首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The presence of free androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) was demonstrated in bovine skeletal muscle. Androgen receptor concentrations in neck muscle from cattle of different sexes and stages of development were related to hormonal status. In mature bulls (mean weight 600 kg), no free AR was detectable. Highest AR concentrations were measured in mature bulls (517 kg) castrated 24 h prior to slaughter (.85 +/- .21 fmol/mg protein). In female calves (155 kg), AR concentrations (.56 +/- .14 fmol/mg) were greater (P less than .01) than in male calves (.20 +/- .08 fmol/mg) of the same weight. Androgen receptors and ER in skeletal muscle of neck, shoulder, abdomen and hind leg of female and male calves were compared. There was no significant difference between AR concentrations in the neck, shoulder and hind leg, but concentrations were lower (P less than .05) in abdominal muscle. Estrogen receptor concentrations in neck, shoulder, abdomen and hind leg were not different between sexes (P less than .05). In male calves, ER content was lower (P less than .05) in abdominal than in other muscles. Estrogen receptor concentrations in muscles of female calves did not differ (P less than .05). The pronounced sensitivity to estrogens and androgens in the neck, shoulder, and hind leg of calves, being free of the respective hormone, may partly explain the characteristic conformation in calves treated with estrogenic and androgenic steroids and the sexual dimorphism of muscle growth.  相似文献   

2.
The extensor and flexor group muscles and their related muscles were functional-morphologically observed in the dead body of the giant panda to clarify the action of the forearm and the palm in the manipulation of the species. The Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris had two developed heads, however, we can conclude that the contraction of this muscle slightly changes the angle of the accessory carpal bone to the ulna. The data pointed out that the accessory carpal bone acts as a supporting post, when the giant panda seizes the object. The M. abductor digiti I longus possessed the well-developed origin in both ulna and radius. These findings suggest that this muscle may function as a supinator of the forearm. We also suggest that the well-developed M. pronator quadratus and M. pronator teres, and the proximal part of the M. abductor digiti I longus and the M. supinator may efficiently contribute to the pronator-spinator action of the forearm, when the giant panda brings the food to its mouth using the manipulation system equipped in the palm region.  相似文献   

3.
The splenius muscle in the dog is a triangular muscle extending from the third thoracic vertebra to the skull. It inserts on the nuchal line of the occipital bone and the mastoid part of the temporal bone and occasionally it also sends a strong serration to the transverse process of the axis. Here we describe a new, anomalous insertion of both the left and right splenius muscles in one young adult dog routinely prepared for anatomical dissection. In this dog, a group of muscle fibres diverged ventrolaterally from both the right and left splenial muscles to be inserted at the end of the transverse processes of the third cervical vertebra. This anomalous insertion of the splenius muscle corresponds to the splenius cervicis muscle present in other species.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To document computed tomography (CT) features in dogs with masticatory myositis. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 7 dogs with an immunologic diagnosis of masticatory myositis and an absence of clinical abnormalities of any skeletal muscles other than the masticatory muscles. PROCEDURES: History; clinical, hematologic, biochemical, immunologic, cytologic, and histologic findings; and pre- and postcontrast CT imaging features of masticatory muscles and head and neck lymph nodes were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: On CT images, changes in size (atrophy or swelling) were common for all masticatory muscles except the digastricus muscles, which were involved only in 1 dog. Pre-contrast attenuation changes, most often hypoattenuation with varied distribution patterns, were seen in masticatory muscles of 4 dogs. Contrast enhancement with a predominantly inhomogeneous distribution pattern was seen in the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles of all dogs. Head and neck lymph nodes were enlarged in all but 1 dog and had contrast enhancement with predominantly central or homogeneous distribution patterns. Muscle biopsy was performed in 6 dogs, with biopsy specimens obtained from areas that had the most obvious contrast enhancement on CT images. For all 6 dogs, biopsy specimens had histologic features indicative of masticatory myositis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that CT may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of masticatory myositis in dogs, including selection of sites for diagnostic muscle biopsy.  相似文献   

5.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure, in vivo, the volume of several organs and tissues of a total of 111 pigs (males and females) ranging in BW from 6.1 to 97.2 kg. In one experiment the in vivo MRI volumes were compared to tissue or organ weights obtained by dissection. For internal organs, the correlation (R2) between MRI volume and dissected weight ranged from 0.64 (SE of estimation = 65 g) for the heart to 0.90 (SE of estimation = 125 g) for the liver. The MRI volume of the kidneys was approximately 10% less than the dissected weight, whereas the MRI volumes of the heart, liver, and brain exceeded the weights of dissected organs by 13, 17, and 26%, respectively. For fat and muscle tissues, the correlation between MRI volume and dissected weight ranged from 0.82 (psoas muscle) to 0.97 (total right ham muscles). The MRI volume of the backfat and shoulder muscles exceeded the dissected weights by approximately 2%, whereas the MRI volumes of the ham muscles, jowl fat, longissimus muscle, and psoas muscle were 2, 8, 18 and 20% less than their respective weights. In another series of experiments, MRI volume measurements of fat and muscle regions (Jowl fat, backfat, shoulder muscles, LD muscles, psoas muscles, ham muscles, a 10-cm section of the longissimus muscles and overlying fat, and a 15-cm section of the ham muscles and overlying fat) were evaluated by stepwise regression for the prediction of total body fat, lean, and protein. The best prediction of percentage total body fat was obtained using the fat volume from the 10-cm section of longissimus muscle and the fat:muscle ratio from the 15-cm section of the ham (R2 = 0.9). The best prediction of percentage total body protein was obtained using a combination of the volumes (as a percentage of BW) of jowl fat, backfat, shoulder muscle, and ham muscle (R2 = 0.62). The combination fat volume from the 10-cm section of longissimus muscle, the fat:muscle ratio from the 15-cm section of the ham, and the lean volume percentage from the 15-cm section of ham provided the best prediction of the percentage of total body lean (R2 = 0.88).  相似文献   

6.
A small, separate, bony density dorsal to the shoulder joint is radiographically visible in several species of large hawks and owls. Gross dissection and histological examination show the bone to lie on the deep surface of the major deltoid muscle in intimate association with the dorsal coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint. The tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle passes immediately cranial to the humeroscapular bone. Two ligaments distinct from the shoulder joint capsule attach the humeroscapular bone to the proximal humerus: one passes to the proximal edge of the pectoral crest of the humerus, and the other passes to the ventral tubercle of the humerus. The bone was described as the humeroscapular bone in reference to a similar fibrocartilaginous structure possessed by some birds. The humeroscapular bone is present in the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), the screech owl (Otus asio), the barred owl (Strix varia), the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicencis), the Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and the sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus). The bone is absent in the barn owl (Tyto alba), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), the golden eagle (Aquila chysaetos), and the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), though some of these species possessed a similar fibrocartilaginous structure. Whether the humeroscapular structure develops as bone or cartilage in a given species may be related to other morphological features of the wing, and/or to characteristics of the predatory behavior of the species. Clinicians and anatomists dealing with birds of prey must be aware of the presence of the humeroscapular bone to avoid misinterpreting it as a fracture fragment.  相似文献   

7.
Objective Canine leishmaniosis is a disease characterized by the wide distribution of the parasite throughout the tissues of the host. The purpose of this study was to describe the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular‐associated muscles of dogs with patent leishmaniosis. Procedures Smooth muscles (iris dilator muscle, iris sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle, Müller muscle, smooth muscle of the periorbita and smooth muscle of the nictitating membrane) and striated muscles (orbicularis oculi muscle, obliquus dorsalis muscle and dorsal rectus muscle) were evaluated. Routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry to detect Leishmania spp. were performed on tissue sections. Results Granulomatous inflammation was seen surrounding muscular fibers and was composed mainly of macrophages with scattered lymphocytes and plasma cells. This infiltrate could be seen in 52/473 (10.99%) samples of smooth muscle and 36/142 (25.35%) samples of striated muscle. Parasites were detected in 43/473 (9.09%) samples of smooth muscle and in 28/142 (19.71%) samples of striated muscle. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report assessing the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated infiltrate in intraocular, extraocular and adnexal smooth and striated muscles. The inflammation present in those muscles could contribute to clinical signs already described, such as blepharitis, uveitis, and orbital cellulitis.  相似文献   

8.
168 Red Danish bulls were used in a 7 × 4 factorial experiment with seven slaughter weights (180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540 kg live weight) and four feeding levels (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of the feeding level practiced at the Egtved progeny test station).The maximum daily gain of live weight, carcass weight, lean and fat occurred at 270, 300, 275 and 480 kg live weight respectively. Maximum daily gain of bone occurred before 200 kg live weight. By reducing the level of feeding, the daily gain of fat was reduced more than that of lean and bone. This was especially so at the heavier slaughter weights.Feed conversion efficiency was better at the 85% feeding level than at the 100% level. This is contrary to what would be expected from the recommended energy feeding standards of many countries. The increase in energy requirement with increasing liveweight was higher than most recommended energy standards.At the lower slaughter weight, carcass composition was little influenced by feeding level. At the heavier weights the relative weights of lean and bone increased and fat decreased when the feeding levels were reduced.The relative weight of forerib + shoulder + neck (cut II) and especially the flank + brisket + flat ribs + foreshank (cut I) increased with increasing slaughter weight and the relative weight of the pistol (cut III) decreased. The relative weight of cut I, which was the fattest, increased with increasing feeding level. The relative weight of the pistol cut was independent of feeding level.40 muscles or muscle groups were dissected from the left side of 48 carcasses and weighed. The occipital muscles were the latest to develop and those in the legs the earliest. The muscles in the lumbar and abdominal region developed at a moderate rate. The feeding level affected the relative growth of some muscles.  相似文献   

9.
The left and right shoulder region of 19 healthy cattle and the left and right shoulders of six bovine cadavers were examined ultrasonographically using a 7.5 MHz linear and a 3.5 MHz convex transducer. The lateral shoulder muscles were successfully imaged in all cases; the joint space appeared as a funnel shaped interruption of the hyperechoic bone surfaces of the distal part of the scapula and the proximal and lateral part of the humeral head. In healthy cattle, the synovial cavities of the scapulohumeral joint, the bicipital bursa and the infraspinous bursa could not be clearly defined. After experimental filling with water, the synovial cavities could be differentiated as discrete anechoic zones. In this study, the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the soft tissue structures and bone surfaces of the scapula and proximal humerus is presented, providing basic reference data for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the bovine shoulder region.  相似文献   

10.
This study presents a comparative morphological and morphometrical examination of the interosseous muscle (IOM), digital flexor tendons and associated structures of all four species of South American Camelids (SACs): Lama (Lama glama), alpaca (Vicugna pacos), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna). Our findings show that the lamoid interosseous muscle and digital flexor tendons are very similar between species and differences, which have been reported previously, are possibly due to diverging examiner interpretation. Lumbricalis muscles were mostly found as single muscles in this study. The definition of the terminal and dorsal branches of the interosseous muscle is critically revised. The analysis of morphometric data indicates that the size of the individual has a substantial influence on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the examined structures. Metacarpal/metatarsal bone width is a main predictor of CSA, while the factor species only shows significance in specific sample points. For lama and alpaca, no differences in CSA in relation to species as factor were found. The IOM shows the largest CSAs of the three examined structures in all species, which implies an important load-bearing function. Considerable individual variation remains unexplained by the mentioned factors. This lowers the prospect of CSA reaching diagnostic importance in SAC fetlock pathology.  相似文献   

11.
  相似文献   

12.
The Arterial Supply to the Eye of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. The supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostral epidural rete and the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The external ethmoidal artery detached off some branches to supply the ventral and medial dorsal rectus oblique muscles, the conjunctiva of the superior eyelid and the fat body of the orbit. The branches of the malar artery supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids, ventral oblique muscle, and the medial angle of the eye. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye, dorsal oblique and retractor oculi muscles, levator muscle of the superior eyelid, and the choroid.  相似文献   

13.
Accidental monensin sodium intoxication of feedlot cattle   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Of 1,994 yearling and 2-year-old cattle in a winter feeding program, 117 died within 42 days of being fed toxic amounts of monensin sodium in a liquid protein supplement. Death losses commenced on the third day after ingestion of a toxic amount in the feed. Clinical signs in cattle that died in less than 9 days included anorexia, pica, diarrhea, depression, mild hindlimb ataxia, and dyspnea. Gross necropsy findings in cattle dying in the acute phase of the illness included hydrothorax, ascites, and pulmonary edema, as well as petechial hemorrhages, edema, and yellow streaking in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Cattle dying after 9 days had gray streaks in heart and skeletal muscle, generalized ventral edema, enlarged, firm, bluish discolored liver, and enlarged heart. Microscopic changes in cattle dying in the acute phase (less than 9 days) consisted of pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage. Cardiac and skeletal muscle had localized areas of edema, hemorrhage, and coagulative necrosis. In cattle dying after 9 days of illness, the changes included lymphocytic infiltration, sarcolemmal nuclear proliferation, and fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Lungs contained increased alveolar macrophages and a few neutrophils. Centrilobular necrosis and mild fibrosis were found in the liver. Changes varied somewhat according to the area of heart or skeletal muscle that was affected. Active muscles, eg, those in the heart ventricles and diaphragm, were altered most severely. Intoxication appeared to be a result of sedimentation of monensin in the molasses carrier to give remarkable concentrations of the substance at the bottom of the holding tank.  相似文献   

14.
The kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) are carnivores belonging to the family Procyonidae, but both species are characterized by different types of locomotion. Differences can be found in the adaptations that these two species present in the forearm muscles, such as the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), palmaris longus (PL) and interflexorii (IF), which have been described confusingly in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe these muscles in both species together with their innervations to carry out an evolutionary and terminological analysis among carnivorans. Both thoracic limbs were dissected from five P. flavus and three P. cancrivorus that had died of natural causes in Wildlife Care Centers. Two PL muscles (m. palmaris longus lateralis, PLL, and m. palmaris longus medialis, PLM) were found in P. flavus, and the IF were the only superficial flexors of the digits, whereas P. cancrivorus presented the IF and two bellies homologous to the two PLs of P. flavus, where the homologous belly of the PLM sent tendons to digits II–IV. Therefore, it was considered as the FDS due to its similarity to other carnivorans, and the lateral belly is the only PL present in P. cancrivorus. The topology, attachments and innervation of these muscles in P. flavus and P. cancrivorus allowed homologies to be established, hypothesizing their evolutionary derivation from the FDS. It also allowed the differences among PL, FDS and IF muscles to be described, concluding that most carnivorans do not have a PL.  相似文献   

15.
Muscle activities of the major hindlimb muscles have been reported to decrease with fatigue in horses. However, those in other muscles have been scarcely reported. We aimed to quantify fatigue-induced electromyographic changes in head and neck muscles and muscles around the shoulder joints in horses. Surface electromyographic recording of the splenius, brachiocephalicus, infraspinatus, and deltoid muscles was performed on a total of nine healthy Thoroughbred horses. Horses galloped on a treadmill inclined to 3% at a constant speed (12.7–14.6 m/second) to make them fatigued after approximately 5 minutes. They trotted at 3.5 m/second before and after this exercise. Stride frequency, integrated electromyographic values for a stride, and median frequency of the muscle discharge were calculated every 30 seconds. These parameters were compared at the start and end of the gallop exercise for the lead and trailing limbs and while trotting before and after the exercise using a paired t-test. The stride frequency significantly decreased at the end of the gallop (P < .001), whereas it did not change while trotting. Integrated electromyographic values of the splenius and brachiocephalicus muscles in both lead and trailing limbs at the gallop and those of both left and right sides at the trot significantly decreased with fatigue (P < .05), whereas those of infraspinatus and deltoid muscles did not change at either gallop or trot. No changes were observed in median frequency in any muscles with fatigue. These results suggest that splenius and brachiocephalicus muscle activities can be associated with stride frequency and speed.  相似文献   

16.
The study was carried out on 126 mares of the Polish Konik horse breed. Mares were bred under a stable system housing and they came from five leading conservation breeding centres. The mares were divided into three age groups: 3–5 years old, 6–9 years old and over 10 years old. Each animal was characterized using 40 morphometric measurements. Discriminant analysis proved the exterior differences of mares in terms of the analysed metric values. It was concluded that the morphotype of modern Polish Konik mares is statistically significantly influenced by the following traits: neck ventral length, forearm circumference, distance between the vascular notch (incisura vasorum facialium) and the oral angle (angulus oris), distance between the margo coronalis ungulae and the margo solearis ungulae of the thoracic limb, thorax circumference and pelvis width. Conformation traits of the studied Polish Konik mares show multidirectional changes, prevailingly an upward trend in the mean values. However, shoulder height turned out to be definitely the least modified trait. Results obtained in the research presented herein may be a confirmation of progressing exterior transformations, which have been identified in the new generation, namely in the youngest group of mares of this breed.  相似文献   

17.
Recordings of the middle latency of the auditory evoked potential (MLAEP) were made in eight conscious ponies. These traces were compared to those made under halothane anaesthesia with and without paralysis of the skeletal muscles. Recordings were also made from percutaneous electrodes placed along the neck with the same stimulus used for the auditory evoked potentials. The results of these experiments were used to deduce the origin of latencies in the auditory evoked potential occurring between 10 and 25 ms after the stimulus. The MLAEP was found to contain two positive peaks between the latencies of 10 and 25 ms. The first of these two peaks was not abolished by halothane anaesthesia or muscle paralysis. The second of these two peaks was abolished by halothane anaesthesia in all but one animal. In this animal the second peak was abolished by muscle paralysis. No peaks of corresponding latency were recorded from the percutaneous electrodes except from one electrode position at the caudal neck in one pony. The first peak of the middle latency auditory evoked potential seen in conscious ponies appeared to be of central nervous orign. The second peak appeared to be of muscular origin, possibly from the external auditory muscles. The second peak may be analogous to the post-auricular waveform described in man.  相似文献   

18.
This study investigated an objective method for estimating beef marbling using ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle and the Lomgissimus muscle area sections. Thirty‐one Japanese Black cattle steers were used in this study. The end of the left side shoulder blade bone was scanned using an ultrasonic device. Ultrasonic images were captured of the Longissimus muscle area and that around the Iliocostalis muscle area. Twenty items were measured in the two images using computer image analysis software. The level of beef marbling was measured according to the Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) for carcass grading, and the percentage of ether‐extractable fat content in the Longissimus muscle (EE). The difference in the gray level between the Iliocostalis muscle and intermuscular fat (X10) was used to estimate the BMS and the EE, which were highly correlated (r2 = 67.72% and 61.30%). An equation was developed using four parameters from the two ultrasonic images, which could estimate the BMS (r2 = 85.88%). This equation could also estimate the EE (r2 = 68.98%). The equations used to estimate beef marbling were based on one to four parameters that included X10. Thus, ultrasonic images of the Iliocostalis muscle area section are important for estimating beef marbling.  相似文献   

19.
Soft tissue injuries of the shoulder are an important cause of forelimb lameness in dogs. The objectives of this canine cadaver study were to describe normal anatomy of shoulder soft tissue structures using computed tomography (CT) and computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) and to determine the effects of positioning on visualization of shoulder soft tissue structures. Thirteen forelimbs were removed from eight canine cadavers. Two forelimbs were used for contrast dose optimization. For the remaining 11 forelimbs, shoulder CT and CTA were performed using three defined joint angles (140°, 90°, and 70°). For three forelimbs, CT and CTA images were compared with frozen anatomic sections to describe normal anatomy. Ten forelimbs were used for analysis of positioning effects. Soft tissue structures evaluated were the joint capsule, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. A visual assessment score was assigned to each structure using a consensus of two observers. The range and mode of scores were calculated and compared for each modality and limb position. The shoulder joint capsule and medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments were completely visible with CTA. All tendons and muscles were visualized in all the examinations except for the teres minor muscle tendon and the coracobrachialis muscle, which were not visible on all scans. Positioning the limb in an extended position significantly improved visualization of most soft tissue shoulder structures. Shoulder cartilage was best seen with CTA and with neutral or flexed positioning of the shoulder. Findings indicated that both CT and CTA are feasible imaging techniques for visualization of soft tissue structures of the canine shoulder.  相似文献   

20.
Histochemical and morphometric analyses were performed to characterize the fibre‐type composition of two forelimb muscles of the South American subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. The studied muscles were the triceps lateralis, an extensor of the elbow, and the teres major, a flexor of the shoulder. It was found that these muscles had an elevated proportion of fast oxidative‐glycolytic (FOG) fibres, and lower proportions of slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) fibres. This composition probably qualifies the teres major and triceps muscles to perform the sustained effort required in tunnelling excavation. The results were discussed considering published data on fibre‐type composition of mammals having different modes of life and digging behaviour. We here suggest that C. talarum has the potential of generating forces linked to rapid, powerful movements during sustained periods by means of an elevated proportion of FOG fibres, together with osteological changes that result in a great mechanical advantage of the forelimb muscles.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号