than fillies at weaning. Method of weaning did not alter mean serum osteocalcin concentration (P>.1). Serum osteocalcin concentrations declined (P<.05) in all horses following weaning but returned to preweaning levels within one week. In Experiment 3, sedentary horses had similar (P>.1) osteocalcin concentrations on d 0, 45 and 90. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of sedentary horses were not affected by sex (P>.1). During exercise, fillies had greater (P<.05) osteocalcin concentrations than geldings. Serum osteocalcin concentrations of all horses declined linearly (P<.0001) during the 90 d exercise period. Osteocalcin may be useful as a tool to assess bone metabolism during growth and physical conditioning in horses. However, variability in serum osteocalcin concentrations due to age, sex and level of activity suggest that these factors must also be considered. 相似文献
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An investigation of the effect of hesperidin complex and lemon bioflavonoid complex on growth and development of thoroughbred horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Hesperidin Complex and Lemon Bioflavonoid Complex (HC/LBC) on the growth and development of thoroughbred horses. The trial involved twenty-four foals (12 colts, 12 fillies) allotted to treatment shortly after weaning. The study was conducted for a 342-d growing phase and a 153-d training phase, or a total of 495-d. The HC/LBC was included in the test diet at a level calculated to supply the compound at 55 mg X kg body weight-1 X d-1. During the growing phase, average daily gain of colts that received HC/LBC was higher (P less than .05) than gain of control fillies but not different from that of treated and control colts. No differences (P greater than .05) in daily gain due to treatment were observed during the growing phase, training phase, or the data for the combined growing and training phases. Differences between treatments in changes in height at the withers and knees during the growing phase were not significant. In the training phase, average daily height change values for colts was higher (P less than .05) than that of fillies; however, these differences were not related to diet treatment. Radiographs were taken of the epiphyseal plate of the knee initially and at approximately 120-d intervals. No differences (P greater than .05) were noted between diet treatments through d 365 of the trial. Radiographs taken upon termination of the trail (495 d) showed a difference (P less than .05) favoring fillies over colts, but no differences related to diet treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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In order to assess which laboratorial parameters need specific age- and/or gender-related reference values, hematological and biochemical profiles (including hormones) were performed in 205 Spanish foals of 5 groups: A (1-2 months; 20 fillies, 10 colts), B (2-3 months; 24 fillies, 18 colts), C (3-6 months; 25 fillies, 16 colts), D (6-9 months; 20 fillies, 23 colts) and E (9-12 months; 25 fillies, 15 colts). Additionally, 120 adult horses were sampled in order to establish baseline data for this breed in our laboratory. Group E had lower red blood cell number and mean cell volume than B, C and D, and neutrophil count was lower in A. Albumin was lower in A than in D, lactate was higher in B, C and D, CK, AST and K were higher in C. In D and E, cortisol was lower and adrenaline was higher. Urea progressively increases, whereas ALP decreases with age. Packed cell volume was higher in fillies of group A, creatinine was higher in colts of group E and fillies of groups B, C, and D had higher aldosterone than colts. In comparison to Spanish adult horses, mean cell volume, albumin, urea, CK, AST, LDH, and ALP requires specific ranges for foals. 相似文献
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《Domestic animal endocrinology》1996,13(3):197-209
The effects of dam parity, age at weaning, and preweaning diet were examined in the ontogeny of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in foals. Foals born to 13 primiparous and 19 multiparous draft-cross mares were weighed and bled near birth. About one-half of the foals in each group were weaned early (about 13 wk old); the remaining foals were weaned late (about 16 wk of age). Pooled values for serum IGF-I concentrations between birth and 17 wk of age were higher (P < 0.065) for foals born to multiparous (386 ng/ml) than to primiparous mares (237.5 ng/ml). Colts (378 ng/ml) had higher (P < 0.05) serum IGF-I concentrations than fillies (254.5 ng/ml), regardless of dam parity. Colts (173.5 kg) also tended (P = 0.12) to be heavier than fillies (159.2 kg). Weaning, whether at 13 or 16 wk of age, reduced (P < 0.05) growth rates and serum IGF-I concentrations. Serum IGF-I values recovered to preweaning values within 1–3 wk postweaning concurrent to an improved weight gain. Fifteen 1-d-old foals in a second study were fed milk replacer for 7 wk and were compared with five foals that nursed their mares for 8 wk. During the first 2 wk, replacer-fed foals (0.46 kg/d) did not gain as rapidly (P < 0.03) as mare-nursed foals (1.73 kg/d). The associated serum IGF-I values for replacer foals (139.4 ng/ml) were lower (P < 0.0001) than values for mare-nursed foals (317.4 ng/ml). Despite similarity in gains for both groups thereafter, serum IGF-I concentrations of replacer-fed foals were only 36 and 60% of values obtained for mare-nursed foals at 8 (weaning) and 18 wk of age, respectively. The intrinsic differences between mare-nursed and milk-replacer foals in serum IGF-I concentrations persisted to 1 yr of age despite similarities in dietary management and body weight of the foals. At 1 yr of age, the serum IGF-I concentration of mare-nursed foals (1,203 ng/ml) was 48% higher than that of replacer-fed foals (815 ng/ml). These data indicate that dam parity, sex of foal, and preweaning nutrition affect the ontogeny of serum IGF-I concentration in the foal. The chronic, persistent difference in serum IGF-I values created by the early nutritional management of growing animals has implications in the interpretation of longitudinal serum IGF-I studies in all species. 相似文献
10.
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of age at weaning in combination with different weaning procedures on 2 breeds of lambs (Merinoland, Rhoenschaf). Lambs were either weaned at 8 or 16 wk of age in 2 stages or with the traditional method of weaning by abrupt separation. In the 2-stage treatment, lambs were prevented from nursing their dam for 1 wk (stage 1) before their separation (stage 2). Control animals were nursed by their dams until they were separated. Lamb BW and behavior (vocalization, agitation) were recorded before and after separation. After separation, lambs weaned at 8 wk of age had greater (P = 0.004) ADG compared with lambs weaned at 16 wk of age. Control lambs had greater (P < 0.001) agitation scores [1 = no agitation (normal behavior; i.e., feeding, resting, lying, standing, or play behavior) to 3 = high agitation (continuously moving, restlessness, or vocalization)] irrespective of weaning age and breed. On the day of separation, 2-stage lambs had scores from 1.17 to 1.35, whereas control lambs were scored from 1.70 to 1.79. After separation, lambs weaned in 2 stages vocalized up to 98.2% less (P = 0.001) than control animals. Furthermore, bleats were greater for Rhoenschaf lambs and at a weaning age of 8 wk (P < 0.05). Differences between treatments were greatest on the day of separation. Vocalization decreased continuously within the first 3 d of weaning to zero. Lambs weaned in 2 stages were less distressed than lambs weaned by the traditional method of abrupt separation based on behavioral data, but ADG until 12 and 16 wk of age did not differ (P > 0.05) for either treatment in this study. 相似文献
11.
Brown-Douglas CG Parkinson TJ Firth EC Fennessy PF 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2005,53(5):326-331
AIM: To examine the growth of spring- and autumn-born Thoroughbred foals raised on pasture. METHODS: Bodyweight and growth rates were measured in pasture-raised Thoroughbred horses, born in either spring (n=56) or autumn (n=7), from birth to approximately 13 and 17 months of age. RESULTS: Birthweight tended to be lower in autumn- than spring-born foals (54.4, SD 7.92 kg vs 57.3, SD 5.90 kg; p=0.08). Between birth and 6 months of age, there was no difference in growth rate at equivalent ages between horses born in spring and autumn. Spring-born horses, which were weaned in the autumn, had lower post-weaning growth rates than autumn-born horses that were weaned in the spring. At time of the late yearling sales (March-April) in the Southern Hemisphere, unadjusted mean bodyweights of autumn-born horses (379.3, SD 24.8 kg) were lower (p=0.017) than those of the spring-born horses (437.2, SD 35.3 kg), although values in the autumn-born horses were all within two standard deviations (SD) of the mean of the spring-born animals. When adjusted for the covariates of birthweight and gender, the difference between spring- and autumn-born horses at that time was not significant (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some autumn-born foals could be marketed for late yearling sales in the Southern Hemisphere, on the basis of bodyweight. Furthermore, they might also be competitive in the Northern Hemisphere industry (sales or racing), as they would be competing against horses of the same official age. 相似文献
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CG Brown-Douglas TJ Parkinson EC Firth PF Fennessy 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):326-331
AIM: To examine the growth of spring- and autumn-born Thoroughbred foals raised on pasture. METHODS: Bodyweight and growth rates were measured in pasture-raised Thoroughbred horses, born in either spring (n=56) or autumn (n=7), from birth to approximately 13 and 17 months of age. RESULTS: Birthweight tended to be lower in autumn- than spring-born foals (54.4, SD 7.92 kg vs 57.3, SD 5.90 kg; p=0.08). Between birth and 6 months of age, there was no difference in growth rate at equivalent ages between horses born in spring and autumn. Spring-born horses, which were weaned in the autumn, had lower post-weaning growth rates than autumn-born horses that were weaned in the spring. At time of the late yearling sales (March–April) in the Southern Hemisphere, unadjusted mean bodyweights of autumn-born horses (379.3, SD 24.8 kg) were lower (p=0.017) than those of the spring-born horses (437.2, SD 35.3 kg), although values in the autumn-born horses were all within two standard deviations (SD) of the mean of the spring-born animals. When adjusted for the covariates of birthweight and gender, the difference between spring- and autumn-born horses at that time was not significant (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some autumn-born foals could be marketed for late yearling sales in the Southern Hemisphere, on the basis of bodyweight. Furthermore, they might also be competitive in the Northern Hemisphere industry (sales or racing), as they would be competing against horses of the same official age. 相似文献
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Serum samples from 15 suckling foals, 119 days of age, of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred breeding, that were weaned at either 140 days of age (EW) or 182 days of age (LW) were used to measure changes in vitamin K status over time and to assess the effect of age at weaning on vitamin K status. Jugular venous blood samples were collected from each foal at the start of the experiment and 21-day intervals thereafter, with the exception of a one-week interval post-weaning in both groups. The study continued for 84 days post-weaning in both groups. Serum was analyzed for total osteocalcin and hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin (HABOC) which was calculated as follows: HABOC = [(total serum osteocalcin — serum osteocalcin following extraction of serum with hydroxyapatite)/total serum osteocalcin]x100. Osteocalcin's capacity to bind hydroxyapatite is vitamin K-dependant and, therefore, is used as a marker of vitamin K status. Hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin increased (quadratic; P<0.01) over the experimental period regardless of weaning age, indicating an increase in vitamin K status in both weaning groups. In addition, there was a tendency for an age at weaning by time interaction (P=0.056) on serum HABOC. This tendency was due to significantly higher HABOC at 182 days of age for EW as compared to LW (P<0.05). After 182 days of age, HABOC was not different between EW and LW. Serum osteocalcin decreased (linear; P<0.01) in both weaning groups over the experimental period. In conclusion, vitamin K status increased and serum osteocalcin decreased with age. In addition, vitamin K status tended to increase at a greater rate in foals weaned early as compared to those weaned late. 相似文献
15.
Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin were measured in 9 Thoroughbred and 4 Quarter Horse (QH) foals. Eight were colts, and 5 were fillies. The first blood sample was collected from foals between 10 and 14 hours after birth on day 1. Blood then was collected on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 112 between 7:00 and 9:00 am. Serum bone metabolism marker raw data were analyzed with analysis of variance with repeated measures over time with gender and breed in the model. Average serum osteocalcin concentrations were higher for Thoroughbred than QH foals: 152.1 ± 4.6 ng/mL and 131.3 ± 6.3 ng/mL (mean ± standard error), respectively (P = .01). No overall differences were seen for gender (P = .10). However, on day 1, colts had higher osteocalcin than did fillies at 199.6 ± 30.2 ng/mL and 93.8 ± 32.4 ng/mL, respectively (P = .04). Thoroughbred foals had higher average serum BALP concentrations than did QH foals, with average values of 260.8 ± 13.4 U/L and 205.1 ± 18.5 U/L, respectively (P = .02). No gender differences were seen for serum BALP (P = .48). Serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of Type I procollagen (PICP) concentrations could not be measured in this study because the Metra Biosystems assay for PICP could not be validated.
Introduction
Bone synthesis by the osteoblast can be divided into 3 phases: proliferation, matrix development and maturation, and mineralization.1 Gene expression of type I collagen takes place during the proliferation of the osteoblast cells. The expression of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) reaches its maximum during matrix maturation and declines as matrix mineralization starts. The osteocalcin gene is expressed during matrix mineralization.When type I collagen is produced as procollagen and released into the extracellular space, the amino and carboxyterminal propeptides of type I procollagen (PINP and PICP, respectively) are cleaved off.2 Serum PICP has been shown to be a good marker for bone formation in metabolic bone diseases.3 In Thoroughbred fillies, PICP has an inverse relationship with age, with highest values found in animals less than 1 year of age.4 Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been measured in the young foal and is highest at birth, decreasing to a constant level by 2 months of age.5, 6 and 7 Serum BALP constitutes 60% to 92% of the total serum ALP in the horse and is highest in the foal.4 and 8 As the foal matures, there is an inverse relationship between age and serum BALP.4 and 9 Serum osteocalcin in foals less than 6 months of age has not been reported as having the same age-related pattern as serum BALP.10However, younger horses have higher serum osteocalcin values than mature horses.11, 12 and 13 Davicco et al14 showed plasma osteocalcin age-related changes for Thoroughbred foals with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Plasma osteocalcin was low at birth, increased to day 8, and then dropped to day 15. The objective of this study was to establish normal ranges and age-related changes in serum BALP, PICP, and osteocalcin in the foal with enzyme-linked immunospecific assays (ELISAs).Materials and methods
Four Quarter Horse (QH; 2 fillies and 2 colts) and 9 Thoroughbred (3 fillies and 6 colts) foals were included in the study from birth through 112 days of age. Foals were born from February 5 to May 13, 1998. Mares and foals were housed on 40 acres of Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture and fed a 15% crude protein (as fed) sweet feed. Body scores were recorded every 28 days on a scale from 1 to 9.15 Concentrate was fed to each mare at 1.5 kg/100 kg body weight daily and was increased by 20% for each body condition score below 5 and decreased by 20% for each body condition score above 5. Mares were individually fed in 3.6 × 3.6—m stalls twice daily, with foals allowed access to the mares feed. Trace mineral salt blocks were available in the pastures. Water was available at all times.Blood was collected from foals between 10 and 14 hours after birth on day 1. Blood then was collected on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 112 after morning feedings. Except for day 1, all blood samples were collected between 7:00 and 9:00 am. All blood samples were collected with jugular venipuncture into a glass vacutainer containing no additives or anticoagulants and were allowed to clot. Serum was separated and frozen at −20°C within 4 hours of collection. All samples were analyzed within 6 months of collection.The Alkphase-B immunoassay for the determination of BALP (Metra Biosystems, Mountainview, Calif) and the NovoCalcin immunoassay for determination of osteocalcin (Metra Biosystems), used in this study, have been previously validated in the horse.16 and 17 The Prolagen-C immunoassy for determination of the PICP (Metra Biosystems) has not been previously validated in the horse.17Serum bone metabolism marker raw data were analyzed with analysis of variance with repeated measures over time with gender and breed in the model. Analyses were performed with Statistical Analysis System with proc glm for the analysis of variances.18Results
Average serum osteocalcin concentration for the testing period was higher for Thoroughbred than QH foals: 152.1 ± 4.6 and 131.3 ± 6.3 ng/mL (mean ± standard error), respectively (P = .01). No overall differences were seen for gender (P = .10). However, on day 1, colts had higher osteocalcin concentrations than did fillies at 199.6 ± 30.2 ng/mL and 93.8 ± 32.4 ng/mL (P = .04; Fig 1).| Full-size image (4K) |
The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 2.3%, 4.4%, and 10.3% for 4.7, 20.7, and 159.4 ng/mL osteocalcin serum pools. Interassay CV was 5.4%, 4.8%, and 6.1% for 2.3, 6.4, and 24.1 ng/mL osteocalcin serum pools.Thoroughbred foals had higher average serum BALP concentrations than did QH foals, with average values of 260.8 ± 13.4 U/L and 205.1 ± 18.5 U/L, respectively (P = .02). Daily serum BALP breed differences were detected only on days 12 and 112, with Thoroughbred foals having higher values than QH foals at 240.4 ± 18.4 U/L versus 168.6 ± 24.2 U/L (P = .05) and 172.3 ± 14.3 U/L versus 107.6 ± 23.2 U/L (P = .05; Fig 2).
| Full-size image (4K) |
No gender differences were seen (P = .48; Fig 2). The intraassay CV was 3.6%, 2.8%, and 4.7% for the 51.9, 139.4, and 401.8 U/L BALP serum pools. Interassay CV was 5.78%, 11.8%, and 13.7% for the 15.8, 71.3, and 145.6 U/L BALP serum pools.The Prolagen-C immunoassay procedure for the determination of PICP used in this study could not be validated. Linearity for serial dilutions of serum samples could not be shown. Therefore, no PICP data are shown.
Discussion
Early age-related changes in plasma osteocalcin have been previously reported for the foal with RIA.14 Plasma osteocalcin levels were low at birth, increased to day 8, and then dropped to day 15. This study supports those trends in plasma levels of osteocalcin. However, as Hoyt and Siciliano16 observed, serum osteocalcin values determined with the immunoassay (Metra Biosystems) were higher than those observed with RIA. The antibody specificities may be different between the 2 assays. Thoroughbred foals had higher average serum osteocalcin than QH foals, which supports findings that serum osteocalcin differs among breeds.19 No gender differences had previously been reported for serum osteocalcin in horses of different ages, but when foals are stressed by weaning or exercise, gender differences were seen.12 and 20 Although no overall gender differences were seen in this study, on day 1, colts had higher serum osteocalcin than fillies. Plasma cortisol is high in the newborn foal.21 Although no serum cortisol was measured in this study, there may be different levels of cortisol or different responses to cortisol between the colts and fillies as a result of foaling. Because glucocorticoid administration results in suppressed serum osteocalcin in the horse,22 it would be of great value to understand the relationship between gender and cortisol in the neonatal foal.Serum BALP (making up most of serum ALP) values in the neonatal foal, extensively documented in this study, are in agreement with the measurements of serum ALP established in earlier reports.5, 6 and 7 Serum BALP is high at birth and decreases to a lower level by 2 months of age. Average serum BALP is higher in Thoroughbred foals than QH foals, and there are no gender serum BALP differences. No other reports for breed or gender differences concerning serum BALP in the horse have been documented. Likewise, in newborn humans, no serum BALP gender differences have been observed for the first 10 weeks of life.23Price24 and Jackson et al9 used the radioimmunoassay provided by Orion Diagnostica to determine PICP concentrations.4 and 9 Because the Metra Biosystems PICP procedure could not be validated in this study, no comparison with reported data could be made.Conclusion
Serum BALP and osteocalcin concentrations were measured during the first 112 days of age with age, gender, and breed ranges for the foals being established when ELISA assays are used (Metra Biosystems). Because the total number of animals was small and variability of the data was large, the statistical power to detect meaningful differences for gender and breed was small. However, the data presented show trends of serum bone formation markers, some statistical differences for gender and breed, and variability of the foal during the first 112 days of age. In agreement with Price,24 a single measurement of a serum bone metabolism marker is of little clinical value, especially for the young foal where the variability is high. Because RIA ranges are typically lower than with ELISA assays for serum osteocalcin, the type of assay used should be considered when comparing serum osteocalcin levels between experiments. For use of serum markers to assess bone metabolism in the foal, the relationship of these markers with foal maturation, endocrinology, and skeletal growth needs to be resolved. 相似文献16.
The aim of this study was to estimate the emotional response to novelty and to expectation of novelty in young race horses. The novelty in this study was the first training on an automated horse walker at a new training center. To estimate the level of emotionality in horses, the telemetric measurement of heart rate (HR) was used. A hypothesis was developed that expectation of novelty can be as exciting for horses as a novelty test. In this study, 40 horses were studied just before and then during their first walk on an automated horse walker. They were divided into four groups, with 10 horses in each group. These groups were as follows: (1) 1.5-year-old Thoroughbred colts, (2) 1.5-year-old Thoroughbred fillies, (3) 2.5-year-old Purebred Arabian colts, and (4) 2.5-year-old Purebred Arabian fillies. HR was measured at rest before exercise, during handling and moving the horse from the stable, while walking on the automated horse walker for about 20 minutes, while moving the horse from the walker to the stable, and at rest after exercise. HR response to the anticipation of novelty was higher in colts than in fillies, particularly in the group of Thoroughbreds. 相似文献
17.
断奶日龄对五指山仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究断奶日龄对五指山仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选取日龄相近(±1 d)、体重[(0.56±0.07)kg]相近的五指山仔猪96头,随机分成4组,每组设4个重复,每个重复6头猪。4组仔猪分别在21、28、35和42日龄断奶。试验从8日龄开始,至56日龄结束,试验期间定期测定体重、采食量和血清生化指标。结果表明:各组仔猪断奶后平均日增重(ADG)出现不同程度的下降,且断奶日龄越早,ADG下降幅度越大;35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组21~28日龄、28~35日龄、35~42日龄、49~56日龄阶段的ADG显著高于21日龄断奶组(P0.05)。各组仔猪断奶后平均日采食量(ADFI)显著增加(P0.05),42日龄以后,各组ADFI无显著差异(P0.05)。21日龄断奶组、28日龄断奶组、35日龄断奶组血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量以及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性在断奶后7 d均发生显著变化(P0.05),并以21日龄断奶组波动最大;与35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组相比,21日龄断奶组28、35日龄时血清TP、ALB、IgG、IgM含量显著降低(P0.05),ALT、AST、LDH活性显著提高(P0.05),到56日龄时,血清TP、IgG、IgM含量仍显著低于35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组(P0.05)。21日龄断奶组血清甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHOL)含量在28~56日龄间存在显著变化(P0.05),35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组血清TG、CHOL含量在整个试验期内均无显著变化(P0.05)。35日龄断奶组血清TP、ALB、IgG、IgM含量以及ALT、AST、LDH活性除在42日龄时与42日龄断奶组存在显著差异(P0.05)外,其余时间点与42日龄断奶组均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,35或42日龄断奶的五指山仔猪在生长性能、血清生化指标及免疫机能方面优于21日龄断奶的五指山仔猪。 相似文献
18.
JR GILKERSON DN LOVE HE DRUMMER MJ STUDDERT JM WHALLEY 《Australian veterinary journal》1998,76(10):677-682
Objective To investigate the seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in foals around weaning and after weaning on two large Thoroughbred farms using a type-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine exposure to infection.
Design A longitudinal population study in groups of Thoroughbred weanling foals.
Study population Two hundred weanling Thoroughbred foals from a population of about 380 foals were enrolled on two adjacent stud farms in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Foals on both farms were weaned from February to May 1995 into randomly selected groups of 10 to 15 foals. Farms were selected because of their willingness to cooperate in the survey and because their detailed records of foals and their movements. They were representative of well-managed large Thoroughbred stud farms in New South Wales. Both studs had upper respiratory tract disease among weanling foals around weaning each year although the sero-prevalence of viral respiratory disease on either farm was not known before the study.
Procedure Serum was collected from foals within each group at fortnightly intervals from 9th February until 1st June 1995, and at a single follow-up period in August 1995. Each sample was tested in triplicate using an antibody-detection ELISA which is type-specific for EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibodies.
Results and conclusions There was serological evidence of EHV-1 infection both before and after weaning. The prevalence of EHV-1 antibody in the sample population increased during the study and individual cases of EHV-1 infection were identified. The increase was caused both by the seroconversion of foals within the groups and by the recruitment into the study of foals with pre-existing EHV-1 antibody. Evidence of EHV-1 infection in Thoroughbred foals after weaning has not been reported previously in Australia and this has implications for vaccination regimens. 相似文献
Design A longitudinal population study in groups of Thoroughbred weanling foals.
Study population Two hundred weanling Thoroughbred foals from a population of about 380 foals were enrolled on two adjacent stud farms in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Foals on both farms were weaned from February to May 1995 into randomly selected groups of 10 to 15 foals. Farms were selected because of their willingness to cooperate in the survey and because their detailed records of foals and their movements. They were representative of well-managed large Thoroughbred stud farms in New South Wales. Both studs had upper respiratory tract disease among weanling foals around weaning each year although the sero-prevalence of viral respiratory disease on either farm was not known before the study.
Procedure Serum was collected from foals within each group at fortnightly intervals from 9th February until 1st June 1995, and at a single follow-up period in August 1995. Each sample was tested in triplicate using an antibody-detection ELISA which is type-specific for EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibodies.
Results and conclusions There was serological evidence of EHV-1 infection both before and after weaning. The prevalence of EHV-1 antibody in the sample population increased during the study and individual cases of EHV-1 infection were identified. The increase was caused both by the seroconversion of foals within the groups and by the recruitment into the study of foals with pre-existing EHV-1 antibody. Evidence of EHV-1 infection in Thoroughbred foals after weaning has not been reported previously in Australia and this has implications for vaccination regimens. 相似文献
19.
Intakes of milk and milk nutrients were determined for 8 foals at 11-18 days of age and for 10 foals at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age while sucking grazing mares. Water intakes (sources other than milk) of the foals were determined at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age. Five of the 10 mares were fed a protein supplement (24% crude protein) in addition to grazing during the stud season. The protein supplement did not influence foal intakes of milk and milk nutrients, milk composition, weight gains of the mares or the growth rate of the foals. Foal milk intakes increased (P less than 0.05) from 16.9 kg/day at 11-18 days to 18.1 kg/day at 60-74 days of age. The water intakes of the foals increased (P less than 0.01) from 3.9 kg/day at 30-44 days to 5.5 kg/day at 60-74 days of age. Total fluid intakes per kg foal liveweight were 246, 202 and 172 g at 11-18, 30-44 and 60-74 days of age, respectively. For each kg of weight gain, foals consumed 12.8, 15.7 and 16.4 kg milk at 11-18, 30-44 and 60-74 days of age. Stage of lactation had a significant effect on the total solids, lactose and protein content of milk. The fat and gross energy content of milk remained constant. 相似文献
20.
This study was aimed at investigating the long‐term effects of provision of liquid milk replacer (MR) and solid starter diet (SD) during lactation on post‐weaning (PW) growth of pigs. In experiment 1, 33 cross‐bred litters were allotted to four treatments: no supplement (CON), MR ad libitum, SD ad libitum and 100 g SD/litter/day from lactation day 4 through weaning at day 21 during late fall. In experiment 2, 40 litters received MR or none in July. PW pigs received commercial diets to marketing. In experiment 1, weaning weight (WW), pre‐weaning average daily gain (ADG) and mortality (2.4%) were not influenced by creep‐feeding MR or SD. ADG was greater (P < 0.05) in the MR group versus CON during days 21–54, but did not differ across the treatments during days 54–162. In experiment 2, ADG during lactation and WW were greater in the MR group versus CON, with mortality lower in the former (5.6 vs. 10.3%). However, PW ADG to day 175 did not differ between the two groups. Results suggest that creep‐feeding MR or SD has no effect on PW growth. However, it remains possible that MR reduces PW mortality during the hot season. 相似文献