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1.
城市土壤污染对城市生态环境的可持续性以及人体健康带来了相当大的风险,其控制与管理已经成为我国环境管理中的一个新问题。本文对中美两国城市土壤污染控制与管理体系进行了比较研究,认为我国现有城市土壤污染控制与管理体系滞后于城市大气、水环境污染控制与管理,没有形成专门的土壤污染防治法规体系,土壤环境影响评价尚无推荐的行业导则,缺乏土壤污染评估标准,土壤污染状况信息不透明,公众和社区参与意识不强烈以及如何准确地识别污染土壤的程度和数量、判定污染者所承担的责任、筹措土壤污染处置基金等问题都是土壤污染控制与管理过程中的薄弱环节等。另外,从管理机构、政策法规、技术工作手段以及经济责任的认定等方面提出了改进措施。 相似文献
2.
城市土地置换过程中土壤污染研究进展评述 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
城市土地置换过程中严重的土壤污染已经成为制约城市地区土地可持续开发利用的主要因素.本文从城市土壤污染的内在机理研究、污染土地风险评价与风险管理研究、土壤污染与土地价值损失风险关系研究、污染土地治理和再开发投融资机制研究4个方面综述了国内外城市土地置换过程中土壤污染研究进展.述评认为土壤污染领域研究已经成为实现城市可持续发展的重要课题,土壤污染的环境管理理论与方法滞后于其他要素的研究,土壤污染风险评价与风险管理已经成为土壤环境管理的重要决策支撑. 相似文献
3.
氯丹和灭蚁灵在典型污染场地的空间分布研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
测定分析了典型氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地上的土壤、浅层地下水、地表水和底泥样品,应用地统计学的理论和方法研究了氯丹和灭蚁灵的空间结构与分布特征。结果表明,氯丹、灭蚁灵空间变异性高,随机因素对空间变异起主导作用。厂区内生产车间附近土壤中氯丹和灭蚁灵污染严重,存在明显的水平迁移,污染扩散范围与风向呈现一定相关性。氯丹和灭蚁灵随水的淋溶作用存在显著的竖直迁移,已经扩散至深层土壤中。污染场地附近的浅层地下水和地表水均被污染,底泥污染被限制在排污口附近。通过Kriging法插值画出土壤和浅层地下水中氯丹和灭蚁灵的等值线图,清晰地看出氯丹和灭蚁灵的分布趋势:氯丹和灭蚁灵在表层土壤中污染程度较重,下层土壤和浅层地下水中的污染分布均与上层相对应。土壤、浅层地下水、地表水和底泥中灭蚁灵浓度均小于氯丹,这与氯丹和灭蚁灵的挥发性、迁移性、吸附性等理化性质有关。通过与同类POPs污染场地研究的对比分析发现,此类场地土壤中的POPs分布存在共性特征。 相似文献
4.
5.
Lee Hong-gil Kim Hyun-Koo Noh Hoe-Jung Byun Yoon Joo Chung Hyen-Mi Kim Ji-In 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2021,21(5):1947-1961
Purpose
To identify the sources and levels of contamination with anthropogenically derived heavy metals (HMs) for appropriate pollution control. We quantified anthropogenic influences with respect to HM pollution in soil, based on multiple pollution indices and cluster analysis derived from the results of an annual nationwide survey conducted in Korea.
MethodsContamination levels of HMs in soils were quantitatively evaluated using multiple pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow’s integrated pollution index (NIPI), and pollution load index (PLI). Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to elucidate the correlations between HMs and contamination sources. A total of 2214 HM concentration data including six contamination sources were used to evaluate the pollution state of anthropogenic effects of HMs.
ResultsThe CFs for Zn and Cu revealed a broad enrichment of these HMs in all pollution sources. Scrap recycling sites (SRS) had the highest likelihood of pollutant distribution in soil surfaces. NIPI and PLI varied with the extent of anthropogenic activities or land use, especially in SRS, waste disposal sites (WDS), transport maintenance sites (TMS), and industrial sites (INS), and anthropogenic sources were divided into three discrete clusters: INS-TMS-LDS (land development sites), SRS-WDS, and vicinities of industrial sites (VIS).
ConclusionOur results confirmed that soil pollution indices combined with cluster analysis were useful to identify sources of anthropogenic HMs in urban soil, as well as to assess the levels of HM contamination.
相似文献6.
SONG Yang WANG Fang F. O. KENGARA BIAN Yong-Rong YANG Xing-Lun LIU Cui-Ying JIANG Xin 《土壤圈》2011,21(4):423-431
Inoculating soil with an adapted microbial community is a more effective bioaugmentation approach than inoculation with pure strains in bioremediation.However,information on the potential of different inocula from sites with varying contamination levels and pollution histories in soil remediation is lacking.The objective of the study was to investigate the potential of adapted microorganisms in soil inocula,with different contamination levels and pollution histories,to degrade 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB).Three different soils from chlorobenzene-contaminated sites were inoculated into agricultural soils and soil suspension cultures spiked with 1,2,4-TCB.The results showed that 36.52% of the initially applied 1,2,4-TCB was present in the non-inoculated soil,whereas about 19.00% of 1,2,4-TCB was present in the agricultural soils inoculated with contaminated soils after 28 days of incubation.The soils inoculated with adapted microbial biomass (in the soil inocula) showed higher respiration and lower 1,2,4-TCB volatilization than the non-inoculated soils,suggesting the existence of 1,2,4-TCB adapted degraders in the contaminated soils used for inoculation.It was further confirmed in the contaminated soil suspension cultures that the concentration of inorganic chloride ions increased continuously over the entire experimental period.Higher contamination of the inocula led not only to higher degradation potential but also to higher residue formation.However,even inocula of low-level contamination were effective in enhancing the degradation of 1,2,4-TCB.Therefore,applying adapted microorganisms in the form of soil inocula,especially with lower contamination levels,could be an effective and environment-friendly strategy for soil remediation. 相似文献
7.
三峡库区消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
三峡库区是我国重要的水源地, 研究库区水陆交错带消落区内土壤重金属污染程度并解析其来源,对水库的水环境和土壤环境具有重要意义。本研究采用地质累积指数, 对三峡库区消落区175 m 水位蓄水前12 个采样区表层68 个土样的土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 和Cr 污染进行评价, 结果表明: 整个研究区不受Cr 污染, 研究区70%以上面积不受Pb、Cu 和Zn 污染; 研究区As 污染最严重, 其次为Cd 和Hg。利用因子分析法对这7 种重金属来源进行解析的结果表明, 库区消落区土壤重金属源可分为2 大类别:“自然因子”类别元素(Cr、Pb、Cu 和Zn)和“工业污染因子”类别元素(Hg、As 和Cd)。消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析可为消落区生态环境的综合治理提供参考。 相似文献
8.
伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils. 相似文献
9.
Martin M. Kaufman Daniel T. Rogers Kent S. Murray 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,167(1-4):365-386
A model for estimating the remediation costs at contaminated sites is developed, in which the predictor variable is a composite of surface, subsurface, and contaminant risk factors. Calibration of the model is performed at 83 sites in an urbanized watershed with diverse surface geology in southeastern Michigan. These test sites exhibited different extents of contamination, including some where only soil was contaminated, and others where soil and groundwater were contaminated. The model was then applied to 79 sites with multiple contamination extents within different watersheds in North America, Europe, Australia, and Africa. The results indicate a very high correlation between the estimated and actual remediation costs at these sites. This model thus has the potential for providing reliable estimates of remediation costs across a broad array of soil and groundwater contamination scenarios, including dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contamination in sandy soil and lead in clay soil. 相似文献
10.
Anthropogenic metal contamination is a pervasive problem in many urban or industrial areas. The interaction of metals with native soil communities is an important area of research as scientists strive to understand effects of long-term metal contamination on soil properties. Measurements of free soil enzyme activities can serve as useful indicators of microbial metabolic potential. The goals of this study are to determine extracellular soil enzymatic activities with respect to corresponding metal concentrations within a site of long-term contamination. These data are examined to understand relationships between extracellular soil enzyme activities and persistent metal loads in situ. Here we present such results from a rare research opportunity at an un-remediated, urban brownfield in Jersey City, NJ, USA. The soils of the site developed over the last 150 years through the dumping of urban fill from New York City as well as industrial rail use. The site was abandoned and fenced in the late 1960s, and within it, there is a mapped gradient of metal concentration in the soils, including As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and V. We measured soil enzymatic potential (alkaline phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, and l-leucine-amino-peptidase) across four plots within the site and at an uncontaminated reference site that is of the same successional age and geographic influence. We found the highest enzymatic activities for all three activities measured at the site with the greatest soil metal loads and a particularly strong relationship among enzyme activity and the metals V and Cr. Our results differ from many experimental studies that show decreased soil enzyme activity in soils experimentally treated with metals. The results may indicate the effects of long-term adaptation of soil communities within these metal contaminated soils. 相似文献
11.
Investigation of heavy metal concentrations on urban soils,dust and vegetables nearby a former smelter site in Mortagne du Nord,Northern France 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Francis Douay Hélène Roussel Hervé Fourrier Christophe Heyman Gaëlle Chateau 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2007,7(3):143-146
Environmental situations near former industrial sites like Mortagne du Nord (Northern France) in which the soil, dust and homegrown vegetables have been contaminated by heavy metals can represent a sanitary risk to the surrounding population. In order to evaluate the contamination level in different exposition media in this site, 26 urban topsoils, 17 dust and 38 vegetable samples were taken near the former zinc smelter site. All the observed levels on urban soil samples (except one) are over regional agricultural reference values for Cd and Pb. 45 % of the vegetable samples are over the European foodstuff limits and one dust sample taken in the school playground outdoor tarmac area exceeds the French limit in dust set up at 1,000 μg m?2 for Pb. The Cd and Pb levels fluctuate depending on the use of the ground (kitchen garden, lawn, courtyard) and its location. The lack of simple correlations between the distance from the former smelter site and the Pb concentrations on sampled soils let us think that human activities contributed in the local urban contamination. In this context, who is now responsible for the soil contamination and the human exposure? 相似文献
12.
Hernandez Gonzalez Liliana M. Rivera Vivien A. Phillips Colin B. Haug Loren A. Hatch Shelby L. Yeager Loren E. Chang Haebin Alvarez Jennifer Gnaedinger Karl J. Miller William M. Packman Aaron I. 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(11):3817-3831
Purpose
Gensburg Markham Prairie (GMP), a high-quality tallgrass prairie and wetland in the Chicago area, is surrounded by high-traffic highways and residential communities. Anthropogenic inputs are a concern given observed ecosystem degradation around the periphery of the prairie. To understand soil quality and the potential for habitat degradation in GMP, we evaluated concentrations of metals and phosphorus in soil profiles, identified possible sources of contamination, and assessed the likelihood that contamination would impact the prairie ecosystem.
Materials and methodsWe collected 15 intact soil cores (to a depth of 120 cm) and 22 surface soil samples (0–10-cm depth), determined the soil type, and measured pH, organic matter, and concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, K, Ca, and P using ICP-OES. To quantify soil pollution, we calculated the element enrichment factor (EF) and single element pollution index (SEPI) for each sample. We also used principal component analysis (PCA) to interpret relationships between site variables, elemental concentrations, and sources of metals.
Results and discussionHeavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) and P were found to accumulate in surface samples. The mean EF values for Pb, Cu, Zn, and P revealed significant enrichment of these elements in the soil profiles. However, SEPI analyses indicate that GMP soils have a low level of contamination. PCA revealed that concentrations are highest for samples with high organic matter content near the ground surface and that Pb, Cu, and Zn have common sources of pollution.
ConclusionsWe observed enrichment of Pb, Cu, Zn, and P because of deposition from the urban built environment, but the enrichment levels are low enough that they are not expected to negatively impact the ecosystem of GMP. The detailed soil chemistry data constitute a spatial contamination map that can be used to assess potential long-term impacts on the ecosystem, such as reduction of plant growth and species diversity, and inform site management and biodiversity conservation efforts.
相似文献13.
14.
Purpose
Heavy metals pollution of city soil has become a serious environmental issue. Attention has been given to the issue of soil contamination in big cities, but little research has been done in the Loess Plateau, which is the largest loess deposition area in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of topsoil.Materials and methods
Forty soil samples were collected from different districts and sieved through nylon sieves. The coarse particles (2 mm) were used to determine pH and electrical conductivity using a suspension of 1:5 soil to deionized water. The fine particles (150 μm) were used to determine soil organic matter and selected heavy metals. Metals were measured in digested solutions by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results and discussion
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils in the study area are significantly lower than the mean concentrations across China. The integrated pollution index was determined to be 1.13, indicating moderate pollution. Weathering of parent material, the use of pesticide and fertilizer, discharge of waste from traffic, wastes from commodities and industry, and coal combustion are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the study area.Conclusions
The results indicate that, at least in the study area, land use greatly influences the soil quality and heavy metal contents in urban topsoils. Soil backfill may change heavy metal contents to some extent. Deep digging and backfill can be effectively used for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and sediments. 相似文献15.
Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Background, aim and scope Over 50% of the global population live in urban centres and, therefore, an understanding of the processes acting upon urban
systems is a global issue. The nature of human-made, often impervious, land surfaces and heavily engineered waterways results
in hydrological and sedimentological systems in urbanised basins which contrast significantly to those within more natural
(i.e. pristine, forested, agricultural) aquatic systems. In addition, the abundance of contamination sources in urban systems
results in chemical pressures often manifested as high pollution concentrations or loadings, which in turn have detrimental
impacts on human and ecosystem health. These lead to management and sustainability issues not generally encountered in more
natural environments. The purpose of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of sediment sources, pathways
and storage within urban river systems, to consider sediment management within urban systems and river basins, and examine
the role of local and global environmental changes on sediment processes and management. Inevitably, much of the sediment
that is transported within urbanised basins is contaminated, so this review also considers sediment–contaminant sources and
interactions.
Conclusions and recommendations We reach a number of conclusions and recommendations for future research. There is a need for better sampling and monitoring
of sediment and sediment-associated contaminant fluxes and cycling in urban river channels and basins. This should include
better techniques and studies to identify sources and transfers of road-deposited sediment (RDS), airborne particulate matter
and sediments in the river system. Greater interdisciplinary research, combining sedimentologists, hydrologists, urban planners,
urban archaeologists, chemists and biologists, is needed. More attention needs to focus on upscaling and connecting urban
areas to the rest of the river basin, both upstream and downstream. Finally, there is a need to balance multiple needs (urban
population, water resources) with likely trends in both urban development and global environmental change. 相似文献
16.
为掌握长江干流沿江地区土壤重金属状况,开展土壤表层样品采集和重金属空间分布研究,使用PMF（positive matrix factorization）模型解析土壤重金属来源,并选取地累积和潜在生态风险等方法,评估重金属的污染状况和生态风险。结果表明：1）土壤重金属的积累程度不同,As、Cd和Cu的超标率高,污染明显。Cd和Cu的变异系数高于1.0,分布不匀,受某些污染源的影响显著。2）各重金属含量呈现条带状的空间格局,在多个地区出现高值,土壤环境质量受到人类活动的负面影响。3）土壤重金属积累主要来源于自然、工业排放、交通运输和农业生产,贡献率分别为36.65%、28.48%、20.07%和14.80%。其中Cd与工业活动有关,Pb和Zn来自交通排放,Cr和Ni与自然源密切相关,As和Cu来源于农业生产。4）Cd的污染程度最高,81.88%的点位达到轻度污染。40%以上的点位受到As、Cu、Ni和Pb污染。75%以上点位的Cr和Zn含量较低,污染程度不高。单项生态风险指数的均值从大到小依次为：Cd、As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr。综合生态风险指数均值为63.17,处于轻微风险水平。该研究作为土壤生态调查的核心,可为土壤环境管理和重金属污染修复提供科学依据。 相似文献
17.
Soil invertebrates suffer from contamination of the soil by heavy metals. We have studied the effects of contamination by cadmium, zinc and lead on their communities in soils in northern France by comparing polluted land with non‐contaminated sites. We have followed the seasonal variations and effects of soil properties. Saprophagous invertebrates (Diplopoda, Isopoda) and Chilopoda were sampled by pitfall‐trapping from February to November in fairly contaminated areas. In addition, a Berlese extraction of the litter in two very highly contaminated sites was conducted during autumn; animals were also trapped during June in the same locations. The most active period for myriapods was spring (April and May), whereas isopods were abundant from April to the end of summer. No clear relation was found relating dominant species or number of myriapods or isopods to concentration of heavy metal in the little‐contaminated soils. The dominant species seemed not to be related to pollution but to vegetation or soil characteristics. In the most contaminated sites, with metalliferous grassland and a thick undecomposed litter layer, a threshold in contamination values seemed to be reached: no isopods or millipedes were found, but only Chilopoda and Symphyla. 相似文献
18.
Contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their distribution pattern in soils with different contamination levels In order to study the PAH-contamination of soils in North Rhine Westfalia, soil samples were taken at different sites and analysed for six PAH. The sites were selected with regard to different forms of land use such as arable land and pastures in rural areas and gardens in urban areas and with regard to varying immission situations. The results are valued according to reference (RW) and test values (PW) of the Netherlands Guidelines for soil restoration. The reference values of these guidelines characterizing normal contents are regularly and in part distinctly exceeded for fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene at some sites (coking plant, alluvial meadow soils, allotment gardens, close to a highway). The check values which imply more exact investigations are only exceeded at the most contaminated site, a coking plant. The PAH patterns at the different sites investigated depend on the number and kind of PAH sources. PAH typical for motor vehicle emission (benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene) are dominating in soils close to a highway, whereas at the cokery site fluoranthene can be found in higher concentrations than the other PAH. In alluvial river soils and in soils of allotment gardens the pattern is more uniform because of diffuse sources with decreasing contents in the order fluoranthene > benzo(a)anthracene > benzo(b) fluoranthene > benzo(g,h,i)perylene > benzo(a)pyrene > benzo(k)fluoranthene. As a guide substance for a first risk assessment benzo(a)pyrene is suitable, since its content shows a strong correlation to the sum of five other PAH. In order to characterize the background contamination of soils with PAH new reference values are proposed. 相似文献
19.
Christelle Pruvot Francis Douay Fourrier Hervé Christophe Waterlot 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(4):215-220
Background, Aim and Scope
In the former mining area of Northern France, the number of diseases (cancers, malformations, backwardness...) is about ten
times above the national average. Environmental surveys conducted by the Ministry of Health have showed that more than 10%
of children living around a lead smelter located in this area had lead levels higher than 100 μg L-1 of blood (25% in the
closest city). Two main factors contribute to the population exposure: the ingestion of plants produced in the contaminated
area, and also the ingestion or the inhalation of contaminated dust or soil. It is usually known that these particles are
key routes of exposure to lead for younger children, in particular via hand-to-mouth transfer. For a better understanding
of this problem, researchers investigated different exposure sources like soil and vegetable contamination.
Materials and Methods:
All these parameters that contribute to the assessment of environmental and health risks of metal contamination have been
measured. About 170 composite samples of soils around the smelter or from reference areas have been analysed, mainly from
fields (70), kitchen gardens (60) and lawns (38). Total contents of Cd and Pd were measured in the organo-mineral layer (0-25cm)
of soils. Composite grass samples were also taken on the lawns. Crops and vegetables were sampled from fields and kitchen
gardens and then, parts of the plant intended only for consumption were washed and analysed.
Results:
For the organo-mineral horizon of the studied sites and located in various environmental contexts (contaminated or reference),
we found a very broad range of metal concentrations. Generally, the data showed a strong variability of the physicochemical
parameters of the urban soils (kitchen gardens, lawns), in particular with regard to lead. This work showed that cultivated
plants (agricultural or kitchen garden) or lawn grass are also significantly contaminated by heavy metals, especially lawn
grasses, cereal grains (wheat, barley) and lettuces sampled around the smelter. Moreover, the proportion of lead present on
lawn grasses could reach 50% of the total contamination of the plants because of the deposition of contaminated dust.
Discussion:
The values of pollution in agricultural field and kitchen garden soils located near the smelter were respectively about 20
and 30 times above the agricultural regional reference values, probably due to the atmospheric emissions from a smelter that
significantly increases the concentrations of metals in the upper horizons of the neighbouring soils. This pollution results
in a high level of contamination of plants grown of these soils.
Conclusions:
The results showed that heavy metals in soils, particles (dust and soil) or plants of kitchen gardens, lawns or playgrounds
could be potentially transferable to the users, and in particular to young children, and could then contribute, to a considerable
share, to the exposure of the population living in a contaminated area around a smelter brought about through inhalation,
direct ingestion of particles or consumption of plants.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
These results highlight that the consumption of home-grown vegetables can constitute a risk of exposure, in particular for
cadmium, and especially in children. This work also underlined the role of the contaminated soil particles in the Pb contamination
of the human food chains and their environment. Because of the complexity of the various methods of population exposure, it
will be necessary to complete the data base, in partucular in urban areas. The main objective of this future work will be
to relate the degree of environmental contamination with the lead level in child bood, and to integrate other environmental
compartments like outdoor and indoor dust of the dwellings into the model of pathway exposure. 相似文献