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释放花绒寄甲卵对光肩星天牛幼虫的防治效果 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
采用木块法饲养花绒寄甲成虫,然后将其所产的卵块保存在5℃恒温条件下,以确定低温保存后花绒寄甲卵的生活力、初孵幼虫的行为学和对光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生率,并比较林间释放花绒寄甲卵与树干打孔注药(氧化乐果)防治光肩星天牛幼虫的防治效果.结果表明:低温保存49天与花绒寄甲新产卵的孵化率没有差异,花绒寄甲1龄幼虫在室内可存活1～8天、平均2.26天,爬行速度为6.5～100 cm·h-1,平均25.23 cm·h-1,室内及林间释放花绒寄甲卵后其初孵幼虫均能找到光肩星天牛幼虫并进行寄生;如果温度和湿度适宜,按照每头光肩星天牛幼虫释放15～25粒花绒寄甲卵时其寄生率可达90%;树干打孔注药与林间释放花绒寄甲卵后光肩星天牛幼虫的虫口减退率均在85%以上,两者的控制效果基本无差别. 相似文献
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为防治危害北京地区柳树上的光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)、薄翅锯天牛(Megopis sinica),采用对环境安全的天敌昆虫进行了生物防治试验。结果表明:在实验室的条件下,直接在光肩星天牛幼虫上接天敌的平均寄生率为63.33%,模拟自然木段释放花绒寄甲卵的为73.33%,直接危害木段的为76.67%。另外,可以寄生薄翅锯天牛1～3龄低龄幼虫,平均寄生率为63.33%,而不能在室内寄生4～5龄的幼虫。在林间条件下,释放花绒寄甲成虫,光肩星天牛的虫口减退率可达90.98%;释放花绒寄甲卵,光肩星天牛的虫口减退率达到80.82%。 相似文献
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利用花绒寄甲防治锈色粒肩天牛 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
室内在器皿内和半自然条件下,利用花绒寄甲对锈色粒肩天牛进行寄生性试验,最佳效果分别达80%和86.67%。林间在山东泰安、聊城等地选取5处被锈色粒肩天牛危害的国槐行道树作为试验地,释放花绒寄甲成虫、卵块对锈色粒肩天牛幼虫进行生物防治试验。以天敌释放前后被害株虫口数为依据,对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价。林间各处理最佳防治效果为:单纯释放花绒寄甲成虫、卵块后,株虫口减退率分别为72.23%和71.67%,同时释放花绒寄甲成虫及卵块时,其株虫口减退率为82.64%。但3者间差异不显著。林间释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵块,对锈色粒肩天牛均有良好的控制效果。 相似文献
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应用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取6个松褐天牛危害的马尾松林样地,释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲的卵和成虫。通过调查天敌释放前后被害株数和单株虫口数2个指标对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价,同时,采用室内和林间罩网寄生试验相结合的方法分析花绒寄甲对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况。在释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后对当年松褐天牛的寄生防治效果显示:在释放花绒寄甲卵的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为48.54%,平均被害株校正减退率为63.07%;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为47.00%,平均被害株校正减退率为68.00%,二者差异不显著。说明林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫均对松褐天牛有良好的控制效果。室内试验中,释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后,不同胸径受害木段中松褐天牛幼虫被寄生的数量比例变化较大,5～8cm胸径的木段中寄生率最高,达72.41%,显著高于10～15cm和>18cm胸径木段的49.52%和49.06%;分别在5,7和9月释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫,寄生率分别为68.50%,21.63%和30.29%,5月份的寄生率显著高于7月和9月。利用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛具有良好的控制效果,以5月份释放天敌效果最好,可在生产中推广应用。 相似文献
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释放花绒寄甲防治危害白蜡的云斑天牛 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在地处黄河三角洲的山东省东营市和滨州市,选取8个受害严重的白蜡林作为试验样地,在云斑天牛幼虫期释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫,然后调查和统计天敌释放前后白蜡树的被害株率、天牛的株虫口数,计算出花绒寄甲对云斑天牛的防治效果.结果表明:林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫对云斑天牛均有良好的控制作用.在释放花绒寄甲卵的5个试验林中,释放后第2年的平均株虫口校正减退率为73.16％,平均被害株校正减退率为72.36％;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的3个试验林中,释放后第2年的平均株虫口校正减退率为77.20％,平均被害株校正减退率为69.68％.对释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫的防治效果进行比较表明,释放花绒寄甲成虫的防治效果略高于释放卵的林分,但二者差异不显著,说明在云斑天牛生物防治中,释放花绒寄甲2种虫态的天敌均不失为有效和良好的技术,而卵的成本低,值得在生产防治中大力推广应用. 相似文献
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花绒寄甲对松褐天牛寄生距离及人工繁殖成虫野外越冬情况 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides对松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus有效寄生距离以及野外越冬花绒寄甲翌年寄生效果,采用在室内设置卵带,距离卵带50,100,150,200,250,300 cm处分别放置松褐天牛幼虫,野外释放花绒寄甲成虫于虫害株下或在虫害株距离地面1.5m处钉卵卡的方法研究了花绒寄甲对松褐天牛有效寄生距离.野外越冬情况研究采用虫害木野外罩笼释放花绒寄甲成虫和卵卡的方法.结果显示:在室内,花绒寄甲幼虫最远可寄生距离卵带150cm处的松褐天牛幼虫,距离卵带50,100,150 cm处的松褐天牛幼虫平均校正寄生率分别为(68.86±2.71)％,(36.85±7.22)％和(6.15±6.15)％;在野外,释放花绒寄甲卵卡和成虫最远垂直寄生距离分别为7.5和9m,平均寄生距离分别为3.9和6.4m.花绒寄甲成虫在安徽省全椒县野外试验地可以顺利越冬,翌年平均校正寄生率可达(62.52±13.74)％. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献