共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 200 毫秒
1.
前茬小麦免耕和耕作对夏大豆田土壤含水量和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了前茬小麦免耕和耕作2种方式对夏大豆田土壤含水量变化、夏大豆农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:前茬小麦免耕的全生育期0～20 cm的土壤平均含水量比耕作低1.06%,差异不显著;而前茬小麦免耕的20～40 cm、40～60 cm和60～80 cm土壤平均含水量比耕作的分别高0.36%、0.96%、0.97%,差异均不显著.前茬小麦免耕的和耕作的夏大豆平均产量分别为4253.6和4313.2 kg·hm-2,前茬小麦免耕比耕作的减产59.6 kg·hm-2,但差异不显著;前茬小麦免耕的和耕作对夏大豆生育期、百粒重等农艺性状均无显著影响.因此,夏大豆前茬小麦免耕不但取得与前茬小麦耕作同样的产量效果,而且还能节省劳动量,防止水土流失,保护土壤结构,消除犁地层对作物根系生长与吸收的影响,是值得推广的耕作模式. 相似文献
2.
粘壤地小麦后茬玉米免耕制常使其产量降低,已成为在Ｏｎｔａｒｉｏ地区减少运用免耕制的一个主要因素。本文目的是确定粘壤地小麦后茬玉米在保持耕作和小麦残茬管理方面对其出苗、生长和产量有益的条件。１９９４和１９９５年在Ｏｎｔａｒｉｏ两个地点评价了７种耕作与残茬管理体系（秋翻耕、深松耕、串列式耙茬、带状耕作、免耕裸地、免耕秸秆打捆与不打捆覆盖）。秋季带状耕作减少了土壤表面小麦残茬量。晚秋留在带状耕作、免耕打捆和不打捆覆盖地上的小麦残茬量分别为３．１、４．０和７．１Ｍｇ／ｈｍ２。秋耕处理１５ｃｍ土层早春含水量没有差异,但都低于免耕麦秆覆盖处理。采用秋季带状或秋耙改变的免耕制与秋翻耕或秋深松耕处理的玉米产量没有差异,都比免耕麦秆覆盖处理增产５％～１０％。免耕的产量潜势受到小麦残茬量的影响。全部去掉小麦残茬要比免耕麦草打捆和不打捆覆盖的玉米产量增加０．５Ｍｇ／ｈｍ２和０．９Ｍｇ／ｈｍ２。免耕打捆和不打捆覆盖处理２０ｃｍ土层的微团粒比例最少,透性抗性最大,玉米生长最慢,产量最低。本文推荐在粘壤地上小麦茬后种植玉米采用秋季带状耕作或串列式耙地。 相似文献
3.
初期保护性耕作和秸秆还田对土壤物理特性及大豆玉米产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在黑龙江垦区852农场研究了初期保护性耕作和秸秆还田对土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤容重和机械阻力等土壤物理特性及对玉米、大豆产量的影响,为中长期保护性耕作和秸秆还田的应用提供理论依据.试验于2009年进行,轮作顺序为大豆-玉米-玉米;大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)和玉米试验圃(前茬为玉米)处理为免耕、灭茬还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作;玉米试验圃(前茬为大豆)处理包括免耕、直播还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作.结果表明:大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理生育前期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低3.38℃和2.6℃,玉米圃(前茬为大豆)免耕和直播处理同期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低1.93℃和1.39℃;春季播种期大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作9.3 %和4.8%,玉米试验圃(前作为大豆)免耕和直播还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作16.0 %和12.6 %;此外,免耕模式的5～20 cm深度的土壤容重和0～25 cm的土壤机械阻力均显著高于传统耕作模式,但是均未达到对作物根系生长产生抑制的阀值;免耕和灭茬/直播还田模式前期的耕层低温并未对产量构成不利影响,与传统耕作相比并未显著减产. 相似文献
4.
粘壤麦茬玉米免耕制的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
粘壤地小麦后茬玉米免耕制常使其产量降低,已成为在Ｏｎｔｒｉｏ地区减少运用免耕制的一个主要因素。本文目的是确定粘壤小麦后茬玉米在保持耕作和小麦残茬管理方面对其出苗、生长产量有益的条件。１９９４年１９９５年在Ｏｎｔａｒｉｏ两个地点评价了７种耕作与残茬管理体系（秋翻耕、深松耕串列式耙茬、带状耕作、免耕裸地、免耕秸秆打捆与不打捆覆盖）。秋季带状耕作作减少了土壤表面小麦残茬量。晚秋留在带状耕作、免耕打捆和不 相似文献
5.
基于始于2012年的不同耕作方式长期定位试验，分析冬小麦播前深翻(DT)、旋耕(ST)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对后茬免耕直播夏玉米生长(干物质积累与分配)、生理指标(叶面积指数和SPAD值)、子粒灌浆速率的影响，探析麦茬耕作方式对后茬夏玉米生长发育和产量建成的影响。结果表明，ST处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于DT和NT处理(P<0.05)，穗部干物质的分配比例分别较NT与DT处理显著增加了7.94%～13.79%、10.34%～17.48%。ST处理叶面积和持绿性优于DT和NT处理。ST处理的子粒灌浆速率较DT与NT处理提高12.71%～18.96%、5.25%～8.71%，最终获得最大产量。因此，冬小麦-夏玉米1年两熟种植模式下，麦茬旋耕更利于免耕直播夏玉米的生长和产量建成。 相似文献
6.
各种免耕制中,小麦茬后玉米产量的降低推动了耕作和残茬管理对玉米生长和苗床环境影响的研究。在２种耕作水平下（秋深翻ＭＰ和免耕ＮＴ）,评价了４种小麦残茬管理方式（残茬移掉、收后秸秆打捆、秸秆盖在地面、秸秆覆盖地面并在秋季加施５０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２）。各免耕处理要获得５０％的玉米出苗率和５０％的抽丝率需多出２ｄ以上的天数,播后５和７ｗｋ的生物量最低。而ＭＰ各处理的籽粒产量相近,均比免耕处理产量高１．１ｔ／ｈｍ２以上。免耕区残茬移掉的处理使５０％玉米出苗率的天数减少,秸秆打捆和不打捆处理的玉米产量增加０．４３ｔ／ｈｍ２和０．６１ｔ／ｈｍ２,但仍比ＭＰ处理产量低８％。ＭＰ处理间产量差异与秋季地面积留小麦残茬最或施Ｎ量呈显著相关。在生长前期,留茬的免耕处理较ＭＰ（打捆）处理土壤度天数（ＧＤＤ）少,而１５ｃｍ表土含水量则高于其它处理,免耕小区秋季施５０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２既不影响土表小麦残茬量,又不影响播种时土壤ＮＯ３－Ｎ水平。 相似文献
7.
保护性耕作方式下华北平原夏玉米产量效应的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在长期定位条件下,研究不同耕作方式下夏玉米产量性状的变化。经过连续5年的定位试验后,小麦、玉米秸秆全量还田双季免耕的处理(DNT)较玉米秸秆不还田、翻耕种植冬小麦、小麦全量还田免耕种植夏玉米的处理(PNT)以及玉米秸秆粉碎还田旋耕种植冬小麦、小麦全量还田免耕种植夏玉米的处理(RNT)连续两年平均增产19.43%和7.35%。DNT处理增加了穗长、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重,减小了秃尖度;DNT方式种植的玉米吐丝前、吐丝后干物质生产均高于其他两种耕作;DNT种植的玉米群体叶面积指数大喇叭口期开始明显优于PNT和RNT处理,且没有出现下部叶片早衰现象,吐丝后光合势、净同化率值均高于其他两种耕作。 相似文献
8.
不同耕作方式对玉米田土壤物理性质及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对土壤容重、总孔隙度、含水量、田间持水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究一次性施肥条件下深松-旋耕、深松-免耕、常规旋耕和免耕不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式对土壤容重和土壤含水量的影响效果为深松-旋耕深松-免耕常规旋耕免耕;对土壤持水量的影响效果为深松-免耕常规旋耕深松-旋耕免耕;对玉米产量的影响效果为深松-免耕免耕常规旋耕深松-旋耕,深松-免耕和免耕分别与深松旋耕和常规旋耕的产量差异达极显著水平,深松-免耕较常规旋耕增产15.68%,产量高达6 829.73 kg/hm2。 相似文献
9.
不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响 总被引：34，自引：7，他引：27
通过对土壤容重、土壤坚实度、土壤含水量、土壤田间持水量及玉米产量的测定和分析,研究深松、常规旋耕、免耕不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式对土壤容重和土壤坚实度的影响效果为深松>常规旋耕>免耕。深松耕作能够打破犁底层,降低深层土壤紧实度。深松耕作后,0~35 cm耕层土壤容重较常规旋耕和免耕分别下降6.5%和8.8%,土壤紧实度分别下降25.6%和32.3%。深松可显著增强接纳灌溉和降水能力,扩大土壤水库容。在21~40、41~60、61~80 cm土层,深松处理土壤含水量比常规旋耕分别提高3.4%、4.5%、2.4%,比免耕分别提高5.6%、4.8%、2.4%。土壤耕层0~35 cm田间持水量,深松和免耕比常规施耕分别提高7.4%和8.1%。不同耕作方式生物产量和经济产量均以深松最高,常规旋耕次之,免耕最小;深松耕作较常规旋耕和免耕分别增产4.3%和5.7%,与免耕处理间差异显著。 相似文献
10.
2017～2018年夏玉米季,设夏玉米深松播种(ST)和常规免耕播种(NT)2个处理,研究不同播种方式对农田土壤水热动态、呼吸速率、硝态氮含量、产量及水分利用特征的影响。结果表明,玉米全生育期,ST处理地积温显著高于NT处理,2个种植季平均提高160.4℃·d,提高幅度为5.3%。全生育期ST处理平均土壤呼吸速率平均比NT处理高11.7%。采用深松播种,0～100 cm根系利用水分较为活跃土层含水量比免耕播种提高1.2个百分点,其中,21～100 cm提高2个百分点。0～20 cm深松播种土壤种硝态氮含量含低于免耕播种;41～60 cm相反。0～60 cm土层,不同处理苗期至穗期,深松播种处理土壤硝态氮含量稍高,但与免耕播种处理差异不显著。深松播种显著降低玉米农田耗水量,提高水分利用效率,肥料偏生产力也有显著提高。 相似文献
11.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):182-188
AbstractNo-tillage often affects crop root development due to the higher mechanical impedance to root elongation, resulting in yield reduction under an unfavorable rainfall pattern, such as drought. In this study, we analyzed the changes in water source of wheat and soybean under drought stress in a continuous no-tillage field. Deuterium-labeled irrigation water was applied at different growth stages of crops to analyze their water uptake pattern. Mechanical impedance of the surface soil was 3.5 and 4.4 times higher in the no-tillage than in the conventional tillage under wet and drought conditions, respectively. Root length density and root branching index (the length of lateral roots per unit axile root length) of soybean in the surface soil layer were higher in the no-tillage field. This indicates that the increased branching by the higher mechanical impedance of undisturbed surface soil causes roots to accumulate in the surface soil layer. The deuterium concentration in the xylem sap of both crops was significantly higher in the no-tillage than in the tillage under a drought condition. This indicates that the crops in the no-tillage field depend highly on the newly supplied easily accessible water (irrigation water and/or rainfall) as compared with those in the conventional tillage field under a limited water supply. In conclusion, enhanced surface root growth in the no-tillage condition would result in higher dependence on surface supplied irrigation water than in the conventional tillage under drought. 相似文献
12.
Cropping sequence and tillage system influences annual crop production and water use in semiarid Montana,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Available water is typically the biggest constraint to spring wheat production in the northern Great Plains of the USA. The most common rotation for spring wheat is with summer fallow, which is used to accrue additional soil moisture. Tillage during fallow periods controls weeds, which otherwise would use substantial amounts of water, decreasing the efficiency of fallow. Chemical fallow and zero tillage systems improve soil water conservation, allowing for increased cropping intensity. We conducted a field trial from 1998 through 2003 comparing productivity and water use of crops in nine rotations under two tillage systems, conventional and no-till. All rotations included spring wheat, two rotations included field pea, while lentil, chickpea, yellow mustard, sunflower, and safflower were present in single rotations with wheat. Growing season precipitation was below average most years, resulting in substantial drought stress to crops not following fallow. Preplant soil water, water use, and spring wheat yields were generally greater following summer fallow than wheat recropped after wheat or alternate crops. Water use and yield of wheat following summer fallow was greater than for chickpea or yellow mustard, the only other crops in the trial that followed summer fallow. Field pea performed best of all alternate crops, providing yields comparable to those of recropped spring wheat. Chickpea, lentil, yellow mustard, safflower, and sunflower did not perform well and were not adapted to this region, at least during periods of below average precipitation. Following summer fallow, and despite drought conditions, zero tillage often provided greater amounts of soil water at planting compared to conventional tillage. 相似文献
13.
施用生物炭对华北平原土壤水分和夏玉米生长发育的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2014～2017年在中国农业大学吴桥实验站设每年施用生物炭7 200 kg/hm~2(T1)、3 600 kg/hm~2(T2)、1 800 kg/hm~2(T3)和不施生物炭(CK)4个处理,探究施用生物炭对土壤水分和夏玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,T1和T2处理的子粒产量分别降低10.59%～10.80%和6.30%～7.76%(P0.05)。施用生物炭显著降低全生育期的耗水量,提高水分利用效率。与T3和CK处理相比,T1和T2处理显著降低主要生育时期的SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,花后的叶面积指数也较低,从而降低花后的干物质积累。施用生物炭可以增加土壤含水量,减少夏玉米耗水量,进而提高水分利用效率;中高量的施用降低夏玉米和周年的子粒产量。因此,在华北平原生物炭施用量建议以低量为宜。 相似文献
14.
休闲期耕作对旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其相关酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论依据,通过大田试验研究了旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻、深松对0～300 cm土壤蓄水量、小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其与氮代谢相关酶活性关系的影响.结果表明,休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好.休闲期耕作均显著提高了小麦蛋白质产量.耕作时间对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因降雨年型不同而异,欠水年的休闲期耕作均显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量;丰水年在麦收后15d耕作显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,尤其显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,从而改善了品质.此外,丰水年麦收后45 d耕作可提高花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,降低花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性;籽粒蛋白质的累积在麦收后15d耕作条件下与籽粒GDH活性关系密切,而麦收后45 d耕作条件下与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性相关性较大.总之,旱地小麦休闲期耕作在不同降雨年型下均可起到良好的蓄水保墒作用,且欠水年效果较明显;耕作时间对土壤水分、小麦氮代谢酶活性、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量具有较大的调控效应,休闲期雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,且深翻效果较好. 相似文献
15.
《Field Crops Research》1997,52(3):209-219
A study was carried out over 4 years at two sites in semi-arid, north-west Victoria, Australia, to examine the effect of soil surface management during fallow on water and nitrogen accumulation and their effect on the growth and yield of the subsequent wheat crop. The fallow treatments comprised four combinations of stubble management and tillage in 18-month-long fallows of a fallow-wheat rotation together with a pea-wheat rotation which included an annual short (6 month) tilled summer fallow. The two sites are representative of the major soil types of the region; a chromic vertisol at Dooen and a calcic xerosol at Walpeup. This paper reports observations and analyses of soil water accumulation during the fallow phase. At Dooen, tillage without stubble increased soil water storage, at sowing, on average by 76 mm (range 24–122 mm) above the summer fallow. Stubble retention added a further 52 mm (range 36–65 mm). Zero tillage was beneficial in one year, and was enhanced by the presence of stubble. In contrast, at Walpeup, tillage without stubble provided an average of 37 mm more water at sowing than the summer fallow. Stubble retention without tillage increased water storage by 27 mm in only one year. At both sites the additional water stored due to stubble retention was located deep in the profile to 2.0 m. In general, zero tillage, primarily with stubble retention, offered large and consistent increases in soil water storage on heavy-textured clay soils in a 420-mm rainfall zone. On the lighter, sandy loam soil under the lower rainfall regime (343 mm), the advantage in soil water storage, through both stubble retention and zero tillage, was less frequent. 相似文献
16.
保护性耕作对黑土农田土壤水热及作物产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的有效耕作技术,为研究其在冷凉区域的适用性,于2004～2009年,以中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站黑土农田为研究对象,开展了免耕秸秆覆盖、少耕和传统旋耕3种耕作措施长期定位对比研究.结果表明:在大豆玉米轮作制度下,实施免耕秸秆覆盖和少耕的保护性耕作方式,连续3 a免耕大豆产量均表现... 相似文献
17.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):327-335
AbstractWe introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended to decrease or stagnate. By subsoiling a half of each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments of tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake and yield of both crops were examined to elucidate whether the subsoiling improves the productivity such as shoot biomass and yield through the modification of root system development, and how differ the effects of subsoiling between tilled and non-tilled fields. In wheat, roots were less concentrated in surface (0 ? 5 cm) layer in no-tillage, and distributed more in deep (20 ? 25 cm) layer of the soil. Deuterium labeled heavy water analysis revealed that the subsoiling enhanced water uptake from the deep soil layer in the no-tillage field. Both the no-tillage and subsoiling showed positive and significant effect on total biomass and yield. The effect of subsoiling must be related to water supply by deep roots in spring. In soybean no-tillage significantly increased the productivity, but subsoiling did not though distribution of the roots was modified by both practices. Soybean in non-tilled accumulated roots in the surface soil layer, but subsoiling did not significantly modify the root distribution especially in the deep soil layer. Water uptake trend and yield was thus not changed significantly by subsoiling. Subsoiling in the non-tilled field increased rooting depth and showed the possibility of braking yield stagnation in long-term no-tillage cultivation in wheat, but not in soybean. 相似文献
18.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(1):79-85
AbstractReduced tillage systems are gaining popularity but weed control is often a limiting factor in the adoption of such systems. Cover crops have become a viable option for sustainable agriculture because of its contribution to soil fertility and improved crop performance. However, the contribution of cover crops to weed management is not clearly defined. We compared minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) with conventional tillage (CT) for their effects on wheat growth in an original paddy land clay soil in the presence of Chinese milk vetch as a cover crop. Cover crop biomass, weed emergence, main crop growth and yield and soil penetration resistance were examined. Chinese milk vetch was successfully established under MT and CT but not under NT, which retarded its growth resulting in a significantly large biomass of all weed species. Weed suppression was more effective when the cover crop was broadcasted than row seeded. The presence of milk vetch as a cover crop significantly suppressed weed growth under MT especially at the late stage of growth and resulted in a comparable grain yield to that under CT. Although soil penetration resistance under MT remained high throughout the period of wheat growth, milk vetch could be effectively utilized as a cover crop under MT and wheat grain yield under MT was comparable to that under CT without mulch treatment. 相似文献