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1.
As revealed by an earlier study, young diked marsh soils on the west coast of Schleswig‐Holstein (Germany) are characterized by pronounced redox potential (EH) dynamics. Since soil forming processes occur over a short period of time in these man‐made environments, the impact of pedogenesis on EH was examined by comparing the EH dynamics measured from November 1989 to October 1993 (weekly measurements) with those measured from November 2010 to October 2014 (hourly measurements) at the same study site in Polder Speicherkoog, Northern Germany. In addition, the necessity for high resolution EH measurements was assessed as well as the impact of climate change on EH. Redox potentials were determined in both monitoring campaigns with permanently installed platinum electrodes at 10, 30, 60, 100, and 150 cm soil depths. Soil properties were determined in November 1989 and in August 2013. In 24 years of soil formation, bulk density was demonstrated to increase by 28.5% and 33.3% in 10 and 20 cm depths, respectively, and the sulfide‐bearing Protothionic horizon lowered from 105 to 135 cm below surface level. Overall, EH dynamics were similar at all soil depths during both study periods with topsoil compaction not affecting EH. Annual alterations of EH were primarily driven by the variable climatic water balance (CWB) and by the corresponding water table (WT) fluctuations. These fluctuations resulted in occasional aeration of the subsoil and subsequent oxidation of sulfides. A forecast of CWB to 2100 predicts an intensified WT drawdown by elevated evapotranspiration rates that should amplify sulfide oxidation. To deduce the soil redox status on a seasonal or annual scale, readings taken at daily intervals are sufficient. To identify biogeochemical processes, it is necessary to monitor EH on an hourly basis because increases in EH values of up to 540 mV have been observed within a 24 hour period in temporarily waterlogged horizons.  相似文献   

2.
Calculation of redox potential in soil and groundwater from the curve of the electrode depolarization An inherent problem with redox potential measurements in soil and groundwater is the initial drift of potential readings. This is caused by electrode depolarization. The depolarization kinetics corresponds to a first-order process, mathematically described by an e-function. Based on the depolarization kinetics a method was developed to calculate redox potentials (Eh-values) from only short time (= 10 min) measured depolarization curves. Besides the Eh-value this procedure gives the depolarization constant λ. The method was tested and verified by a number of depolarization measurements in soils and groundwater.  相似文献   

3.
The long‐term measurement of soil redox potential (EH) by permanently installed Pt electrodes may be restricted by electrode breakdown (electrode rupture and resin leakage) and contamination, especially under wet and strongly reducing soil conditions. The EH of a slightly alkaline (pH 7.1 to 7.3) Calcaric Gleysol developed from marine sediment in the dyked marsh of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany, was monitored weekly during a 4‐year period using permanently installed Pt electrodes. Measurements were performed in fivefold at 10, 30, 60, 100, and 150 cm. Furthermore, water table level was recorded. Sulfide occurred in 150 cm as a heritage of the previous marine environment. Mean water table level was 84 cm below the soil surface but was characterized by both short‐term and seasonally strong fluctuations. Levels of water table ranged from 33 to >200 cm below soil surface. In consistence with water table level, the EH continually decreased with soil depth. Mean redox conditions were oxidizing at 10 (550 mV) and 30 cm (430 mV), weakly reducing at 60 cm (230 mV), and moderately reducing at 100 (120 mV) and 150 cm depth (–80 mV). Soil hydrology differed markedly during the study as expressed by periods of water saturation for each depth. This was reflected by Pt electrodes response, since period of water saturation and EH were significantly negatively correlated as calculated for each year and depth (rs = –0.971; n = 20; P < 0.01). The 60‐cm depth was most frequently influenced by water table fluctuations, showed the largest EH range (920 mV) and the most distinct seasonal pattern in EH. Good function of the electrodes in this depth can be concluded even after long time of installation in soil. Although established in a sulfide‐bearing environment, three of five electrodes at 150 cm showed a substantial increase (+500 mV) in EH during summer of the third and fourth years of investigation, which had low water tables. It is not clear whether the non‐response of two electrodes was due to electrode contamination or spatial variation in EH. When operating in reducing systems, this problem can be circumvented by installing a large number of electrodes or by a regular replacement of electrodes. Using properly constructed and permanently installed Pt electrodes, soil EH can be monitored for extended periods under wet and reducing soil conditions.  相似文献   

4.
The pH‐value is of utmost relevance for soil properties and functioning. Hence, a time‐resolved in‐situ measurement is mandatory but lacking. As an alternative, a two‐probe pH electrode with gel‐covered reference electrode was newly constructed and tested for a continuous, in‐situ pH recording in saturated and unsaturated soil. This was done using samples from a set of 14 soils with different composition and pH$ _{\rm CaCl_2} $ ranging from 3.5 to 7.5 in batch and repacked soil column experiments. In the latter, changes in pH and redox potential were monitored upon transport of citrate‐phosphate buffer and pig slurry through the soil columns. The pH measurements were largely stable even upon substantial shifts in soil moisture content down to air‐dry conditions. The results of the pH measurements agreed with standard methods using settled soil suspensions in electrolyte solutions and the conventional combination (single‐probe) pH electrode. Testing the suspension effect, it was found that measuring pH directly in the soil is recommended. The pH measured in‐situ was closest to pH values determined in 0.01 M CaCl2 suspensions according to DIN ISO 10390 (DIN, 2005 ). The transport of citrate buffer and pig slurry as pH active substances through soil induced strong effects on the pH and in part on the redox potential; the reversible effects lasted over days, which may affect the mobility and speciation of nutrients and pollutants as well as microbial processes.  相似文献   

5.
再氧化对土壤的通气性变异的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The interplay between soil physical parameters during the recovery from anoxic stresses (reoxidation) is largely unrecognized. This study was conducted to characterise the soil aeration status and derive correlations between variable aeration factors during reoxidation. Surface layers (0-30 cm) of three soil types, Haplic Phaeozem, Mollic Gleysol, and Eutric Cambisol (FAO soil group), were selected for analysis. The moisture content was determined for a range of pF values (0, 1.5, 2.2, 2.7, and 3.2), corresponding to the available water for microorganisms and plant roots. The variability of a number of soil aeration parameters, such as water potential (pF), air-filled porosity (Eg), oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), and redox potential (Eh), were investigated. These parameters were found to be interrelated in most cases. There were significant (P < 0.001) negative correlations of pF, Eg, and ODR with Eh. A decrease in water content as a consequence of soil reoxidation was manifested by an increase in the values of aeration factors in the soil environment. These results contributed to understanding of soil redox processes during recovery from flooding and might be useful for development of agricultural techniques aiming at soil reoxidation and soil fertility optimisation.  相似文献   

6.
The evaluation of long lasting O2-deficiency in soils from nutrient analyses The relation between soil reserve (b) related plant contents (p) of nutrients, which are taken up preferentially under good (Y, e.g. N, K) or poor (X, e.g. Mn, Na) aeration (Yp: Yb): (Xp : Xb) decreases with increasing oxygen deficiency, therefore it is a suitable measure for the stifling during the growth season. In four very different landscapes N and Mn turned out to be the most useful indicators. Thus, appropriately combined analyses of plant and soil samples from the rooting zone taken once can replace chronosequent measurements of the EH and ODR or indirect determinations of air volume, no matter, whether single plant species or the same plant communities are investigated. This method could be applied generally, with threshold values, if the same plants and in a given landscape adequate soil extractants were used.  相似文献   

7.
While the reduction of nitrate‐N, Mn(III,IV), Fe(III), and sulfate‐S in soil has been studied intensively in the laboratory, field research has received only limited attention. This study investigated the relationship between redox potential (EH) measured in bulk soil and concentrations of nitrate, Mn2+, Fe2+, and sulfate in the soil solution of two Gleysols differing in drainage status from the Marsh area of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany. The soils are silty‐sandy and developed from calcareous marine sediments. Redox potentials were monitored weekly with permanently installed Pt electrodes, and soil solution was obtained biweekly by ceramic suction cups from 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depth over one year. Median EH at 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depths was 470, 410, 410, and 20 mV in the drained soil and 500, 480, 30, and –170 mV in the undrained soil, respectively. A decrease in EH below critical values was accompanied in the soil solutions (pH 7.4 to 7.8) by disappearance of nitrate below 0 to 200 mV, appearance of Mn2+ below 350 mV, and Fe2+ below 0 to 50 mV. Both metals disappeared from soil solution after aeration. In the sulfide‐bearing environment of the 150 cm depth of the undrained soil, however, the sulfate concentrations were highest at such EH values at which sulfate should be unstable. This discrepancy was reflected in the fact that at this depth bulk soil EH was about 400 mV lower than soil solution EH (250 mV). When investigating the dynamics of nitrate, Mn, and Fe in soils, bulk soil EH provides semi‐quantitative information in terms of critical EH ranges. However, in sulfidic soil environments the interpretation of EH measured in bulk soil is uncertain.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
A field method for the measurement of substrate‐induced soil respiration A novel method for in situ measurements of microbial soil activity using the CO2 efflux combined with kinetic analysis is proposed. The results are compared with two conventional, laboratory methods, (1) substrate‐induced respiration using a ’︁Sapromat’ and (2) dehydrogenase activity. Soil respiration was measured in situ after addition of aqueous solutions containing 0 to 6 g glucose kg—1 soil. The respiration data were analysed using kinetic models to describe the nutritional status of the soil bacteria employing few representative parameters. The two‐phase soil respiration response gave best fit results with the Hanes' or non‐parametric kinetic model with Michaelis‐Menten constants (Km) of 0.05—0.1 g glucose kg—1 soil. The maximum respiration rates (Vmax) were obtained above 1 g glucose. Substrate‐induced respiration rates of the novel in situ method were significantly correlated to results of the ’︁Sapromat’ measurements (r2 = 0.81***). The in situ method combined with kinetic analysis was suitable for the characterisation of microbial activity in soil; it showed respiration rates lower by 59% than measured in the laboratory with disturbed samples.  相似文献   

10.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N2O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha?1) and lime (CaCO3; 2 Mg ha?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N2O and CO2 emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (Dp/D0) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in Dp/D0 over time. Cumulative N2O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO2 emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N2O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with Dp/D0 changes, whereby decreases in Dp/D0 corresponded to N2O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO2 emissions and Dp/D0. Cumulative N2O emissions were positively related to number of days with Dp/D0 < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N2O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of Dp/D0 changes may be key to explaining N2O emissions.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

To support investigations of flood tolerance occurring at a field‐based research facility, changes in soil volumetric water content, temperature, redox potential, dissolved oxygen content, and pH over the course of flood events were monitored. Electronic sensors connected to dataloggers for continuous monitoring of these parameters were installed, and soil redox potential and pH were also monitored manually for comparison. Soil volumetric water content showed that soils became saturated quickly following inundation. Soil redox potentials revealed a reduction of the soil with inundation; however, stagnant water treatments did not result in lower redox potentials than flowing water treatments. Similarly, dissolved oxygen content was not lower in the stagnant water treatment. The automated and manual systems detected similar trends in redox potential response to flooding; however, redox potentials measured manually were generally higher and significantly different from those obtained with the automated system. Anomalous readings were detected with the automated measurement of soil pH, indicating further need for improvement of this system.  相似文献   

12.
The distribution of iron‐cyanide complexes between ferrocyanide, [FeII(CN)6]4–, and ferricyanide, [FeIII(CN)6]3–, in soils on contaminated sites depends on the redox potential, EH. We carried out microcosm experiments in which ferrocyanide (20 mg l?1) was added to an uncontaminated moderately acidic subsoil (pH 5.2), and varied the EH of the soil suspension between 200 and 700 mV over up to 109 days. Ferrocyanide and ferricyanide were analysed by capillary isotachophoresis. At redox potentials ranging from 400 to 700 mV, small amounts of iron‐cyanide complexes were adsorbed, and ferrocyanide was almost completely oxidized to ferricyanide. Decreasing EH to 200 mV led to nearly complete removal of iron‐cyanide complexes from solution, and the complexes were not mobilized after subsequent aeration (EH > 350 mV). Under weakly to moderately reducing conditions (EH ≈ 200 mV), iron‐cyanide complexes were removed from solution by precipitation, which occurred, presumably in the form of e.g. Fe2[FeII(CN)6], Fe4[FeII(CN)6]3 or Mn2[FeII(CN)6], after reductive dissolution of Mn and Fe oxides. Four different sets of geochemical model calculations were carried out. The species distribution between ferrocyanide and ferricyanide in solution was predicted reliably under varying pH and redox conditions when iron‐cyanide complex concentrations and Fe concentrations, excluding Fe bound in iron‐cyanide complexes, were used in model calculations. In model calculations on the fate of iron‐cyanide complexes in soil, adsorption reactions must be considered, especially under oxidizing conditions. Otherwise, the calculated iron‐cyanide complex concentrations are larger than those actually measured.  相似文献   

13.
Oxygen (O2) supply and the related redox potential (EH) are important parameters for interactions between roots and microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Rhizosphere extension in terms of the spatial distribution of O2 concentration and EH is poorly documented under aerobic soil conditions. We investigated how far O2 consumption of roots and microorganisms in the rhizosphere is replenished by O2 diffusion as a function of water/air‐filled porosity. Oxygen concentration and EH in the rhizosphere were monitored at a mm‐scale by means of electroreductive Clark‐type sensors and miniaturized EH electrodes under various matric potential ranges. Respiratory activity of roots and microorganisms was calculated from O2 profiles and diffusion coefficients. pH profiles were determined in thin soil layers sliced near the root surface. Gradients of O2 concentration and the extent of anoxic zones depended on the respiratory activity near the root surface. Matric potential, reflecting air‐filled porosity, was found to be the most important factor affecting O2 transport in the rhizosphere. Under water‐saturated conditions and near field capacity up to –200 hPa, O2 transport was limited, causing a decline in oxygen partial pressures (pO2) to values between 0 and 3 kPa at the root surface. Aerobic respiration increased by a factor of 100 when comparing the saturated with the driest status. At an air‐filled porosity of 9% to 12%, diffusion of O2 increased considerably. This was confirmed by EH around 300 mV under aerated conditions, while EH decreased to 100 mV on the root surface under near water‐saturated conditions. Gradients of pO2 and pH from the root surface indicated an extent of the rhizosphere effect of 10–20 mm. In contrast, EH gradients were observed from 0 to 2 mm from the root surface. We conclude that the rhizosphere extent differs for various parameters (pH, Eh, pO2) and is strongly dependent on soil moisture.  相似文献   

14.
Soil samples were collected from the upper soil horizon within 4 m of black locust ( Robinia pseudo-acacia) and tulip poplar trees ( Liriodendron tulipifera) from the same mixed forest in south-central Pennsylvania. The soil samples were analyzed for organic C levels, pH, NO3 -, NH4 +, catabolic diversity (Shannon diversity index; catabolic H), catabolic evenness (Simpson-Yule index; catabolic E), genetic H, and genetic E. The catabolic H and genetic H of microbes in these soils were found to correlate well with the levels of mineralized N, organic C, and pH. Significant variations in these parameters were found between the soils from near black locust and tulip poplar trees. Conditions in the soil near the black locust trees were more favorable to nitrification as indicated by the elevated pH, organic C, NO3 -, and total mineral N levels, along with lower NH4 + levels. The microbial genetic H and E were greater and the catabolic H and E were lower in the black locust soils than in the tulip poplar soils. This suggests that a more specialized environment exists in the soil near the black locust trees which selects for enhanced nitrification and the use of fewer, but preferred catabolic pathways by a more genetically diverse group of microbes that grow to a greater biomass. Conversely, the soils from near the tulip poplar trees are such that they do not select for some dominant catabolic pathways, rather they allow for the use of a greater variety of catabolic pathways by a less diverse microbial population, which appear to grow to a lower biomass. We believe that the combined application of the microbial genetic and catabolic diversity analyses, microbial biomass estimates, and traditional physico-chemical characteristics in soil studies provides information not easily available that can be useful during assessment of soil processes in different terrestrial habitats.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was examination possibility of Azolla caroliniana Willd. to aerate its medium enriched with Cd(II) and Hg(II) and comparison of DO and ODR methods in measurement aeration status of solutions. Azolla system has been chosen to verify the validity of the measuring ODR method in water solution. Water aeration measurements, one of important environmental tests, are performed most often by measurement of dissolved oxygen with oxygen sensors. Other similar method called oxygen diffusion rate is generally used in different porous materials such as soil. Our first objective was to check if these both methods are comparable and may be use exchangeable in water solution. The both types of measurements were performed in medium saturated at different oxygen concentrations. The linear relationship and high correlation (R = 0.89) were found between values of ODR and DO. The object of the second part of our studies was A. caroliniana Willd. (Azollaceae), a floating water fern living in symbiosis with cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae Strasb. (Nostoceae) that fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Azolla plants are used for centuries as a nitrogen biofertilizer. The second aim of our work was to find out, if the fern reduces or increases oxygen concentration in water. The ODR method was used to determine the aeration status of the nutrient solution. During 12 days of the experiment at laboratory conditions, an active role of A. caroliniana in aeration of the nutrient solution containing Cd(II) and Hg(II) was stated.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as 137Cs and 40K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρm). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the 137Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρm. A coefficient, QCs, derived from the forward scattering of 137Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the 137Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the 137Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρm. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of 137Cs inventories improved from a non significant r2=0.05 to a significant r2=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ137Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, QK, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from 40K within the soil relative to the 40K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r2=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ137Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which QCs can be estimated, a function of the low 137Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρm determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling.  相似文献   

17.
Avoiding chemical and physical artifacts during sampling is crucial for realistic analyses of mineral and other colloids in soil. We developed a sampler, which allows for the in situ collection of Fe oxides that precipitate in their natural environment in a Bg horizon of a Calcaric Gleysol. Simultaneous measurements of redox‐sensitive parameters confirmed temporal changes from Fe‐reducing to Fe‐oxidizing conditions on site.  相似文献   

18.
太行山低山丘陵区不同植物群落物种多样性研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。  相似文献   

19.
宁夏中部干旱带砂土混合覆盖下土壤蒸发估算   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为寻求一种能够有效估算宁夏中部干旱带压砂地土壤蒸发量的方法,通过微型蒸渗仪大田试验,研究了 0(S1),20％(S2),40％(S3),60％(S4),80％(S5),100％(S6)6种砂土混合比条件下土水蒸发比与表层土壤含水量的关系,并构建了压砂地土壤蒸发量估算模型.结果表明:土水蒸发比随表层土壤含水量呈分阶段变化...  相似文献   

20.
The plant minimal exchangeable K (EPl,min) defines the lower accessible limit of the most available pool of soil K to plants. It is also an index of long‐term K reserve in soils. However, its estimation by the classical method of exhaustion cropping is laborious. This study aimed at comparing EPl,min values obtained by the exhaustion cropping method with EPl,min values estimated by an alternative approach based on the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the infinitely high selective sites for K (i.e., always saturated with K) in the K‐Ca exchange (EK‐Ca,min). A set of 45 soil samples, corresponding to the various fertilization K treatments of 15 long‐term K fertilization trials, was used in this study. The selected soil samples presented a wide range of texture, CEC, and exchangeable K. The plant minimal exchangeable K was found more or less independent of the K treatment, whereas EK‐Ca,min increased when the soil exchangeable K content increased. The plant minimal exchangeable K was systematically lower than EK‐Ca,min, showing that EK‐Ca,min is at least partially available to the plant. Hence, EK‐Ca,min is not a surrogate of EPl,min. Conversely, the plant minimal exchangeable K was strongly, positively correlated to soil CEC (measured at soil pH; r2 = 0.90***). This soil property can consequently be used as a proxy of EPl,min.  相似文献   

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