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1.
The rate of infection with Moraxella bovis was determined for two herds of calves during the course of a year. High infection rates with the haemolytic variant were found in the herds while they were housed during their first winter but this infection rate fell steadily after turnout. A rise in infections with the non-haemolytic variant was observed during this time. The animals remained free from clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis during the summer, unlike similar groups of animals in previous years. Immunity, weather and flies are considered for their possible relevance to this observation.  相似文献   

2.
采用凯氏定氮法,测定配套杂交肉鹅不同生长阶段羽毛、胴体和内脏的增重和蛋白质沉积量.结果表明:羽毛蛋白质的沉积集中于3～7 周龄,此阶段羽毛中沉积的氮占羽毛中沉积总氮的74.39%;内脏蛋白质沉积主要集中于1～5 周,此阶段沉积于内脏中的氮量占内脏氮总沉积量的113.98%.内脏和羽毛中氮沉积量的增加主要表现在重量的增加,其蛋白含量变化不大;胴体中蛋白质沉积发生在1～7 周龄,沉积氮占全期沉积量的79.78%.羽毛和内脏中蛋白质的沉积速度以4～5 周龄最快;胴体中蛋白质沉积速度以1～3 周龄最快.  相似文献   

3.
采用凯氏定氮法,测定配套杂交肉鹅不同生长阶段羽毛、胴体和内脏的增重和蛋白质沉积量。结果表明:羽毛蛋白质的沉积集中于3~7周龄,此阶段羽毛中沉积的氮占羽毛中沉积总氮的74.39%;内脏蛋白质沉积主要集中于1~5周,此阶段沉积于内脏中的氮量占内脏氮总沉积量的113.98%。内脏和羽毛中氮沉积量的增加主要表现在重量的增加,其蛋白含量变化不大;胴体中蛋白质沉积发生在1~7周龄,沉积氮占全期沉积量的79.78%。羽毛和内脏中蛋白质的沉积速度以4~5周龄最快;胴体中蛋白质沉积速度以1~3周龄最快。  相似文献   

4.
青海省三江源地区退化草地蒸散特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
了解三江源地区退化草地的蒸散状况有助于认识该地区退化生态系统水循环,对该地区的生态安全有着重要的意义。本研究利用涡度相关法观测青海省玛沁县小嵩草退化草地（３４．３５°Ｎ;１００．５０°Ｅ,海拔３９６３ｍ）的水热通量,对该地区２００６－２００８年全年的蒸散情况进行了特征分析。研究表明,２００６－２００８年三江源退化草地的蒸散值分别为４５２．２４,４７４．２４,４５９．５７ｍｍ,降水量分别为４６０．７,４９６．１,４８０．１ｍｍ,其中有７５％以上的降水分布在生长季,全年水平上蒸散量与降水量之比（ＥＴ／ＰＰＴ）为９５％ 以上,蒸散量与降水量基本持平。生长季日蒸散量１．８～１．９ｍｍ／ｄ,而非生长季日蒸散量＜０．６ ｍｍ／ｄ。蒸散日变化和年变化均为单峰型,每年６－７ 月蒸散量最大,为２．０～２．２ｍｍ／ｄ;日蒸散峰值出现在正午左右,其最大值生长季为０．２１ｍｍ／ｈ,非生长季为０．１０ｍｍ／ｈ。退化草地蒸散的主要环境因子是净辐射,其次为饱和水汽压亏和空气温度。随着生长季的推进,潜热对这些因素的敏感性逐渐增大。与未退化的矮嵩草草甸相比,退化草地生长季蒸散量较小,而非生长季蒸散量较大,这一结果表明,高寒草地的植被盖度驱动草地生态系统的蒸散。  相似文献   

5.
用卵黄样本和血清样本监测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒Re-4株HI 抗体效价,对2种样本监测结果进行相关性研究。对115日龄蛋鸡群免疫重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-4株,禽用）,免疫后20～260 d对固定鸡群采样（血清样本和卵黄样本）,进行免疫抗体监测。结果表明,115日龄鸡群免疫后20～260 d卵黄和血清HI 抗体效价呈强相关,相差在1 log2以内的占绝大多数,均值t检验差异不显著。因此,用卵黄样本监测禽流感 HI 抗体效价是可行的。  相似文献   

6.
充分了解本地奶牛结核病流行病学,预防人畜共患病,采用牛型结核分支杆菌PPD皮内变态反应试验,1996~2006年对武威市奶牛结核病感染情况进行调查,结果11年间共检奶牛17 049头,检出阳性牛255头,平均阳性率为1.49%。该期间武威市奶牛结核病在古浪县、天祝县、民勤县和凉州区均有发生。从奶牛结核病的流行趋势分析,11年间奶牛结核病的发病率呈下降趋势。  相似文献   

7.
Bone mineral changes in growing, pregnant and lactating cattle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Bone mineral content (BMC) was determined in one or two coccygeal vertebrae by dichromatic photon absorptiometry in two sets of cattle: A. This set consisted of six fattening bulls. Their increases of BMC and weights were closely correlated. However, BMC increased slightly more than weight. B. There were 28 cows in this set. BMC was measured during lactation and pregnancy. It was found that BMC increased during the dry period and decreased during early lactation. There were great individual variations in BMC, and the skeletal turnover seemed to be great.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of smooth muscle actin and desmin immunopositive cells in the ovary of the giant rat. In addition, the study describes the morphological changes in the ovary of this species during the oestrous cycle. Healthy secondary and tertiary follicles dominated the ovary during pro-oestrus and oestrus. The theca externa of the tertiary follicles was immunopositive for smooth muscle actin, but immunonegative for desmin. Oestrus was also characterized by the presence of corpora haemorrhagica, which had an outer layer of smooth muscle actin immunopositive cells. Differentiating corpora lutea were observed during metoestrus. A further notable feature of the ovary during metoestrus was the presence of numerous atretic secondary and tertiary follicles. In the later stages of atresia, the follicles were infiltrated by desmin and smooth muscle actin immunopositive cells. Dioestrus was characterized by the presence of non-regressing and regressing corpora lutea. Immunostaining for smooth muscle actin was demonstrated in the enclosing layer of the corpora lutea, as well as in the tunica media of blood vessels within the corpora lutea. The results of this study have shown that morphological changes in the ovary of the giant rat during the oestrus cycle are similar to those of laboratory rodents. Furthermore, the results of the immunohistochemical study indicate that the perifollicular distribution of desmin and smooth muscle actin cells changes during follicular development and atresia.  相似文献   

9.
Fetal and maternal blood gas tensions, pH, packed cell volume and glucose, fructose and lactic acid concentrations were monitored during the last two days of gestation, during parturition and and the first hour after birth. Blood samples were taken by means of indwelling catheters (implanted seven to 14 days before parturition) from 12 fetuses in seven sows. All fetuses were liveborn at a mean gestational age of 113.1 days. The significant finding was that all variables in fetal blood were stable during labour and, although mild hypercapnia was present during the last three hours, no significant changes in mean values were seen until those of samples taken within 15 minutes of birth. In some fetuses, no changes were seen until after birth, while in others pH and pO2 values declined during the last hour of fetal life. Immediately after birth a rapid increase in pO2 and decrease in pCO2 followed the onset of respiration. Blood pH fell during the first 30 minutes after birth and this fall was accompanied by increasing blood lactic acid concentrations. Blood glucose concentrations rose rapidly in the first 15 minutes after birth and were maintained during the first hour despite separation of the piglets from the sow. There was a transient, but significant, increase in packed cell volume during the period from 15 minutes before to 15 minutes after birth. Maternal values for all variables measured remained virtually unchanged during delivery.  相似文献   

10.
As feeding is not a factor disrupting the migrating motor (myoelectric) complex (MMC) in sheep, it is presumed that the fed pattern is absent in this animal species. In turn, feeding may stimulate ovine gastrointestinal motility. To verify this discrepancy the myoelectric activities of the antrum and duodeno-jejunum were recorded in seven adult sheep. Additionally, the relationship between electrical and mechanical activity was tested in four of these animals by means of strain gauge force transducers mounted near the duodenal electrodes. Chronic experiments were conducted in fasted and non-fasted sheep before, during, and after standard feeding. Fodder was offered during the duodenal phases 1, 2a, or 2b of the MMC. Two types of responses to feeding (an unspecific and a specific fed pattern) were denoted. A simple increase in spike burst intensity, i.e. without their special deployment and assessed as the myoelectric activity index (unspecific fed pattern), was observed in the abomasal antrum and small bowel during and after feeding in the course of phase 2b of the MMC in non-fasted and fasted sheep. In the abomasal antrum its duration was longer than in the small intestine. In non-fasted animals the unspecific fed pattern was more pronounced in the abomasal antrum than in the small bowel, while its duration was longer in fasted animals. The specific fed pattern was evoked in the duodeno-jejunum during feeding initiated in the course of phase 2b of the MMC exclusively in non-fasted animals. During this pattern, the spike burst series were significantly reduced compared with those which appeared during phase 2b of the MMC and dispersed single spike bursts predominated. The average duration of the specific fed pattern was 3-4 min and it arrived 2-7 min after feeding onset. In the remaining periods during feeding, the spike burst pattern resembled that often observed during phase 2b of the MMC. Thus the confined fed pattern is present in sheep and its character depends upon the gastrointestinal region and feeding habits.  相似文献   

11.
Colostrum production by ewes and the amounts ingested by lambs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Studies involving 49 ewes which were well nourished during the last eight weeks of pregnancy indicated that ewe weight loss during pregnancy and lamb birth weights followed the recognised pattern and were within acceptable "normal" limits. Colostrum production ranged from 1238 to 4593 g per ewe during the 48 h following the first suckling and there was evidence that production levels were related to demand by the lambs. Colostrum consumption by individual lambs was related to litter size. The smaller the litter size the greater was the amount ingested during the first 48 h of life. No clear relationship was established between the amount of colostrum consumed and the level of immunoglobulin in a lamb's circulation. Possible reasons for this are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to examine laryngeal function at rest and during ridden exercise and to further analyse the impact of different head and neck positions on the laryngeal function in ridden sport horses. Fifty‐eight Warmblood horses were examined endoscopically during ridden exercise as well as during quiet breathing at rest before and after sedation. Four different head‐neck positions (unrestrained, reference, elevation and hyperflexion) were assessed during the exercise test. Laryngeal function was graded at rest and for every combination of gait and head and neck position during exercise. There was a significant correlation between the grade of laryngeal function during exercise and at rest both before (correlation coefficient = 0.794) and after (correlation coefficient = 0.741) sedation (P<0.01). No significant association was found between the grade of laryngeal function during exercise and the different head and neck positions.  相似文献   

13.
Changes in the bone mineral content (BMG) during the first 4 lactations were continuously studied between July 1977 and February 1982 in a total number of 103 dairy cows of different breeds and rearing intensities. The BMG was measured by dichromatic photon absorptiometry in 2 coccygeal vertebrae. Although great individual variations were found, the changes in BMG during the lactation followed a typical pattern with high values during the dry period and low values after calving and during mid-lactation. The influence of body weight on the BMC value is discussed. The changes in BMC were more accentuated during the first lactation, as compared to the subsequent lactations. This could indicate a metabolically more active skeleton in younger cows. In this study no difference in BMC pattern was observed between cows affected or not affected by parturient paresis.  相似文献   

14.
Three flocks raised for broiler or roaster performance tests were studied to determine the incidence and sources of salmonellae during the growing period, transport and processing and to relate these to contamination of processed carcasses. Day old chicks in two of the tests, (tests IV and V), were treated with a culture of intestinal anaerobes derived from mature chickens. The incidence of salmonellae during the growing period was too low to permit any conclusions about the efficacy of this culture in preventing Salmonella infection, but it had no adverse effect on flock performance. Carcasses from all three flocks were contaminated with salmonellae. Although the test IV flock was raised free of salmonellae, 46% of the carcasses tested from this flock were contaminated. The apparent source was the transport crates, 99% of which yielded salmonellae before the flock was loaded. In test V, 92% of the carcasses tested yielded salmonellae. The apparent sources were: flock infection (apparently originating from the parent flock), contaminated crates, spread during transport, and plant contamination. The flock of test VI was infected with Salmonella albany, and 54% of the carcasses tested were contaminated with this serovar. Carcasses of chicks infected early in life were more likely to be contaminated than those of chickens which contacted salmonellae later in the growing period.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of oestrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ as well as both progesterone receptors isoforms progesterone receptor (PR) A and PRB in the luminal and glandular epithelia and stroma of the endometrium during the different phases of the follicular wave in llamas. Six llamas were examined by transrectal ultrasonography, and a transcervical biopsy was obtained when a follicle at the growing, plateau and regressing phase was recorded. Blood samples were collected at the time of biopsy for hormone determinations. An immunohistochemical technique was used to study receptor populations. Total positive area was evaluated in the different cell types by Image Analysis. Mean diameter measurements of the largest follicle were 6.9, 8.5 and 5.1 mm (p < 0.001) and mean plasma oestradiol‐17β concentrations were 27.9 ± 3.26; 30.0 ± 2.79 and 24.0 ± 1.78 pmol/l (p = 0.32) during the growing, plateau and regressing phases, respectively. Immunostaining of ERα was higher in the luminal epithelium during the plateau and regressing phases (p < 0.05) than during the growing phase. More positive cells to ERβ were observed in the glandular epithelium of the growing and plateau phases (p < 0.05) than during the regressing phase. A higher percentage of cells positive to PRB was recorded in the luminal and glandular epithelia during the plateau phase (p < 0.05), while the PRA immunostaining was similar among phases. In brief, this study showed an increased population of ERα and PRB in the luminal epithelium, and only of PRB in the glandular epithelium at the time when an ovulatory follicle is present. The physiological importance of these changes in llamas remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

16.
Serial nasopharyngeal swab and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were used to estimate changes in the bacterial flora of the respiratory tracts of calves during the first month after arrival in the feedlot. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts served to evaluate pulmonary inflammatory changes during this period. Two groups of calves were studied, one consisting of clinically normal controls (n = 60), the other, of cases (n = 59) which received treatment for respiratory disease (penicillin +/- trimethoprimsulfadoxine). A variety of organisms, including Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma bovirhinis, were present in the upper and lower airways of both groups during the postarrival period. With the exception of M. bovis, an overall decline in the prevalence of these organisms was observed during the course of the study. In cases, there was a marked decrease in the number of Pasteurella spp. and H. somnus isolates immediately following treatment. For the Pasteurella spp., however, this effect was shortlived as they often appeared to recolonize the respiratory tract within eight days of terminating antimicrobial therapy. Treatment did not appear to affect the frequency of isolating M. bovis. Its prevalence, in both groups of calves, increased to levels approaching 100% during the course of the study. All Pasteurella spp. isolates were tested for susceptibility to several commonly used antimicrobials. Resistance was only evident among P. haemolytica isolated from cases and in every instance this was to a combination of penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. Significantly more isolates were resistant after treatment than before. There were BAL differential cell count abnormalities indicative of inflammation in both cases and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.
Major changes in maternal physiology during pregnancy and lactation can have a large impact on the immune and neuroendocrine systems. One of the most significant changes, observed in rats and mice, is hyporesponsiveness of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) in response to inflammation, restraint, and other psychological stressors during late pregnancy and lactation. This attenuation, however, has not been well characterized in ruminant animals and may be relevant to their susceptibility to inflammatory diseases during these periods. Thus, the intent of this study was to characterize responsiveness of the ovine HPAA to inflammatory challenge during pregnancy and lactation. Ewes from early (33 d), middle (55 d), and late (138 d) pregnancy, as well as early lactation (10 d), were challenged i.v. with a bolus dose of 400 ng of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of BW or saline. A corresponding group of nonpregnant ewes was also challenged with LPS to serve as positive control animals for each pregnancy and lactation study. Responsiveness of the HPAA was assessed by measuring the 4-h change in serum cortisol concentration after LPS challenge. The cortisol increase after LPS challenge was elevated (P < 0.01) in pregnant ewes during late pregnancy over that of nonpregnant animals. In contrast, the characteristic temperature response associated with systemic LPS challenge was decreased (P < 0.01) during early pregnancy and lactation compared with nonpregnant or nonlactating animals. Serum IL-6 concentrations were measured to assess whether changes in HPAA responsiveness during pregnancy or lactation were attributed to changes in proinflammatory signaling to the HPAA. Interestingly, enhanced cortisol responsiveness during late pregnancy was correlated with increased (P < 0.01) serum IL-6 concentrations, indicating that IL-6 may contribute to enhanced HPAA responsiveness during this period. Serum IL-6 concentrations during early and midpregnancy did not increase in response to LPS challenge, indicating that HPAA activation during periods of pregnancy may be independent of IL-6 production.  相似文献   

18.
The acoustic mode is the most reasonable means for social animals such as dolphins to maintain contact in the underwater habitat, and has been developed since they moved to the sea. This study investigates variations in dolphin vocalizations under the following conditions in a captive environment: 1) before feeding (Pre-feeding), 2) during feeding (Feeding), 3) during free time without the presence of people (Free), 4) during interaction with people located upon a float (Float), 5) during interaction with people in the water (Water). During the experiments, a total of 2642 whistles were extracted from sonogram data using a spectrogram. About 44% of the total whistles were observed during Pre-feeding (1171/2642), and the number recorded during Free, when people were absent, was the smallest. The acoustic contours of dolphin whistles differed in different situations: convex, wave, and trill whistles were made repeatedly during Pre-feeding, thereby being more common at this time than at other times. The situation of Feeding saw an increased number of Upsweeps, which might be related to the use of echolocation. The lower frequencies were recorded during Pre-feeding, reflecting the emotion related to the dolphin's hunger. The results of this study indicate that dolphins increase their vocalization during interaction with people, suggesting that interactions with dolphins provide an effective treatment for human health problems, which is discussed with a reference article in this study. Vocal data obtained during contact with humans might serve as an important index for the dolphin-assisted therapy.  相似文献   

19.
We compared the effect of propofol and saline control on intradermal test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis undergoing outpatient intradermal testing (IDT). Nineteen dogs were used in this clinical study. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous (IV) propofol or IV 0.9% saline, and IDT was performed on the right or left (randomized) lateral thorax. One investigator, unaware of the treatments, interpreted all IDT results. Injection sites were analysed using a subjective and objective method. A value of P or= 1+ on all dogs, significantly more positive sites were apparent during propofol sedation than during saline administration. In addition, the greater number of individual dogs experiencing more positive reactions >or= 1+ during propofol sedation was significant. When subjectively analysing reactions >or= 2+, the greater number of positive reactions and the greater number of dogs with more positive reactions observed during propofol treatment was not significantly different from the saline control. When analysed objectively, the greater number of positive reactions observed during propofol sedation was not significant. A greater number of dogs had higher subjective scores and larger objective measurements during propofol sedation compared with saline administration. In summary, propofol sedation was associated with an overall greater number of positive IDT reactions compared with the saline control. Although not always significant, this difference should be considered when choosing propofol for skin testing dogs with atopic dermatitis.  相似文献   

20.
Diagnosis of TGEV-like coronavirus was made by an immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antibodies directed against TGEV. Six, 15 weeks-old pigs were inoculated intratracheally with the strain P 6008 ST 4. No clinical sign was observed during the course of the infection. Viral antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of nasal cells obtained from swab in five animals as early as one day p.i. and during several days. The sensitivity and specificity of this method appeared to be comparable to virus isolation of this cell-adapted TGEV-like strain.  相似文献   

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