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1.
A.C. Glenday M.A. B.Sc. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(12):217-223
Faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. The survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Dama dama). Gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and Elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with C. elaphus. Faecal egg and larval counts were generally low. There was a significant relationship between the presence of Elaphostrongylus and the introduction of deer from Southland/Fiordland. Fenbendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole were the most frequently used anthelmintics of the 14 reported. Drenching programmes were extremely varied. 相似文献
2.
R.J. Sutherland B.V.Sc. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(11):263-266
Abstract Extract In January 1975, Elaphostrongylus cervi was identified in material derived from red deer in the Fiordland National Park (Mason et al., 1976). This paper describes lesions associated with the presence of adult worms in the fascia and epimysium of skeletal muscles, lesions in lymph nodes, and lung lesions resulting from the presence of the first stage larvae of Elaphostrongylus cervi. This parasite is also known to cause meningo-encephalitis and spinal demyelination with consequent ataxia in red deer (Dykova, 1969). 相似文献
3.
A A Gajadhar S V Tessaro W D Yates 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1994,35(7):433-437
A modified Baermann assay was used to recover dorsal-spined, first stage larvae of Elaphostrongylus cervi from feces and lungs of red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) from three of four herds imported from New Zealand into Canadian quarantine facilities. Tests done on a series of fecal collections showed that larval output from infected red deer was low and sporadic, casting doubt on the efficacy of the Baermann assay to detect all infected individuals in the herds. The animals had passed repeated preembarkation Baermann tests for E. cervi in New Zealand. Seven larvae recovered from these red deer were used to establish a patent infection in a naive red deer. The prepatent period was 206 days and larval shedding was intermittent. Elaphostrongylus cervi is a foreign animal parasite in continental North America, which could become irrevocably established if it were introduced. The data reported indicates that there is currently no reliable method for the detection of E. cervi infection. 相似文献
4.
Faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. The survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (Cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (Dama dama). Gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and Elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with C. elaphus. Faecal egg and larval counts were generally low. There was a significant relationship between the presence of Elaphostrongylus and the introduction of deer from Southland/Fiordland. Fenbendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole were the most frequently used anthelmintics of the 14 reported. Drenching programmes were extremely varied. 相似文献
5.
Extract Sir, — We wish to record the identification of the nematodes Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch, 1782) Railliet and Henry, 1907; and Elaphostrongylus cervi Cameron, 1931, from the wapiti (Cervus canadensis). 相似文献
6.
Protostrongylid larvae were recovered from the faeces or lungs of red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Scotland during 1981. Typical protostrongylid first-stage larvae were also recovered from possible intermediate hosts, the grey field slug (Agriolimax reticulata) and the white-soled slug (Arion fasciatus). All these protostrongylid larvae were microscopically identical to those of the nematode Elaphostrongylus cervi. Despite careful search, adult E cervi were not found, but it is concluded that infection with E cervi is widespread in Scottish deer. 相似文献
7.
Böhm M White PC Daniels MJ Allcroft DJ Munro R Hutchings MR 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,171(2):287-294
Monitoring the health of wildlife populations is important for understanding and controlling the risk of infections to livestock, humans and/or other wildlife. In this paper, we analyse the results of surveys of parasites and non-specific signs of diseases carried out on organs from 638 red and 107 sika deer culled in four regions of Scotland between 1991 and 1997. Infections of the lung by Elaphostrongylus spp. were significantly greater in red than sika deer. Older animals were more heavily infected with Elaphostrongylus spp. and Sarcocystis spp., and infections with Sarcocystis spp. tended to be heavier in more recent years. The results suggest that a combination of key indicator parasite species and non-specific signs of disease may be useful for monitoring the health of wildlife populations at a national scale. However, they also demonstrate that such monitoring needs to be long-term, carried out according to standard protocols and at an appropriate resolution to enable integration with data on other potentially influential environmental factors. 相似文献
8.
9.
The aim of the present study was to determine the whole nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame of the sex‐determining region Y (SRY‐ORF) in wild sika deer. The SRY gene of wild sika deer was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA from blood samples. The whole nucleotide sequence of the SRY‐ORF in wild sika deer consisted of 687 bp and encoded 229 deduced amino acids. In comparison with the bovine SRY gene, the percentage of nucleotide sequence homology was 91.0% in the overall ORF, and those of the N‐terminal, high mobility group (HMG) box, and C‐terminal regions within ORF were 88.9%, 96.2% and 87.9%, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of sika deer SRY‐ORF characterized in the present study can be used for phylogenetic analysis or sexing in wild sika deer. 相似文献
10.
Wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis represent serious obstacles to the eradication of tuberculosis in domestic livestock and the cause for many faltering bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. One approach in dealing with wildlife reservoirs of disease is to interrupt inter‐species and intraspecies transmission through vaccination of deer or cattle. To evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccination in white‐tailed deer, 35 deer were assigned to one of three groups; one s.c. dose of 107 CFU of M. bovis BCG Pasteur (n = 12); 1 s.c. dose of 107 CFU of M. bovis BCG Danish (n = 11); or unvaccinated deer (n = 12). After vaccination, deer were inoculated intratonsilarly with virulent M. bovis. Lesion severity scores of the medial retropharyngeal lymph node, as well as all lymph nodes combined, were reduced in vaccinated deer compared to unvaccinated deer. BCG Danish vaccinated deer had no late stage granulomas characterized by coalescent caseonecrotic granulomas containing numerous acid‐fast bacilli compared to BCG Pasteur vaccinated or unvaccinated deer where such lesions were present. Both BCG strains were isolated as late as 250 days after vaccination from deer that were vaccinated but not challenged. In white‐tailed deer, BCG provides protection against challenge with virulent M. bovis. Issues related to vaccine persistence, safety and shedding remain to be further investigated. 相似文献
11.
Kenta WADA Kazuhiro OKUMURA Masahide NISHIBORI Yoshiaki KIKKAWA Michinari YOKOHAMA 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(5):551-557
We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand. The genome was 16 357 bp long and contained 13 protein‐coding genes, 12SrRNA, 16SrRNA, 22 tRNAs and a D‐loop as found in other mammals. Database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence from the New Zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtDNA sequences from the European, Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Spanish red deer (C. e. hispanicus). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial protein‐coding regions revealed two well‐defined monophyletic clades in subfamilies Cervinae and Muntiacinae. However, red deer and Sika deer were not found to be close relatives. The analysis did identify the red deer as a sister taxon of a Samber/Sika deer clade, although it was more closely related to the Samber than the Sika group. 相似文献
12.
In the present study, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied. Specifically, protein‐coding genes as mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunits (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and ND6), cytochrome c oxidase subunits (CO I and CO III), ATP synthase subunits (ATPase8 and ATPase6) and cytochrome b. Also, phylogenetic analyses on eight mammalian species were performed, including the Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). The rate of amino‐acid substitution was lowest (3.74%) between Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer, and the values between Yeso Sika deer and other species (sheep, cattle, horse, pig, mouse, human and chimpanzee) were 6.63%, 7.30%, 12.55%, 13.03%, 23.59%, 24.82% and 25.04%, respectively. Among them, the highest value of divergence was recognized in ATPase8, and the second structure of ATPase8 showed a difference between the Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer as a result of the substitution of 34His→Tyr and 49Thr→Ile. In addition, we identified a substitution of an amino‐acid sequence (19Thr→Ala) between the Yeso Sika deer and Yakushima Sika deer (C. n. yakushimae). From these results, ATPase8 was also a variable region in Cervidae. 相似文献
13.
To determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. The livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. Livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [Dama dama] and one sambar [Rusa unicolor]). Seventeen of the fallow deer were animals collected on farms near Jindabyne, New South Wales. The remaining fallow deer was collected in the Australian Capital Territory and one sambar deer was collected in north-eastern Victoria. Nine of the 17 deer (53%) from the Jindabyne area were either infected with Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) or had thickened bile ducts indicating past infection. Infection levels in the infected animals varied widely from 3 liver fluke to over 50 per liver. No sign of infection was present in the deer from the Australian Capital Territory or Victoria. Fallow deer are wide-spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south-eastern Australia, is important and increasing. 相似文献
14.
Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 504 deer from 1970 to 1983. It was first isolated from feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand in 1970, and from farmed deer in 1978. Cervine tuberculosis has emerged as a significant problem in farmed deer and in 1983 M. bovis was found on 40 different farms. Thirty-five isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare have been cultured from deer but were associated with clinical disease in only four cases. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium vaccae were isolated from deer but were not considered to be pathogenic. 相似文献
15.
We recently published a paper(1) documenting the success of head-only electrical stunning in red deer (Cervus elaphus). This work has now been extended to fallow deer (Dama dama) to determine whether there are differences between this species and red deer in terms of behavioural responses and effectiveness of electrical stunning. 相似文献
16.
AIM: To discover whether cross infection between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and cattle is possible with either a bovine isolate of the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, or with a cervine isolate of the lungworm, Dictyocaulus eckerti. METHOD: Twelve cattle and 12 red deer were reared parasitefree from birth. At 3–4 months of age, half of each group (n=6) were experimentally infected with D. viviparus and the other half with D. eckerti. The course of infection was monitored for 34 days, after which the animals were slaughtered and the lungs removed to assess levels of infection. RESULTS: Faecal larval counts demonstrated that patent Dictyocaulus infections occurred in all groups. At necropsy, adult worms were found in the lungs in all groups except the cattle that were infected with D. eckerti. The largest numbers of adult worms were found in the lungs of the red deer infected with D. eckerti. CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that both cattle and red deer could be infected with either D. viviparus or D. eckerti. However, D. eckerti larvae that originated from deer established more successfully in deer and D. viviparus larvae that originated from cattle established more successfully in cattle. 相似文献
17.
Seven species of Spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a gel‐diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine IgG antisera. Homologous ovine and caprine IgG were detected in sera from chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Homologous porcine IgG was detected in wild boar (Sus scrofa) serum. Immunoelectrophoretic assays were performed to compare the electrophoretic mobility of IgG from domestic and wild species. 相似文献
18.
G Stuve 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1986,27(3):397-409
The prevalence of Elaphostrongylus cervi infection in moose shot during the hunting season 1983 in 47 different municipalities in Southern Norway was studied. E. cervi seemed to occur endemically in the population, as infection was found in 35 % of 1,982 moose examined. Diagnosis was made on the basis of the presence of eggs and first-stage larvae (L1) and associated histopathological lesions in the lung, and on the presence of L1 in the faeces. The prevalence varied considerably between different municipalities. No relationship was found between the prevalence of E. cervi and the population density of moose. The highest prevalence was found in municipalities where red deer harbouring E. cervi were also present. The prevalence among males was higher than among females, and that among yearlings higher than among calves and adults. In no case was infection found in animals 51/2 years of age or older. Carcass weight in infected adult moose was significantly lower than in non-infected adults. 相似文献
19.
L Voss J Huaman C Pacioni A Tolpinrud K Helbig TG Carvalho SM Firestone 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(3):106-114
Coxiella burnetii causes significant reproduction losses in livestock and the disease Q fever in humans. Transmission of C. burnetii is facilitated by the stability of the bacterium in the environment and the susceptibility of a variety of host species to infection. Consequently, inter-species transmission occurs frequently through either direct or indirect contact. Wildlife may represent reservoirs of C. burnetii and could therefore be a source of infection for domestic animals. Understanding the prevalence of C. burnetii infections at the wildlife-livestock interface is important for disease control. This study aimed to investigate the extent of C. burnetii exposure in wild deer in eastern Australia. Serum samples were obtained from 413 wild deer from seven regions in four eastern Australian states from 2017 to 2020. Antibodies were detected using a commercial Q fever antibody kit validated for ruminants. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in deer was determined and true prevalence estimated, for each region. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in wild deer was 3.4% (14 seropositive of 413 deer sampled) with true prevalence estimated to be 4.3% (95% credible interval: 0.6%, 10.9%). Seropositive deer were identified only in Queensland (7/108 seropositive) and northern New South Wales (7/120 seropositive). This geospatial distribution is consistent with seropositivity in other animal species and indicative of the level of C. burnetii in the environment. The low seroprevalence suggests that wild deer are unlikely to be a major reservoir species for C. burnetii in eastern Australia but may still be implicated in inter-species transmission cycles. 相似文献
20.
R.C.W. Daniel B.V.Sc. M.Sc. B.E. Goulden B.V.Sc. Ph.D. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(8):150-151
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is a host for two louse species, Damalinia longicornis and Solenopotes burmeisteri. Little is known of their prevalence or population dynamics; numbers are likely to peak in winter. Numbers may increase secondarily to malnutrition or disease. Lice are unlikely to seriously affect deer health under most conditions. “Pour-on” insecticides have been used for treatment but their efficacy has not been critically assessed. Animals can be sprayed using garden spray equipment, providing that such equipment has not been used for other toxic chemicals such as weed killers. Little is known of the toxicity of insecticides for deer, so they should be used with care and not used on stressed animals. No lice have been recorded from the fallow deer (Dama dama) in New Zealand. Dictyocaulus viviparus infects red and fallow deer and can cause high mortalities of young farmed red deer in their first autumn and winter. In clinical cases respiratory signs are seldom obvious but loss of condition and dullness of coat may be evident. Clinical evidence and lung lesions suggest that the pathogenesis of disease may differ from that in cattle. Anthelmintics effective against D. viviparus in cattle are not necessarily effective in deer. Little is known of the significance of lungworm to farmed fallow deer. Research on lungworm in deer is urgently needed. 相似文献