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1.
Objective To estimate the prevalence of infection with Trichomonas gallinae and other parasites of the alimentary tract in psittacine and columbid birds in Perth and to determine in vitro the effectiveness of drugs commonly recommended for treating trichomoniasis.
Design and procedures Samples of crop contents were collected from aviary flocks of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and other psittacine and columbid birds in both private and commercial collections in Perth. Similar samples from wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) also were collected. Crop contents were examined and cultured for Trichomonas gallinae and in vitro studies were conducted on the susceptibility of isolates to several drugs used commonly. Other parasites also were detected by faecal examination and/or necropsy.
Results T gallinae was recovered from birds in 1 of 13 private collections of budgerigars (2/289 birds in total). Direct wetmount examination of crop fluid identified 36.4% of samples at four commercial bird dealers which were later determined by culture to contain T gallinae . The prevalence of T gallinae infection ranged from 0 to 11.4% in budgerigars. The prevalence of T gallinae infection in wild Senegal doves was 46% and from one flock of racing pigeons was 59%. The in vitro minimum lethal concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ronidazole ranged from 40 to 96, 30 to 80 and 40 to 92 μg/mL respectively for six isolates of T gallinae . Other alimentary parasites detected during the survey included Spironucleus sp (syn Hexamita sp), coccidia, Ascaridia platycerci and Raillietina sp.
Conclusions Thirteen budgerigar flocks belonging to members of avicultural societies in Perth had a low prevalence of trichomoniasis and other parasitic infections. The dose rate currently recommended for ronidazole may not result in complete protozoacidal activity against T gallinae infection. 相似文献
Design and procedures Samples of crop contents were collected from aviary flocks of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and other psittacine and columbid birds in both private and commercial collections in Perth. Similar samples from wild Senegal doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) also were collected. Crop contents were examined and cultured for Trichomonas gallinae and in vitro studies were conducted on the susceptibility of isolates to several drugs used commonly. Other parasites also were detected by faecal examination and/or necropsy.
Results T gallinae was recovered from birds in 1 of 13 private collections of budgerigars (2/289 birds in total). Direct wetmount examination of crop fluid identified 36.4% of samples at four commercial bird dealers which were later determined by culture to contain T gallinae . The prevalence of T gallinae infection ranged from 0 to 11.4% in budgerigars. The prevalence of T gallinae infection in wild Senegal doves was 46% and from one flock of racing pigeons was 59%. The in vitro minimum lethal concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ronidazole ranged from 40 to 96, 30 to 80 and 40 to 92 μg/mL respectively for six isolates of T gallinae . Other alimentary parasites detected during the survey included Spironucleus sp (syn Hexamita sp), coccidia, Ascaridia platycerci and Raillietina sp.
Conclusions Thirteen budgerigar flocks belonging to members of avicultural societies in Perth had a low prevalence of trichomoniasis and other parasitic infections. The dose rate currently recommended for ronidazole may not result in complete protozoacidal activity against T gallinae infection. 相似文献
2.
J R Baker 《The Veterinary record》1987,121(19):448-449
'Wet vent', the principal clinical sign of which is diarrhoea, is common in budgerigars. In a survey of 83 cases examined post mortem 21 causes were found. The most common causes were enteritis, mainly of a non-infectious nature (18 cases), 'going light' (15 cases), abnormal gizzard structure (nine cases) and nephrosis (six cases). 相似文献
3.
Megabacteriosis was diagnosed as the cause of depression and wasting in a flock of breeding budgerigars in the Manawatu. Large numbers of megabacteria were detected in direct smears from mucosal scrapings of the proventriculus of two birds and in the faeces of live birds. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating a chronic proventriculitis histologically associated with megabacterial organisms. Treatment of seven individuals with amphotericin B resulted in clinically sustained weight gain over a 10-week period. Treatment of the whole flock resulted in the resumption of normal condition, behaviour and activity. 相似文献
4.
Megabacteriosis was diagnosed as the cause of depression and wasting in a flock of breeding budgerigars in the Manawatu. Large numbers of megabacteria were detected in direct smears from mucosal scrapings of the proventriculus of two birds and in the faeces of live birds. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating a chronic proventriculitis histologically associated with megabacterial organisms. Treatment of seven individuals with amphotericin B resulted in clinically sustained weight gain over a 10-week period. Treatment of the whole flock resulted in the resumption of normal condition, behaviour and activity. 相似文献
5.
Objective To measure the prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar-breeding colonies and to evaluate possible methods to reduce the prevalence.
Design A monitoring study over several years.
Sample population Two budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) colonies with over 300 birds each.
Procedure The prevalence of megabacteria in the faeces in two budgerigar breeding colonies, colony 1 and 2, was determined by faecal examination of each bird. Following an initial survey (1990), most of the birds that were scored 2+ or more were culled and a management practice was implemented to discriminate against positive birds. Consecutive yearly surveys (1991, 1992) were conducted on the young birds bred in these colonies. The prevalence of megabacteria in colony 2 was also evaluated in 1994 and 1996 after all the birds were treated with amphotericin B administered in drinking water.
Results The prevalence of megabacteria in the two colonies was significantly (P < 0.001) different. Overall the prevalence of megabacteria adjusted for colony differences was significantly higher (P < 0.025) in males compared to females. Age was not an influencing factor. After the initial survey, the prevalence in the offspring did not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease in the following two annual breeding seasons but by inference it did significantly decrease after amphotericin B treatment.
Conclusion The practice of culling most birds with more megabacteria in faeces and discriminating against positive birds when selecting birds for breeding or culling birds on show quality does not decrease megabacteria prevalence in the offspring. However, a reduction in prevalence does occur with administration of amphotericin B. Birds may have amphotericin B-resistant organisms and these birds need to be identified and culled. 相似文献
Design A monitoring study over several years.
Sample population Two budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) colonies with over 300 birds each.
Procedure The prevalence of megabacteria in the faeces in two budgerigar breeding colonies, colony 1 and 2, was determined by faecal examination of each bird. Following an initial survey (1990), most of the birds that were scored 2+ or more were culled and a management practice was implemented to discriminate against positive birds. Consecutive yearly surveys (1991, 1992) were conducted on the young birds bred in these colonies. The prevalence of megabacteria in colony 2 was also evaluated in 1994 and 1996 after all the birds were treated with amphotericin B administered in drinking water.
Results The prevalence of megabacteria in the two colonies was significantly (P < 0.001) different. Overall the prevalence of megabacteria adjusted for colony differences was significantly higher (P < 0.025) in males compared to females. Age was not an influencing factor. After the initial survey, the prevalence in the offspring did not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease in the following two annual breeding seasons but by inference it did significantly decrease after amphotericin B treatment.
Conclusion The practice of culling most birds with more megabacteria in faeces and discriminating against positive birds when selecting birds for breeding or culling birds on show quality does not decrease megabacteria prevalence in the offspring. However, a reduction in prevalence does occur with administration of amphotericin B. Birds may have amphotericin B-resistant organisms and these birds need to be identified and culled. 相似文献
6.
In total 53 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were divided into six groups and orally infected with a suspension of oocysts of low virulent Toxoplasma gondii K21 strain in the doses of 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6), respectively. Blood was collected from the birds prior to the inoculation and then on days 10, 20 and 30 post infection. Latex-agglutination test (LAT) was used for the detection of antibodies in the inoculated birds. The infected birds showed no apparent signs of disease. The antibodies were found in all but two birds inoculated a dose of 10(2) oocysts. Haematological values remained unchanged after infection. T. gondii was isolated by bioassay in mice from all 37 birds fed 10(3) or more oocysts and 6 of 9 fed 10(2) oocysts. The results demonstrate that budgerigars are resistant to T. gondii infection. 相似文献
7.
During the second half of the year 2000, we have diagnosed a megabacterial-associated proventriculitis in 13 laying hens and 4 cocks from 14 different flocks and one turkey. All birds were submitted for necropsy because of progressive runting, increased mortality and poor laying performance in the herds. Routine diagnostic workup included necropsy, histology, bacteriology, parasitology and virology. At necropsy, the proventricular of the birds were enlarged. The walls were thickened and the mucosa covered with cloudy, grey-white mucus. Petechial haemorrhages and ulcerations predominantly at the proventricular-ventricular junction and sloughing of the necrotic koilin layer of the ventriculus were inconsistently present. Megabacteria (approximately 40-50 by 2-4 microns, gram-positive to gram-labile, rod-shaped organisms) were present in large numbers in touch preparations of the proventricular mucosal surface. In some of the preparations, the megabacteria showed a branching pattern similar to fungal hyphae. By histopathology, all birds showed moderate to marked, diffuse lympho-plasmacytic proventriculitis. Heterophilic exudation was present in the terminal portion of the proventriculus, where the greatest numbers of the organism were found. Megabacteria were present in the mucus covering the mucosal surface and the lumina of the superficial proventricular crypts, occasionally invading the luminal epithelium. Megabacterial infection was in general associated with other diseases such as avian tuberculosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis, chlamydiosis and various other bacterial and parasitic infections. Only in one hen no other concurrent infectious organism was detected. The turkey had histomoniasis. Wild birds were regarded as probable source of infection, since all affected birds were kept under conditions allowing contact to wild birds and we have diagnosed megabacterial infections in wild-living green finches earlier. 相似文献
8.
Zulauf-Fischer I Liesegang A Haessig M Clauss M Hatt JM 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2006,53(9):456-457
It is known that female birds increase medullary mineral stores in long bones shortly before egg laying. Here, we present results from two groups of budgerigars, in both of which females had significantly higher bone mineral contents and densities, as measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the tibiotarsus, during a reproductively dormant period. The results could indicate that female birds can accumulate mineral stores outside of the breeding season. 相似文献
9.
J R Baker 《The Veterinary record》1985,116(15):406-408
'Going light' is a chronic but eventually fatal disease of budgerigars. Clinically the only consistent features are weight loss while maintaining a good food intake. The signs are caused by enteritis typified by lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and associated villous atrophy leading to a malabsorption syndrome. 相似文献
10.
Varied pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 avian influenza virus in four passerine species and budgerigars 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
This investigation assessed the ability of the zoonotic A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (chicken/Hong Kong) (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to infect and cause disease in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), European starlings (Sternus vulgaris), and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) after intranasal administration. Zebra finches were the most severely affected of the five species, demonstrating anorexia, depression, and 100% mortality within 5 days of inoculation. Gross lesions in this species were absent or only mild. But histologic lesions and the corresponding viral antigen were observed in multiple organs, especially in the nasal cavity, brain, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, and ovary. Significant morbidity and mortality also were observed in both house finches and budgerigars. Affected birds of these two species demonstrated anorexia, depression, and neurologic signs and typically were moribund or dead within 2 days of the onset of clinical signs. Gross lesions were mild or absent in house finches and budgerigars. Histologically, the brain and pancreas were the most consistently and severely affected organs in house finches. The brain was the most affected organ in budgerigars. Unlike these three species, house sparrows suffered only mild transient depression, had no mortality, and lacked gross lesions. Viral antigen and microscopic lesions were observed only in the heart and testicle of a minority of birds of this species. Starlings demonstrated neither clinical disease nor mortality and lacked gross and histologic lesions. Viral antigen was not observed in any of the collected tissues from starlings. These results indicate that there is significant variation in the pathogenicity of the chicken/Hong Kong virus for different species of birds, including species within the same order. In addition, neurotropism is a recurrent feature among birds that eventually succumb to infection. 相似文献
11.
A M Hargis E Stauber S Casteel D Eitner 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,194(1):64-66
Avocados of 2 varieties were mashed and administered via feeding cannula to 8 canaries and 8 budgerigars. Two control budgerigars were given water via feeding cannula. Six budgerigars and 1 canary died within 24 to 47 hours after the first administration of avocado. Deaths were associated with administration of both varieties of avocado. Higher dose was associated with greater mortality. The 2 budgerigars given water were normal throughout the observation period. Results indicated that avocados are highly toxic to budgerigars and less toxic to canaries. Postmortem findings observed in some birds included subcutaneous edema in the pectoral area and hydropericardium. 相似文献
12.
A total of 534 psittacine and passerine birds consisting of 241 imported and 293 local birds were examined histologically. As a result, the following parasites were found: Giardia (86 cases), Knemido-coptes (26 cases), coccidia (10 cases), Ascaridia (6 cases), Cryptosporidium (5 cases), Sarcocystis (5 cases), tapeworm (4 cases), microfilaria (2 cases), Hexamita (1 case), and Spiroptera (1 case). High incidences of giardiasis and knemido-coptic infestation were detected in the local birds, but rarely in the imported birds. Giardial trophozoites were observed mainly in the duodenum of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Knemidocoptic mites burrowed into the epidermis producing proliferative dermatitis in 25 budgerigars and 1 African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus). This ectoparasite often infested the skin around the cloaca. Coccidiosis was seen only in the small intestines of the finch (Poephila gouldiae gouldiae), African Grey Parrot, Rainbow lory (Trichoglossus haematodus), Indian Ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri manillensis) and peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). Two parrots (Amazona aestiva aestiva and Psittacus erithacus erithacus) and two budgerigars had intestinal cryptosporidiosis. Conjunctivitis associated with cryptosporidial infection was seen in a lovebird. Sarcocystis cysts containing crescent-shaped bradyzoites were found not only in the thigh and breast but also in the heart and cloacal muscles. Other organisms such as Ascaridia, tapeworm, microfilaria, Hexamita, and Spiroptera were clinically less significant. However, infections such as Giardia and Cryptosporidim might have zoonotic implications. 相似文献
13.
G A Erickson C J Maré G W Beran E A Carbrey 《American journal of veterinary research》1978,39(1):105-107
Pet birds of 6 species were exposed to a psittacine isolate to viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND) virus to evaluate the impact of VVND in those species. Species examined were the budgerigar, yellow-headed Amazon parrot, canary, halfmoon conure, lesser hill mynah, and blackheaded nun. Five of the 6 species were highly susceptible to infection with VVND virus. Canaries were relatively refractory to infection with the virus. Contact birds of the same species developed infections almost as rapidly as did the birds directly exposed to nebulized VVND virus. Mortality was most marked for the conures. Less than half of the parrots exposed to nebulized virus died of VVND. Of the directly exposed budgerigars, mynahs, and nuns, 16% to 22% died during an observation period of postexposure days 0 through 28. 相似文献
14.
T. Bartels K. Cramer P. Wolf M. Hässig A. Boos 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2009,38(4):262-269
The aims of this study were to examine the skeleton of domesticated budgerigars of phenotypically different breeding types, to describe the expression of skeletal changes and to discuss the results with special reference to the causes and effects of breed-conditioned alterations. Complete skeletons of 39 adult budgerigars of both sexes were the object of our research. The examinations demonstrated that almost all metrically sized skeleton dimensions of budgerigars of the exhibition type were increased significantly, compared with those of the non-exhibition type. Only for the scapula significant length differences between the budgerigars of both breeding types could not be verified. It can be stated that the measuring parameters 'occipital width', 'maxilla length', 'skull length' and 'prefrontal width' are suitable for the characterization of exhibition budgerigars. However, sexual dimorphisms could be verified in only three parameters (width of the pars symphysialis mandibulae, height of the skull, width of the skull within the range of the occiput). It has to be clarified in future studies to what extent the changes in the skeleton of budgerigars of the exhibition type have already had consequences for their flying ability, metabolism, health and well-being. 相似文献
15.
Polyomavirus infection in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): clinical and aetiological studies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M E Krautwald H Müller E F Kaleta 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1989,36(6):459-467
In order to get insight into the aetiology of French Moult (FM) and Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD), and to determine relationships between the two diseases, 298 budgerigars from 49 different breeding flocks were examined. From all birds with BFD and from several birds with FM, viruses were isolated which produced characteristic cytopathic changes in chicken embryo fibroblasts. They were insensitive to chloroform treatment, and their replication was inhibited in the presence of 5-iododeoxyuridine. One of these isolates, from a bird exhibiting clinical signs of BFD, was determined by biochemical and biophysical methods to be a polyomavirus (BFDV). Nestling budgerigars 3 to 10 days of age, were inoculated with this BFDV isolate. They developed an acute systemic disease with high mortality rates, similar to naturally occurring infections. In this regard, BFDV differs markedly from all the other polyomaviruses known until now which only cause clinically asymptomatic, persistent infections in their natural hosts. Most of the birds examined with clinical signs of BFD or FM exhibited low titers of antibodies neutralizing the BFDV isolate, whereas in clinically healthy birds from flocks that never had any problems with FM or BFD, no antibodies against BFDV could be detected. On account of the results of our experiments described here we suspect that FM might be a milder, more protracted form of a BFDV infection. 相似文献
16.
One hundred budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were infected in the nares (0.02 ml/naris), eye (0.02 ml/eye), and throat (0.2 ml) with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) R strain (3.175 x 10(7) colony-forming units/ml). Fifty birds were treated with sterile broth and served as the controls; 25 of those were exposed to an inhalant, and the others were not treated. Infected birds were divided into four groups; 1) no treatment, 2) penicillin in drinking water, 3) inhalant, 4) both penicillin and inhalant. At days 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 postinfection (PI), birds were assessed for clinical signs of disease. Five birds in each group were euthanatized at each interval PI; quantitative cultures were performed on lavages from the nares and trachea and on throat swabs; tracheas and air sacs were examined histopathologically. No clinical signs, lesions, or cultural isolations occurred in any control birds. All infected birds developed clinical signs and lesions of the trachea and air sac, but none died. The most severe clinical signs were seen in birds that were infected with MG and received no other intervention or birds that received penicillin in conjunction with infection. Increased respiratory tract lesions were associated with penicillin treatment; aerosol therapy resulted in fewer lesions. 相似文献
17.
Papovavirus induced feather abnormalities and skin lesions in the budgerigar: clinical and pathological findings 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Bernier G Morin M Marsolais G 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1984,25(8):307-310
Feather abnormalities and skin lesions caused by a papovavirus infection in budgerigars are described. Diseased one to 15 day old birds displayed a lack of nestling down feathers and filoplumes on the head and neck. Survivors older than 15 days exhibited retarded growth and temporary absence of feathers variable from bird to bird. Several birds between 15 and 25 days of age had flight feathers with total absence or marked sparseness of the vanes. After 25 days, feathers began to grow, although the tail and/or some flight feathers of some of the birds remained underdeveloped or absent for several weeks. Several of these affected birds were unable to fly and are called “runners”
Microscopic lesions in the feather follicles of the affected birds less than 15 days of age, were characterized by focal, multifocal or diffuse ballooning degeneration in the lateral and axial plate cells of the barb ridges with the presence of large basophilic or amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in the same cells. Focal areas of ballooning degeneration with intranuclear inclusions were also found in the epidermis. Clinical observations made on these birds are compared with those reported in the literature for French molt.
相似文献18.
Catarrhal proventriculitis due to infection by an unidentified organism was diagnosed in 79 of 534 pet birds examined histologically. It was more prevalent in domestic birds (70 cases) than in imported ones (9 cases). A high incidence of the disease was encountered in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and it was occasionally found in finches (Poephila gouldiae gouldiae), parakeets (Psittacula Krameri manillensis), Amazona parrots (Amazona aestiva aestiva) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). The agent was a large filamentous rod, and was stained positively with Gram, GMS and PAS methods. Histologically, it induced a mild to moderate exudative or proliferative inflammation in the proventriculus. All the cases had an erosion in the gizzard. Ultrastructurally, the organism had a eukaryotic nucleus and three cell-wall layers. Concurrent infections were very common, including adenoviruses (37 cases), giardiasis (31 cases), candidiasis (13 cases), papovaviruses (11 cases) and knemidocoptic mites (11 cases). 相似文献
19.
A series of 11 pituitary tumors in budgerigars were classified on the basis of their clinical, gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical characteristics. Affected birds were young to middle-aged. Clinically, neurologic signs--including difficulties flying, ataxia, and blindness--were most commonly reported. Additional clinical signs included weight loss, abnormal feathers or molting, increased respiratory efforts, and exophthalmos. Nine birds were diagnosed with chromophobic pituitary adenomas, and 2 birds had chromophobic pituitary carcinomas. Only 1 tumor was delimited to the pituitary gland; the other 10 variably invaded the brain, skull, and retrobulbar space. Distant metastases were identified in 2 birds. All tumors were immunohistochemically strongly positive for growth hormone, consistent with the diagnosis of somatotroph tumors. The common occurrence and early onset may suggest a genetic predisposition of budgerigars to develop somatotroph pituitary tumors with a high incidence of local invasion and with metastatic potential. 相似文献
20.
P Zeman 《Veterinary parasitology》1987,23(1-2):141-146
The efficacy of ivermectin on females of a laboratory strain of Dermanyssus gallinae was tested. Ivermectin produced a noticeable systemic effect on the mites when inoculated intra-abdominally into infested chickens at rates greater than 0.6 mg kg-1. The concentrations efficacious against D. gallinae (1.8-5.4 mg kg-1) were unfavourably close to those causing toxicity in experimental birds (greater than or equal to 5.4 mg kg-1). Ivermectin administered at 5.4 mg kg-1 was active for 70 h post inoculation. 相似文献